AN 


HISTORICAL    AND    STATISTICAL    ACCOUNT 


07    THB 


FOREIGN    COMMERCE 


OP     THB 


UNITED     STATES, 


8H0WTNQ  THE   KOHEIGN  COMMERCE  OF  EACH  STATE,  WITH  THE  AGGREGATE  IMPORTS 

FROM,    AND   EXPORTS  TO,   EACH    FOREIGN    NATION,   FROM  THE  YEAR   1820  TO 

THE  YEAR  1856,  AND  THE  FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

WITH    EVERY  IMPORTANT    MARITIME    COUNTRY  IN  THE  WORLD 

DURING   THE    SAME    PERIOD;    INCHTDDfO    A   REVIEW    OP 

THE  PROGRESS  OF  AMERICAN  COMMERCE,   AND   A 

PRELIMINARY  SKETCH  OF  THE  TRADE  OF 

THB     AMERICAN     COLONIES. 


COMPILED     BT 

J.   SMITH    ROMANS,   Junior. 


NEW    YORK: 

PUBLISHED  BY  G.  P.   PUTNAM  &  CO.,  321  BROADWAT. 
J.  SMITH  ROMANS,  JUNIOR,  162  PEARL  STREET. 

1857. 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1857,  by 

J.    SMITH    HOMANS,    Junior, 

In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  for  tlie  Southern  District  of  New  York. 


JTKRKOTTPF.  D     BT  riU.VTKDBT 

TIIOHAS    B.    SMITH,  J.     W.     AMF.KMAN, 

iJ  k  SA  Ueckmiin  St.  60  Williani  Su 


H 


INTRODUCTION. 

Tms  volume  of  Commercial  Statistics  of  the  United  States  has  been  prepared  for 
the  purpose  of  exiiibiting,  in  a  condensed  manner,  the  commerce  of  the  United 
States  from  the  year  1820  up  to  the  present  time.  Fu'st,  to  exhibit  the  commerce 
of  each  State  separately,  by  giving  the  domestic  and  foreign  exports,  and  the  total 
exports  and  imports,  with  the  amount  of  bullion  and  specie  exported  and  imported 
each  year  from  1820.  Secondly,  to  show  the  commerce  of  the  United  States  witl\ 
every  maritime  countrj'  and  important  colony  in  the  world  from  the  j-ear  1820  to  the 
present  time,  giving  the  domestic  and  foreign  exports,  the  total  exports  and  imports, 
the  bullion  and  specie  exported  and  imported,  and  the  domestic  and  foreign  tonnage 
that  cleared.  In  addition,  the  aggregate  for  every  ten  years  is  sho'mi.  These 
statistics  show,  in  a  comprehensive  manner,  the  progressive  importance  of  the  trade 
of  each  State,  and  the  great  increase  of  the  trade  of  the  United  States. 

This  complete  exhibit  of  the  commerce  of  the  States  and  the  United  States  is  not 
to  be  met  with  in  any  publication,  official  or  private ;  and  is  only  to  be  found  in  de- 
tail in  the  Treasury  Reports  extending  over  a  series  of  j-ears  from  1820  to  1S5G. 
These  statistics  were  prepared  by  Michael  Nourse,  Esq.,  late  chief  Clerk  of  the 
Register's  Office,  Treasury  Department,  from  the  Reports  of  the  Treasury  on  Com- 
merce and  Navigation,  and  from  original  documents  to  wluch  he  had  access  while 
in  the  Treasury  Department.  Especial  care  has  been  taken  to  insure  the  accuracy 
and  completeness  of  these  statistics,  and  they  have  been  compared  with  original 
data. 

To  accompany  the  tabular  view  of  the  trade  of  each  State,  there  is  given  a 
svHopsis  of  its  early  history  and  present  condition,  with  respect  to  internal  improve- 
ments and  natural  facilities  for  trade.  Also,  a  description  of  the  principal  domestic 
ports  and  harbors,  with  the  tonnage  employed,  depth  of  water,  and  pilotage. 

To  illustrate  the  statistical  tables  of  the  trade  of  the  United  States  with  cacli 
foreign  country,  we  add  a  summary  of  the  present  commercial  condition  of  that 
countrj',  its  commerce  with  other  countries,  and  the  regulations  respecting  the  com- 
mercial intercourse  between  the  two  countries.  Also,  a  description  of  the  principal 
foreign  ports  and  harbors  in  each  country,  giving  the  deptli  of  water,  pilotage,  and 
difficulties  of  navigation. 


iv  Introduction. 

A  preliminary  view  ia  given  of  the  commerce  of  the  American  colonies  from  their 
formation,  and  a  tabular  view  of  the  exports  and  imports  of  the  separate  colonies 
from  the  year  1700  to  the  year  1776. 

The  progress  of  American  commerce  from  the  Revolution  up  to  the  present  time, 
Bhowing  the  exports  and  imports  of  each  year  up  to  1856,  and  the  distribution  of 
.onnage  at  several  periods,  are  briefly  shown. 

The  authorities  that  have  been  principally  consulted  by  the  editor  in  the  prepara 
tion  of  this  work,  are :  McCulloch's  Commercial  Dictionary ;  Encyclopedia  Britan- 
nica;  Gotha  Almanack,  1857;  The  Banker's  Magazme  and  Statistical  Register; 
Commercial  Returns  issued  by  the  State  Department,  etc. ;  Census  Report,  U.  S.  •, 
Do  Bow's  Review,  eta 


CONTENTS. 


cjolonies, 

Maine, 

New  HAMPsmRB, 

Vermont, 

Massachusetts, 

Rhode  Island, 

Connecticut, 

New  York, 

New  Jebsey, 

Pennsylvanu, 

Delaware,  . 

Maryland, 

District  of  Columbia, 

ViRGINU, 

North  Carolina, 

BotJTH  Carolina, 

Georgia, 

Alabama, 

Florida, 

Louisiana, 

Michigan,     . 

Ohio, 

Illinois  and  Others, 

Texas  and  California, 

Progress  of  Commerce, 

Belgium, 

England, 

Ireland,   .       , 

Scotland, 

Gibraltar, 

Malta,  . 

British  East  Indies, 

Cape  of  Good  Hope, 

Australia, 

Honduras,    . 

BRmsH  Guiana, 

British  West  Indies, 


TAQM 

1 

.       8 

10 

.  12 

14 
.  16 

18 
.  20 

22 
.  24 

26 
.  28 

30 
.  32 

34 
.  36 

38 
.  40 

42 
.  44 

46 
.  48 

60 
.  62 

54 
.  66 

63 
.  70 

12 
.  74 

76 
.  78 

80 
.  82 

84 
.  86 

88 


vi  Contents. 

rA.OB 

Canada, 90 

British  American  Colonies, 92 

Other  Bamsn  Colonies, 94 

France,  Atlantic, 96 

France,  Mediterranean, 98 

French  "West  Indies, 100 

French  Guiana, 102 

Denmark, 104 

Danish  West  Indies, 106 

Holland, 108 

Dutch  West  Indies, 110 

Dutch  East  Indies, 112 

Dutch  Gulana, 114 

Hanse  Towns, 116 

Prussia 118 

Russia, 120 

Sweden  and  Nobwat, 122 

Swedish  West  Indies, 124 

Spain,  Atlantic 126 

Spain,  Mediterranean, 128 

Teneriffe 130 

Manilla, 134 

Cuba, 132 

Spanish  West  Indies, 136 

Portugal, 138 

Madeira, 140 

Fatal,  etc., 142 

Cape  Yerd  Islands, 144 

Italy, 146 

Sardinia, 148 

Sicilies, 150 

Trieste, 152 

Turkey, 154 

Hayti, 156 

Spanish  American  Colonies, 158 

Mexico, 160 

Uruguay, 162 

Colombia, 164 

Central  America,      ,• 166 

New  Granada, 168 

Venezuela, 170 

Brazil, 172 

Argentine  Republic,         .        .        .        . 174 

Chili, 170 

Peru, .        .  178 

China, .        .  180 

Mauritius, .        .  182 

Asia, .184 


FOKEIGN  COMMEKCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

WITH 

A  PRELIMmARY  VIEW  OF  THE  COMMERCE  OF  THE 
AMERICAN  COLONIES. 


Colonies  are  establishments  founded  in  foreign  countries  by  individ- 
uals who  either  voluntarily  immigrate  from,  or  are  forcibly  sent  abroad  by, 
their  mother  country.  The  colony  trade  is  the  trade  carried  on  be- 
tween colonies  and  their  parent  States. 

Establishment  of  Colonies. — Greek  Colonies. — ^Various  motives 
have,  in  difierent  countries  and  ages,  led  to  the  formation  of  colonies. 
The  Greek  colonies  of  antiquity  seem  to  have  been  chiefly  founded  by 
citizens  whom  the  violence  and  fury  of  contending  factions  forced  to 
leave  their  native  land ;  but  they  were  sometimes  formed  for  the  pur- 
pose of  relieving  the  mother-country  of  a  redundant  population,  and 
sometimes  also  for  the  purpose  of  extending  the  sphere  of  commercial 
transactions,  or  of  providing  for  their  security.  The  relations  between 
the  mother-country  and  the  colony  depended,  in  a  great  measure,  on  the 
motives  which  led  to  the  establishment  of  the  latter.  When  a  colony 
was  founded  by  fugitives  forcibly  expelled  from  their  ancient  homes  ; 
or  when  it  was  founded,  as  was  frequently  the  case,  by  bodies  of  volun- 
tary emigrants,  who  received  no  assistance  from,  and  Avere  in  no  respect 
controlled  by,  the  parent  State,  it  was  from  the  first  independent ;  and 
even  in  those  rarer  cases  in  which  tlie  emigration  was  conducted  under 
the  superintendence  of  the  parent  city,  and  when  the  colony  was  pro- 
tected by  her  power  and  influence,  the  dependence  was  mostly  far  from 
being  absolute  and  complete.  The  great  bulk  of  the  Greek  colonies 
were  really  independent  States ;  and  though  they  commonly  regarded 
the  land  of  their  forefathers  with  filial  respect,  though  they  yielded  to 
its  citizens  the  place  of  distinction  at  public  games  and  religious  solem- 
nities, and  were  expected  to  assist  them  in  time  of  war,  they  did  so  as 
allies  only,  on  fair  and  equal  terms,  and  never  as  subjects.  Owing  to 
the  freedom  of  their  institutions,  and  their  superiority  in  the  arts  of 
civilized  life  to  the  native  inhabitants  of  the  countries  among  whom  they 
were  generally  placed,  these  colonies  rose  in  a  comparatively  short  period. 


2  American  Colonies. 

to  a  high  pitch  of  opulence  and  refinement ;  and  many  among  them,  as 
Miletus  and  Ephesus  in  Asia  Minor,  Syracuse  and  Agrigentum  in  Sicily, 
and  Tarentum  and  Locri  in  Itjily,  not  only  equaled,  but  greatly  sur- 
passed their  mother  cities  in  wealth  and  power. 

Spanish  Colonies. — The  early  colonies  of  most  modern  nations  were 
founded  by  private  adventurers,  influenced  either  by  the  hope  of  gain  or 
by  a  desire  to  escape  from  religious  persecution,  without  any  wish  to  re- 
lieve the  mother-country  of  a  surplus  population  or  to  bridle  subjugated 
provinces.  On  their  first  institution,  therefore,  the  modern  colonies  ap- 
proached, though  with  some  essential  variations,  more  nearly  to  the 
Grecian  than  the  Roman  model ;  but  the  period  of  their  freedom  was  of 
very  limited  duration.  They  were  very  soon  subjected  to  laws  and  regu- 
lations framed  in  the  metropolis,  and  calculated,  as  was  to  be  supposed, 
rather  to  promote  its  interests  than  those  of  the  colony. 

Ajyierican  Colonies. — The  English,  who,  like  all  the  other  nations  of 
Europe,  had  been  impressed  with  mingled  feelings  of  admiration  and 
envy  by  the  extent  and  importance  of  the  acquisitions  made  by  the 
Spaniards  in  the  New  World,  speedily  entered  with  enthusiasm  and 
ardor  into  the  career  of  discovery.  Owing,  however,  to  the  bull  which 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella  had  obtained  from  the  Pope,  convej-ing  to  them 
the  ample  donation  of  all  the  countries  inhabited  by  infidels  that  the 
Spaniards  had  discovered  or  might  discover,  the  Engligh,  to  avoid  en- 
croaching on  the  dominions  of  their  rivals,  directed  their  efforts  further 
to  the  north.  Several  attempts  to  found  colonies  on  the  coast  of  America 
were  made  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth  by  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert,  Sir 
Richard  Grenville,  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  and  others.  But  in  consequence 
of  their  ignorance  of  the  country,  the  deficiency  of  their  supplies  of 
provisions,  the  loss  of  time  in  fruitless  searches  after  gold,  and  the  va- 
rious difficulties  incident  to  the  first  settlement  of  a  colony,  none  of 
these  attempts  proved  successful ;  and  it  was  not  until  1607  that  a  small 
body  of  adventurers  founded  the  first  permanent  establishment  of  the 
English  in  America,  at  Jamestown,  in  Virginia.  Letters  patent  were 
granted  in  1609  by  King  James  to  the  principal  persons  resident  in 
London,  by  whom  the  expense  attending  the  formation  of  the  colony 
was  to  be  defrayed,  incorporating  them  into  a  company,  and  establishing 
a  council  in  England  for  the  direction  of  their  proceedings,  the  mem- 
bers of  which  were  to  be  chosen  by,  and  removable  at  the  pleasure  of, 
the  majority  of  the  partners  of  the  company — permitting  whatever  was 
necessary  for  the  support  and  sustenance  of  the  colony,  for  the  first 
seven  years,  to  be  exported  free  of  duty ;  declaring  that  the  colonists 
and  their  descendants  were  to  be  secured  in  all  the  rights  and  privileges 
of  Englishmen,  the  same  as  if  they  had  remained  at  home  or  been  born 
in  England ;  and  reserving  only,  as  the  stipulated  price  of  these  con- 
cessions, and  in  imitation  of  the  policy  of  the  Spaniards,  one  fifth  part 
of  the  gold  and  silver  ore  to  be  found  in  the  colonies,  which  was  to  be 
paid  to  his  Majesty  and  his  successors  in  all  time  to  come.  In  virtue 
of  these  powers,  the  company  issued,  in  1621,  a  charter  or  ordinance, 
which  gave  a  legal  and  permanent  form  to  the  constitution  of  the 
colony.  By  this  charter  the  supreme  legislative  authority  was  lodged, 
partly  in  the  governor,  who  held  the  place  of  the  sovereign,  partly  in  a 
council  of  state,  named  by  the  company,  and  partly  in  a  general  coun- 


American  Colonies.  3 

cil  or  assembly,  composed  of  the  representatives  of  the  people,  in  which 
were  vested  powers  and  privileges  similar  to  those  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. It  was  not  long,  however,  before  the  king  and  the  company 
quarreled.  The  latter  were  in  consequence  divested  of  all  their  rights, 
partly  by  open  violence,  and  partly  under  color  of  law,  without  compen- 
sation, after  having  expended  upward  of  £150,000  in  founding  the 
colony  ;  and  a  governor  and  council  of  state  appointed  by  the  kiug 
succeeded  to  the  powers  of  those  appointed  by  the  committee. — Robert- 
bon's  History  of  America^  book  ix.  passim  ;  Jefferson's  Notes  on 
Virginia^  p.  1  79, 

The  founders  of  the  colony  in  Virginia  had  been  actuated  solely  by 
the  hopes  of  gain ;  but  the  colonies  that  were  soon  after  established  in 
New  England  were  chiefly  planted  by  men  who  fled  from  religious  and 
political  persecution.  The  form  of  government  in  the  New  England 
colonies,  though  at  first  modified  a  good  deal  by  the  peculiar  religious 
opinions  entertained  by  the  colonists,  was  in  its  leading  principles  es- 
sentially free.  For  a  considerable  period  the  colonists  elected  their  own 
governors,  coined  money,  and  exercised  most  of  the  rights  of  sovereignty; 
while  the  English,  wholly  engrossed  with  the  contest  between  freedom 
and  prerogative  at  home,  had  no  leisure  to  attend  to  their  proceedings. 
Subsequently  to  the  Restoration,  however,  the  governments  of  most  of 
the  New  England  States  were  established  nearly  on  the  same  footing  as 
that  of  Virginia  ;  which,  indeed,  became  the  favorite  model,  not  only  for 
the  constitution  of  the  colonies  established  on  the  continent,  with  the 
exception  of  the  proprietary  governments  of  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland, 
but  also  for  those  that  were  established  in  the  West  India  Islands.  But 
under  every  vicissitude  of  government  and  fortune,  the  New  England 
colonists  were  distinguished  by  the  same  ardent  and  enthusiastic  love 
of  liberty  that  had  first  induced  them  to  quit  their  native  land.  Every 
thing  relating  to  the  internal  regulation  and  administration  of  the  dif- 
ferent colonies  was  determined,  in  the  colonial  assemblies,  by  representa- 
tives freely  chosen  by  the  settlers.  Tlie  personal  liberty  of  the  citizens 
was  well  secured  and  vigilantly  protected.  And,  if  we  except  the 
restraints  on  their  commerce,  the  monopoly  of  which  was  jealously 
guarded  by  the  mother  country,  the  inhabitants  of  Virginia,  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  New  England,  enjoyed  nearly  the  same  degree  of  freedom 
when  colonists  of  England  that  they  now  enjoy  as  citizens  of  the  power- 
ful republic  of  North  America.  Their  progress  in  wealth  and  popula- 
tion was  in  consequence  quite  unprecedented  in  the  history  of  the 
world.  The  white  population  of  the  colonies  had  increased  in  1776,  at 
the  commencement  of  the  Revolutionary  war,  to  above  2,000,000,  and 
the  value  of  the  exports  from  Great  Britain  to  them  amounted  to  about 
£1,300,000  a  year! 

It  is  not  difiicult  to  discover  the  causes  of  the  unexampled  prosperity 
and  rapid  growth  of  our  North  American  colonies,  and  generally  of  all 
colonies  placed  under  similar  circumstances.  The  North  American  colo- 
nists carried  with  them  a  knowledge  of  the  arts  and  sciences  practiced 
by  a  civilized  and  polished  people.  They  had  been  trained  from  their 
infancy  to  habits  of  industry  and  subordination.  Tliey  were  practically 
acquainted  with  the  best  and  wisest  form  of  civil  polity  that  had  been 
cstabHshed  in  Europe  ;  and  they  were  placed  in  a  situation  that  enabled 


4  American  Colonies. 

tliem,  without  difficulty,  to  remedy  its  defects,  and  to  try  every  institution 
by  the  test  of  utiHty.  13ut  the  thinness  of  the  aboriginal  population,  and 
the  consequent  facility  of  obtaining  inexhaustible  supplies  of  fertile  and 
unoccupied  land,  must  certainly  be  placed  at  the  head  of  all  the  causes 
whicli  have  promoted  the  rapid  increase  of  wealth  and  population  in  the 
United  States,  and  in  all  the  other  colonies  both  of  North  and  South 
America.  On  the  first  foundation  of  a  colony,  and  for  long  after,  each 
colonist  gets  an  ample  supply  of  land  of  the  best  quality ;  and  having 
no  rent,  and  scarcely  any  taxes,  to  pay,  his  industry  necessarily  becomes 
exceedingly  productive,  and  he  has  every  means  and  every  motive  to 
amass  capital.  In  consequence,  he  is  eager  to  collect  laborers  from  all 
quarters,  and  is  both  williug  and  able  to  reward  them  with  high  wages. 
But  these  hic'h  wages  aftbrd  the  means  of  accumulation,  and,  joined  to 
the  plenty  and  cheapness  of  the  land,  speedily  change  the  more  indus- 
trious laborers  into  proprietoi"s.  and  enable  them,  in  their  turn,  to  become 
the  employers  of  fresh  laborers;  so  that  every  class  participates  in  the 
general  improvement,  and  capital  and  population  advance  with  a  rapidity 
hardly  conceivable  in  old-settled  and  fully-peopled  countries. 

It  has  been  frequently  said  that  the  establishment  of  the  British  Amer- 
ican and  AVest  India  colonies  was  a  device  of  the  supporters  of  the  ex- 
clusive or  mercantile  system — that  they  founded  them  in  the  view  of 
raising  up  a  vast  agricultural  population,  whose  commerce  should  be  con- 
fined entirely  to  an  exchange  of  raw  products  for  other  manufactured 
goods.  There  is,  however,  no  truth  in  these  assertions.  On  the  contrary, 
the  charters  granted  to  the  founders  of  the  settlement  in  Virginia  dis- 
tinctly empower  the  colonists  to  carry  on  a  direct  intercourse  with  foreign 
States.  Nor  were  they  slow  to  avail  themselves  of  this  permission  ;  for 
they  had,  so  early  as  1C20,  established  tobacco  warehouses  in  Middleburg 
and  Flushing;  and  the  subsequent  proceedings  of  the  British  govern- 
ment depriving  them  of  this  freedom  of  commerce,  were  the  chief  cause 
of  those  disputes  which  broke  out  in  1076,  in  an  open  rebellion  of  om- 
inous and  threatening  import. — Robkhtson's  America.  It  was  not  until 
the  colonists  had  surmounted  the  dilHculties  and  hardships  incident  to 
their  first  establishment,  and  had  begun  to  increase  rapidly  in  wealth, 
that  their  commerce  became  an  object  of  importance,  and  that  regula- 
tions were  framed  in  the  view  of  restricting  its  freedom,  and  of  rendering 
it  peculiarly  advantageous  to  the  mother  country.  The  act  of  1650, 
passed  by  the  republican  Parliament,  laid  the  first  foundations  of  the 
monopoly  system,  by  confining  the  import  and  export  trade  of  the  col- 
onies exclusively  to  British  or  colony  built  ships.  But  the  famous  Nav- 
igation Act  of  1  GOO  (12  Charles  II.  c,  18)  went  much  further.  It  enacted 
that  certain  specified  articles,  the  produce  of  the  colonies,  and  since  well 
known  in  commerce  by  the  name  of  enumerated  articles,  should  not  be  ex 
ported  directly  from  the  colonies  to  any  foreign  country ;  but  that  they 
should  first  be  sent  to  Britain,  and  there  unladen  (the  words  of  the  act  are, 
laid  ujioii  the  shore)  before  they  could  be  forwarded  to  their  final  destination. 
Sugar,  molasses,  ginger,  fustic,  tobacco,  cotton,  and  indigo,  were  origin- 
ally enumerated  ;  and  the  list  was  subsequently  enlarged  by  the  addition 
of  cofiee,  hides  and  skins,  iron,  corn,  lumber,  etc.  In  1739,  the  mon- 
opoly system  was  so  far  relaxed  that  sugars  were  permitted  to  be  carried 
directly  from  the  British  plantations  to  any  port  or  place  southward  of 


American  Colonies.  5 

Cape  Finisterre  ;  but  the  conditions  under  which  this  indulgence  was 
granted  continued  so  strict  and  numerous  down  to  1803,  when  they  were 
a  good  deal  simplified,  as  to  render  it  in  a  great  degree  nugatory,  (Ed- 
ward's West  Indies) ;  and  with  this  exception,  the  oppressive  and  vex- 
atious restrictions  on  their  direct  exportations  to  foreign  countries  were 
maintained  on  most  of  the  other  enumerated  commodities  of  any  import- 
ance down  to  a  late  period. 

But  beside  compelling  the  colonists  to  sell  their  produce  exclusively 
in  the  Eughsh  markets,  it  was  next  thought  adnsable  to  oblige  them  to 
buy  such  foreign  articles  as  they  might  stand  in  need  of  entirely  from 
the  merchants  and  manufacturers  of  England.  For  this  purpose  it  was 
enacted,  in  1663,  that  no  "  commodity  of  the  growth,  production,  or  manu- 
facture of  Europe  shall  be  imported  into  the  British  plantations  but  such 
as  are  laden  and  put  on  board  in  England,  Wales,  or  Berwick-upon- 
Tweed,  and  in  English-built  shipping,  whereof  the  master  and  tliree- 
fourths  of  the  crew  are  English."  The  preamble  to  this  statute,  which 
effectually  excluded  the  colonists  from  every  market  for  European  prod- 
uce, except  that  of  England,  assigns  the  motive  for  this  restriction  to  be 
"the  maintaining  a  greater  correspondence  and  kindness  between  the 
subjects  at  home  and  those  in  the  plantations ;  keeping  the  colonies  in  a 
firmer  dependence  on  the  mother  country  ;  making  them  yet  more  bene- 
ficial to  it,  in  the  further  employment  and  increase  of  English  shipping, 
and  the  vent  of  English  manufactures  and  commodities :  rendering  the 
navigation  to  and  from  them  more  safe  and  cheap  ;  and  making  that 
kingdom  a  staple,  not  only  of  the  commodities  of  the  plantations,  but 
also  of  the  commodities  of  other  countries  and  places  for  their  supply, 
it  being  the  usage  of  other  nations  to  keep  their  plantation  trade  exclu- 
sively to  themselves."  It  was  also  a  leading  principle  in  the  system  of 
colonial  policy,  adopted  as  well  by  England  as  by  other  European  nations, 
to  discourage  all  attempts  to  manufacture  such  articles  in  the  colonies  as 
could  be  provided  for  them  by  the  mother  countr}'.  The  history  of  the 
colonial  system  is  full  of  efforts  of  this  sort ;  and  so  essential  was  this 
principle  deemed  to  the  idea  of  a  colony,  that  Lord  Chatham  did  not 
hesitate  to  declare,  in  his  place  in  Parliament,  that  "  the  British  colonists 
of  North  America  had  no  right  to  manufacture  even  a  nail  for  a  horse- 
shoe." Edwards  West  Indies.  And  when  such  were  the  enactments 
made  by  the  Legislature,  and  such  the  avowed  sentiments  of  a  great  par- 
liamentary leader  and  a  friend  to  colonies,  we  need  not  be  surprised  at  a 
declaration  of  the  late  Lord  Sheffield  who  did  no  more,  indeed,  than  ex- 
press the  opinion  of  almost  all  the  merchants  and  politicians  of  his  time, 
when  he  affirmed  that  "  the  only  use  of  American  colonies  or  West  India 
islands  is  the  monopoly  of  their  consumption,  and  the  carriage  of  their 
produce  !"* 

*  "  During  the  war  of  tho  Revolution,  our  coramerco  was  suspended  ;  after  the 
peace  in  1783,  our  trade  continued  to  languish  ;  it  had  to  contend  with  domestic  and 
foreign  obstacles ;  foreign  nations  entertained  a  jealousy  conceming  these  States ; 
at  homo  a  rivalship  was  prevalent  among  the  several  members  of  the  confederacy, 
and  checked  the  prosperity  of  the  nation.  Each  of  the  thirteen  independent  sover- 
eignties contemplated  its  own  immediate  interests ;  some  of  tho  States  declared  tho 
commercial  intercourse  with  them  to  be  equally  firee  to  all  nations,  and  they  cau- 
tiously avoided  to  lay  duties  on  such  merchandise  as  was  subject  to  them,  when  im- 
ported into  other  States." 


NORTH  AMERICAN  COLONIES-ltOO-1776. 


Ykabs. 

N.  England. 

New  Yobk. 

Pknn'a. 

Va,  &  Md. 

Cabolina. 

Gbobgia. 

Exports. 

Exports. 

Exports. 

Exports. 

Exports. 

E.tports. 

1700 

£41,486 

£17,567 

£4,608 

£317,!302 

£14,058 

ITOl 

82,666 

18,547 

5.230 

2-35,783 

16,973 

1702 

87,026 

7,965 

4,145 

274,732 

11,870 

1703 

83,539 

7,471 

5,160 

144,923 

1:3,197 

1704 

30.823 

10,540 

2,4:30 

264,112 

14,067 

1705 

22,793 

7,393 

1,309 

116,768 

2,698 

1706 

22,210 

2,349 

4,210 

149,152 

8,652 

1707 

88,793 

14,28:5 

786 

207,625 

23,811 

1708 

49,635 

10.-47 

2,120 

21.3,493 

10,840 

1709 

29,559 

12,259 

617 

261,663 

20,481 

1710 

81,112 

8,203 

1,277 

188,429 

20,793 

1711 

26,415 

12,193 

83 

27.3,131 

12,871 

1712 

24,699 

12,466 

1,471 

297,941 

29,394 

1713 

49,904 

14,423 

173 

206,263 

32,449 

1714 

51,541 

29,810 

2,663 

230.470 

81,290 

1715 

66,555 

21,316 

6,461 

174,756 

29,158 

1716 

69,595 

21,971 

5,193 

231.843 

46,287 

1717 

53,893 

24,.5.34 

4,499 

296.334 

41,275 

1713 

61,691 

27,381 

5,583 

816,576 

46,885 

1719 

54,452 

19,596 

6.564 

882,069 

50,873 

1720 

49,206 

16.836 

7,928 

881,482 

62,736 

1721 

50,483 

15,631 

8,087 

857,812 

61,858 

1722 

47,955 

20,118 

6,832 

28:3,091 

79,650 

1723 

59,889 

27,992 

8,382 

287,997 

78,103 

1724 

69,585 

21,191 

4,057 

277,344 

90,504 

.... 

1725 

72,021 

24.976 

11.981 

214,730 

91,942 

1726 

6.3,816 

88,307 

5,960 

324,767 

93,453 

1727 

75,052 

81,617 

12.823 

421,588 

96,055 

1723 

&4,680 

21,142 

15.230 

413,089 

91,175 

1729 

52,512 

15,833 

7,484 

836,174 

118,829 

1730 

54,701 

8,740 

10,582 

846,823 

151,7.39 

1731 

49.048 

20,756 

12,786 

408,502 

159,771 

1783 

64,095 

9,411 

8,524 

810,799 

126,207 

17;33 

01,988 

11,626 

14.776 

403,193 

177,845 

£203 

1734 

82,252 

15,:307 

20,217 

873,090 

120,466 

18 

17:35 

72,899 

14,155 

21,919 

894,995 

145,348 

8,010 

1736 

66,783 

17,944 

20,736 

830.103 

214,083 

1737 

68,W7 

16,8:33 

15,193 

492,246 

187,758 

1738 

69,116 

16,228 

11,918 

891,814 

141,119 

"17 

1739 

46,604 

18,459 

8.ia4 

444,654 

236.192 

233 

1740 

72,389 

21,498 

15,048 

341,997 

265.560 

924 

1741 

60,052 

21,142 

17,153 

577,109 

236,a30 

1742 

5.3,166 

13,536 

8,527 

427,769 

154,607 

1,623 

174;3 

63,185 

1.5,067 

9,596 

557,321 

2:35,136 

2 

1744 

50,243 

14,.527 

7,446 

402,709 

192.594 

1745 

88,948 

14,0*3 

10,1-30 

399,423 

91,847 

1746 

33,612 

8.841 

15,779 

419,.S71 

76,897 

1747 

41,771 

14.992 

2,8,32 

492,619 

107,500 

1743 

29,743 

12,-3.53 

12,363 

494,352 

167,805 

1749 

89,999 

2:3,413 

14,944 

4.34.  Gl  3 

120,499 

"si 

1750 

43,-155 

85,6-32 

28,191 

503,9:39 

191,607 

1,942 

1751 

6:3,287 

42,363 

23,870 

460,085 

245,491 

855 

1752 

74,813 

40,648 

29,973 

569,453 

288,264 

1,526 

175;i 

8;5,395 

40,553 

83,527 

632,575 

164,6.34 

3,057 

1754 

66,5:38 

26,663 

30,649 

573,435 

807,288 

8,236 

1755 

59,.533 

28,055 

32,-336 

439.6t)8 

825,525 

4,437 

1756 

47,.859 

^,078 

20,091 

837,769 

222,915 

7,155 

1757 

27,556 

19,163 

14,190 

413,331 

180,889 

1758 

30,204 

14,260 

21,333 

454,362 

150,511 

1759 

25,985 

21,684 

22,404 

357,223 

206.534 

6,074 

1760 

87.802 

21,195 

22,754 

504,451 

162,769 

12,198 

W61 

46,225 

4.3,648 

89,170 

455,033 

258,002 

5,764 

1702 

41,78:3 

&3,882 

83,091 

415,709 

181,.595 

6,522 

1703 

74,815 

52,993 

88.223 

642,294 

282.866 

14,469 

1704 

88, 1.57 

5:3,697 

86,258 

559,508 

841,727 

81,325 

1765 

145,819 

54,9.59 

2.5,148 

505,071 

835,918 

84,183 

1766 

141,733 

67,020 

26,.351 

461.093 

293,587 

58,074 

1767 

128,207 

61,422 

87,641 

437,926 

895,027 

85,856 

1763 

143,375 

87,115 

59,404 

4(M;.043 

508,108 

42,402 

1769 

129,353 

78,466 

20,111 

861,,S92 

337,114 

82,270 

1770 

143,011 

69,3.82 

21,109 

4.3.'i.094 

278,907 

5.5,5.32 

1771 

150,:5.31 

95,875 

81.615 

577.st.S 

420,311 

6:3.810 

1772 

126,265 

82,707 

29,1:33 

528.4(U 

425,923 

66,033 

1773 

124,624 

76,246 

36,652 

5S9,303 

456,513 

85,.391 

1774 

112,243 

80,003 

69,611 

612,0:30 

432,802 

67,647 

1775 

116,588 

187,018 

175,962 

75S,:556 

579,-349 

10.3,477 

1776 

762 

2,318 

1,421 

73,226 

13,668 

12,569 

NORTH  AMERICAN  COLONIES— 1700-1776. 


N.  England. 

New  Yokk. 

Peitn'a. 

Va.  &  Md. 

Caeolina, 

Geoeoia. 

Years. 

i 

Imports. 

Imports. 

Imports. 

Imports. 

Imports. 

Imports. 

1700 

£91,918 

;&19,410 

£18,529 

£173,481 

£11.003 

1701 

86,322 

81,910 

12,003 

199,68:3 

18,908 

1702 

64,625 

29,991 

9,:342 

72,891 

10,460 

1703 

59,608 

17,562 

9,899 

196,718 

12,428 

1704 

74,896 

22,294 

11,819 

60,458 

6,621 

1705 

62,504 

27,902 

7,206 

174,-322 

19,788 

170G 

57,050 

81,688 

11,037 

58,015 

4,001 

1707 

120,631 

29,855 

14,865 

237,901 

10,492 

1708 

115,505 

26,899 

6,72:3 

79,061 

11,996 

1709 

120.349 

34,577 

5,&S1 

80,263 

28,521 

1710 

106,838 

81,475 

8.594 

127,689 

19,613 

1711 

137,421 

28,856 

19,408 

91,5:35 

20,406 

1712 

128,105 

18,524 

8,464 

184,583 

20,015 

1713 

120,778 

46,470 

17,037 

76,304 

2:3,967 

1714 

121.288 

44,643 

14,927 

128,873 

23,712 

1715 

164,650 

54,629 

17,182 

199,274 

16,631 

1716 

121,156 

52,173 

21,842 

179,595 

27,272 

1717 

132,001 

44.140 

22,505 

215.962 

25,058 

171S 

131,885 

62,966 

22,716 

191,925 

15,811 

1719 

125,317 

56,3.55 

27,068 

164.630 

19.6:30 

1720 

128,769 

37,.397 

24,531 

110,717 

1S,290 

1721 

114.524 

50,754 

21,548 

127,:376 

17.703 

1722 

13:3.722 

57,478 

26,397 

172.754 

84.374 

172:3 

176,4S6 

5.3,013 

15,992 

123,833 

42,246 

1724 

168,.^07 

6.3,020 

80,324 

161,894 

87,839 

1725 

201,768 

70,650 

42,209 

195,884 

39,182 

1726 

200,882 

84,866 

67,634 

185,981 

43,9:34 

1727 

187,277 

67,452 

81,979 

192,965 

2:3,254 

1728 

194,590 

81,634 

87,478 

171,092 

3:3,067 

1729 

161,102 

64,760 

29,799 

108.931 

58,366 

1730 

208,196 

64,356 

48,592 

150,931 

64,785 

1731 

18:3,467 

66,116 

44,260 

171,278 

71,145 

1 

1732 

216,600 

65,540 

41,698 

148,289 

58,293 

£828 

1733 

184,570 

65,417 

40,565 

186,177 

70,466 

1,695 

1734 

146,460 

81,758 

54,392 

172,086 

99,653 

1,921 

17:35 

189,125 

80,405 

48,804 

220,381 

117.S37 

12,112 

1736 

222,153 

86,000 

61,513 

204,794 

101,147 

2,012 

1737 

223,923 

126,a33 

56,690 

211,301 

58,986 

6,701 

1738 

203,2.33 

1:33,4.38 

61.450 

258,860 

87,793 

6,496 

1739 

220,378 

106,070 

54,452 

217,200 

94,445 

3,324 

1740 

171,081 

118,777 

56,751 

281,423 

lSl,v21 

3,.524 

1741 

198,147 

140,480 

91,010 

248,582 

224.270 

2.553 

1742 

148,899 

167,591 

75.295 

264,186 

127,06:3 

17,018 

174-3 

172,461 

134,487 

79.340 

328,195 

111,499 

2,291 

1744 

14:3,982 

119,920 

62,214 

234,855 

79,141 

769 

1745 

140,463 

54,957 

54,280 

196,799 

86,815 

939 

1746 

209,177 

86,712 

73,699 

282,545 

102.809 

984 

1747 

210,640 

137,984 

82,404 

200,088 

95.529 

24 

1748 

197,682 

14.3,811 

75,.330 

252,624 

160,172 

1,814 

1749 

2:38,286 

265,773 

288.6:37 

323,600 

164,0s5 

5 

1750 

343,659 

267,1:30 

217,713 

349,419 

1:54.037 

2.125 

1751 

305,974 

248,941 

190,917 

247,027 

138,244 

2.065 

1752 

273,:«0 

194,080 

201,666 

325,151 

150,777 

3,163 

1753 

345,523 

277.864 

245,644 

856,776 

213,009 

14.128 

1754 

829.43:3 

127,497 

244,647 

828,513 

149,215 

1,974 

1755 

841,796 

151,071 

144,456 

28.5,157 

189,'<.s7 

2.6:50 

1756 

384.371 

250,425 

200,169 

426,687 

181,780 

5:36 

1757 

363,404 

85.3,811 

168,426 

834,897 

21:3,949 

2..571 

175S 

465,694 

a56,5.55 

260,953 

488.471 

l''l,(M)2 

10.212 

1759 

527,067 

630,7&5 

498,161 

459,007 

21.5,255 

15,173 

1760 

599,647 

480,106 

707,993 

605,832 

218,1:!1 

1761 

3:54,225 

289,570 

204,067 

545,350 

254.587 

24,279 

1762 

247.3>5 

288,046 

200,199 

418,599 

194,170 

2.3.761 

17G3 

258,^54 

288,560 

281,152 

&5,5,391 

2.50,1-32 

44.903 

1764 

459,765 

515,416 

4.36,191 

515,192 

305,8ft8 

18.:3.'58 

1765 

4.51,299 

882,349 

863,363 

383,224 

8:34,709 

29.165 

1766 

4')9,(U2 

8:30,829 

327,314 

872,548 

296,7-32 

67.26^ 

1767 

406,l'81 

417,957 

S71,a30 

487.623 

244,093 

23,;!:54 

1768 

419,797 

482,930 

432,107 

476,984 

2^9,863 

56.562 

1769 

207,992 

74,918 

109,906 

488,362 

806,600 

fy^.-.W) 

1770 

394,4.')  1 

475,991 

ia4,881 

717,782 

146.278 

.56,198 

1771 

1,120.119 

6.58,621 

728,744 

920,326 

409.169 

70,493 

1772 

824,830 

843,970 

507,909 

793,910 

449,610 

92.406 

1773 

527,0,55 

289,214 

426,443 

828,904 

.344. '^59 

62.932 

1774 

562,476 

487,937 

625,652 

628,738 

8r-;.ii6 

67,513 

1775 

71,625 

1,223 

1,366 

1,921 

6,245 

118,777 

1776 

i 

55.050 

865 

1 

8  Commercial  Statistics  of  the  United  States. 

MAINE. 

The  most  north-easterly  State  of  the  Republic  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  extends  from  latitude  33°  to  47°  25'  N.,  and  between  lonc^tude 
6°  and  10°  E.,  from  Washington,  with  an  area  of  35,000  square  miles. 

Earhj  Ilislory. — Sebastian  Cabot,  who  was,  after  the  time  of  Colum- 
bu.-*,  the  Hist  European  navigator  along  the  coasts  of  Maine  and  its  vicin- 
ity, appears  not  to  have  giveu  a  name  to  the  countries  discovered  by  him. 

The  eldest  and  greatest  name  in  these  parts  of  North  America,  is  that 
of  Baccalaos — a  name  given  by  the  Biscayan  fishermen  at  fiist  to  New- 
foundland, and  then  also  to  all  the  countries  which  they  found  near  this 
island.  On  some  old  maps  the  name  Baccalaos — that  is  to  say,  the  cod- 
fish-countiy — reaches  over  a  great  part  of  the  eastern  coast  of  America, 
but  it  appears  more  particularly  in  the  regions  of  our  State  of  Maine. 

Stephen  Gomez  was  the  first  Spanish  navigator  who  discovered  (1525) 
and  explored  the  coasts  to  the  west  and  to  the  north  of  Cape  Cod  a  little 
more  particularly,  and  we  therefore  see  on  the  Spanish  maps  these  regions 
designated  with  the  name  of  "  Tierra  de  Goviez'"'  (Gomez's  land).  So, 
for  instance,  at  first  on  that  of  Ribeiro  (1529),  and  afterward  on  many 
others.  After  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century,  when  Gomez  was  more 
and  more  forgotten,  another  name  was  introduced  for  these  regions,  that 
of  Norumbec.  We  can  not  exactly  point  out  the  occasion  at  which  this 
name  was  invented  ;  but  we  find  it  in  the  latter  half  of  the  sixteenth  and 
in  the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth  century,  on  nearly  all  the  maps  of 
these  regions.  The  name  seems  to  be  of  Indian  origin,  like  the  name 
of  Kenno6ec,  Quebec,  and  different  others,  which  have  bee  for  the  last 
syllable.  Perhaps  some  unknown  sailors  heard  it  pronounced  by  the 
Indians,  and  introduced  it  among  the  geographers,  whowere  always  foud 
of  new  names.  It  was,  however,  changed  in  many  different  ways  :  Nor- 
ubec,  Norombec,  Arambec,  Norumberge,  Norumberque,  Nurimbequa,  etc. 

Rivers,  Lakes,  etc. — It  has  been  estimated  that  one  sixth  part  of  the 
surface  of  Maine  consists  of  water.  There  are  numerous  lakes,  the  largest 
and  most  noted  of  which  are  Moosehead,  Sebago,  Chesuncook,  and  Um- 
bagog.  A  part  of  the  waters  of  the  latter  extend  into  New  Hampshire. 
Some  of  these  lakes  are  justly  celebrated  for  the  picturesque  beauties 
of  their  scener}'.  A  steamboat  has  been  built  to  ply  on  the  waters  of 
Moosehead  lake.  The  Kennebec  and  the  Penobscot  are  the  two  most 
important  streams;  the  former  is  navigable  to  Augusta,  and  the  latter  to 
Bangor.  Their  shores  are  adorned  with  villages,  and  the  intervals  along 
their  margins  are  the  most  fertile  and  best  cultivated  in  the  State.  The 
Saco,  Androscoggin,  and  St.  Croix  rivers  enters  the  Atlantic.  St.  John, 
and  its  confluents,  the  Walloostook,  Alagash,  and  Aroostook,  drain  the 
northern  part  of  the  State.  The  St.  John  forms  a  part  of  the  northern 
part  of  the  State  by  the  late  treaty  of  Washington,  and  its  waters  are 
open  to  the  free  navigation  of  both  nations.  The  principal  bays  are 
Casco,  Penobscot,  Machias,  and  Passamaquoddy. 

There  were,  January,  1856,  11  railroads  in  this  State  ;  494  miles  com- 
pleted and  in  operation,  and  90  miles  in  course  of  construction.  The 
only  canal  in  the  State,  is  the  Cumberland  and  Oxford,  20i  miles  long, 
connecting  navigation  from  Portland  to  Sebago,  and  by  a  lock  in  Saco 
river,  navigation  is  extended  to  Long  Pond,  30  miles  further. 


Maine. 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  STATE  OF  MAINE, 
From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Tears 

EXPORTS. 

IMPOETS. 

TONNAGE  CL'D.      1 

EXSINQ 

Sept. 

30. 

Domestic. 

FOREIGX. 

Total. 

Total. 

American. 

Foreign. 

1821 

$994,223 

$46,925 

$1,041,148 

$980,294 

111,854 

620 

1822 

1,013,873 

22,769 

1,036,643 

943,775 

105,880 

4,452 

1823 

865,046 

311,545 

895,591 

801,644 

7(1,773 

1,-379 

1824 

870,871 

29,324 

900,195 

768,643 

98,477 

774 

1825 

964,6(>4 

66,463 

1,031,1'.'7 

1,169,940 

113,.331 

8,250 

1826 

1,001,875 

50,700 

1,052,575 

1,245,285 

115,000 

2,240 

182T 

l,0.33,03.-5 

37,099 

1,070,134 

1,3-33,890 

94,660 

2,896 

1828 

1,003,642 

15,875 

1,019,517 

1,246,809 

95.066 

1,785 

1829 

729,106 

8,726 

737,8.32 

742,781 

65,713 

2,705 

1830 
Total, 

643,435 

27,087 

670,522 

572,060 

91,629 

6,165 

$9,119,770 

335,513  • 

9,455,283 

9,805.177 

982,448 

26,166 

lasi 

799,748 

5,825 

805,573 

941,407 

61,552 

49,'i72 

18.32 

907,280 

74,157 

981,443 

1,123,326 

67,123 

64.720 

18:33 

989,187 

80.644 

1,019,831 

1,880,808 

65,483 

9^,7:f5 

1834 

815.277 

18,890 

8-34,167 

1,060,121 

62,859 

99,674 

1835 

1,044,951 

14,416 

1,059,867 

883,389 

63,043 

64,031 

1836 

a36,(i74 

14,912 

850,986 

930,086 

71,155 

74,586 

183T 

947,276 

8,676 

955,952 

801,404 

81,893 

74,160 

1833 

915,076 

211,450 

935,532 

899,142 

54,816 

60.715 

18.39 

87S,4^U 

17,051 

895,485 

982.724 

77,963 

61,097 

1840 
ToUI, 

1,009,910 

8,359 

1,018,269 

628,762 

82,.5:34 

75,055 

$9,143,219 

213,386 

9,356,605 

9,630,669 

688,476 

728,645 

1841 

1,078,633 

12,932 

1,091,-565 

700,961 

90,764 

56,679 

1842 

1,04.3,172 

T,351 

1,051  »,523 

606,864 

86,827 

53,721 

1843* 

680,432 

2,459 

682,891 

250,260 

60,45:3 

a5,974 

1844 

1,164,964 

11,171 

1,176,185 

570,824 

91,020 

61,929 

1845 

1,167,640 

87,465 

1,255,105 

855,645 

83,602 

62,901 

1846 

1,318,099 

10,269 

1,828,363 

787,092 

96,739 

72,053 

184T 

1,614,071 

20,132 

1,634,203 

574,056 

104,169 

69,603 

184S 

1,937,006 

20,3s9 

1,957,395 

795,565 

152,026 

89,443 

1849 

1,279,303 

7,288 

1,286,681 

721,409 

127,363 

66,031 

1850 
Total, 

1,536,818 

29,094 

1,565,912 

856,411 

111,123 

91,014 

$12,820,223 

208,550 

13,028,778 

6,719,087 

1,009,091 

614,403 

1851 

1,517,487 

33.951 

1,551,4-38 

1,176,.590 

120,887 

74,854 

1852 

1,668.274 

49,544 

1,717,818 

1,094.977 

151.303 

8.'^3 

1853 

1,761,029 

27S853 

2,040,737 

l,3S0.,'-.->9       ; 

1 7'.»,.'"i(;0 

62.614 

law 

1,930,031 

659,(110 

2,.':.S9,041 

2,301.01  H)       1 

lOST.'.S 

62.627 

1855 

2,543,014 

2,.308,193 

4,&51,207 

2,927,443 

251.835 

62,005 

1856 

2,259,947 

703,094 

2,963,041 

1,940,773 

250,208 

60,787 

*  9  months  to  Juno  30,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORTS. 

Portland,  Maine,  city  and  port  of  entr}-,  is  situated  on  a  peninsula  at  the  west- 
ern extremity  of  Oasco  Bay;  lat.  (Mount  Joy),  43°  39'  52"  N.,  long.,  70°  13'  34" 
W.  The  harbor  is  capacious  and  safe,  and  among  the  best  on  the  Atlantic  coast. 
It  is  protected  by  i.slands  from  storms,  seldom  obstructed  by  ice,  and  has  a  good  en- 
trance. The  water  is  deep  enough  for  vessels  of  the  largest  class.  The  tonnage  of 
the  port  in  185G,  was  136,154  tons. 

Bath,  Maine,  on  the  Kennebec,  12  miles  from  the  ocean,  Ls  one  of  the  principal 
towns  of  the  State,  and  the  largest  ship-building  port  in  the  world.  A  branch  of 
the  Kennebec  and  Portland  R.  R.  connects  tho  city  with  Portland.  The  tonnage  of 
the  port  is  tho  larg(.'.*t  in  Maine,  and  in  1856  amounted  to  193,320  tons. 

Belfast,  Maine,  at  tho  head  of  Belfivst  Bay,  30  miles  from  the  ocean,  has  an  ex- 
cellent harbor,  and  a  considerable  trade  in  lumber  and  fish.  Its  chief  industry,  how- 
ever, is  ship-building.  Steamboats  ply  to  Portland  and  Boston.  Tho  tonnftge  of 
Belfast,  in  1856,  was  76,812  tons. 

Bangor,  Maine,  on  tho  Penobscot.     Tonnage  in  1856,  38,048  tons. 


10  Commercial  Statistics  of  the  United  States. 

NEW    HAMPSHIRE 

Is  Mtuated  between  latitude  42°  41'  and  45°  11'  N.,  and  70°  40'  and 
72°  30'  W.  longitude.     It  contains  8,030  square  miles. 

Early  History. — John  Mason,  one  of  the  first  eminent  settlers  of  tho 
north-eastern  coast  of  New  England,  having  agreed  with  Sir  Ferdinando 
Gorges,  to  make  the  Piscataqua  the  division  line  between  them,  took 
subsequently  from  the  Plymouth  Council,  a  patent  of  what  lies  between 
that  river  and  Merrimack,  and  he  called  that  tract  of  land  "  New  Hamp- 
shire," because  he  had  been  Governor  of  Portsmouth,  in  Hampshire, 
England. 

In  the  year  1680,  New  Hampshire  separated  from  the  province  of 
Massachusetts,  and  was  established  as  an  independent  royal  province.  It 
was  afterward  united  again  with  Massachusetts,  but  in  1749,  finally  sep- 
arated, and  has  existed  since  that  time  as  an  independent  community, 
first  under  the  name  of  "  the  Province  of  New  Hampshire,"  and  since 
1776,  under  that  of  "  the  State  of  New  Hampshire." 

The  Connecticut  river  has  its  source  in  the  highlands,  on  the  north 
border  of  the  State,  and  its  west  branch  forms  the  boundary-line  between 
New  Hampshire  and  Canada,  to  within  one  mile  of  the  forty-fifth  degree 
of  north  latitude.  Its  general  course  is  south  by  west,  and  dividing  New 
Hampshire  and  Vermont,  it  passes  through  the  western  part  of  Massachu- 
setts, and  the  central  part  of  Connecticut,  where  it  enters  Long  Island 
Sound.  Merrimack  river,  the  Pemigowassit  branch,  rises  near  the  Notch 
in  the  White  Mountains,  and  is  joined  by  the  Winnipiseogee,  70  miles 
below  the  source  of  the  former.  It  here  takes  the  name  of  Merrimack. 
The  Androscoggin  and  Saco,  rise  and  have  a  part  of  their  course  in 
this  State.  Granite  is  plentiful  throughout  the  State,  and  also  marble 
and  limestone.  Iron  ore,  zinc,  tin,  lead,  and  copper  exist,  some  of  which 
have  been  woi'ked  to  advantage. 

There  were  in  this  State  in  1850,  2,251,488  acres  of  land  improved, 
and  1,140,926  of  unimproved  laud  in  farms.  Cash  value  of  farms, 
$55,245,997,  and  the  value  of  implements  and  machinery,  $2,314,125. 
Live  stock — horses,  34,233 ;  asses  and  mules,  19 ;  milch  cows,  94,277  ; 
working  oxen,  59,027;  other  cattle,  114,606;  sheep,  384,756;  swine, 
63,487  ;  value  of  I^-e  stock,  $8,871,901. 

Manufactures,  etc. — There  were  in  the  State  in  1850,  54  cotton  facto- 
tories,  with  a  capital  invested  of  $10,974,700,  employing  2,915  males  and 
9,235  females,  producing  sheetings  valued  at  $8,861,749;  91  woolen 
factories,  with  a  capital  of  $2,547,500,  employing  873  males  and  1,021 
females,  manufacturing  9,712,840  yards  of  cloth,  and  105,200  pounds  of 
yarn,  valued  at  $2,439,907  ;  1  establishment  with  a  capital  of  $4,000, 
employing  30  persons,  producing  200  tons  of  ])ig  iron,  etc.,  valued  at 
$17,200  ;  26  establishments  with  a  capital  of  $232,700,  employing  374 
persons,  and  making  5,764  tons  of  castings,  etc.,  valued  at  $371,710  ;  2 
establishments  with  a  capital  of  $4,000,  employing  0  persons,  manufac- 
turing 110  tons  of  wrought  iron,  valued  at  $10,400  ;  178  flouring  and 
grist  mills,  80  saw  mills,  165  tanneries,  with  a  capital  of  $441,975,  em- 
ploying 513  persons;  40  printing  offices,  2  daily,  36  weekly,  1  semi- 
monthly, and  2  monthly  newspapers.  Capital  invested  in  manufactures, 
$18,242,114 ;  value  of  manufactured  articles,  $23,160,503. 


New  Hampshire, 


11 


FOREIGN  COM^IERCE  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  HAMPSHIRE, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  185G. 


Ybabs 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS. 

TONNAGE  CL'D.      | 

Sept. 

80. 

Domestic. 

Foreign. 

Total. 

Total, 

American. 

1 

8,237 

FOREION. 

1821 

$180,129 

$80,636 

$260,765 

$350,021 

1822 

188.882 

10,817 

199,699 

3:30,052 

8,846 

1823 

182,945 

54,760 

237,705 

371,770 

7,563 

1824 

178,508 

6,875 

185,383 

245,513 

8,048 

1825 

181,840 

16,840 

198,680 

331,244 

7,566 

4,69i 

1826 

150,682 

16,393 

167,075 

848,609 

7,177 

1827 

155,580 

21,818 

177,393 

802,211 

6,849 

1828 

115,947 

S,4S6 

124,433 

299,849 

5,394 

1829 

98,264 

7,476 

105,740 

179,889 

6,748 

1830 
Total, 

93,499 

2,685 

96,184 

iao,828 

4,632 

$1,526,276 

226,786 

1,753,062 

2,889,986 

71,060 

4,691 

1831 

109,456 

1,766 

111,222 

146,205 

4,326 

1882 

115,582 

115,582 

115,171 

4,777 

'256 

1833 

145,3.» 

9,903 

155,258 

167,754 

6,002 

18M 

79,656 

1,214 

80,870 

118,695 

4,330 

"78 

1835 

76,076 

6.605 

81.681 

71,514 

3.877 

119 

1836 

15,015 

505 

15,520 

63,912 

2,436 

574 

183T 

26,000 

8,641 

84,641 

81,550 

2,575 

429 

1838 

56,103 

18,567 

74,670 

169,935 

11,191 

1,615 

1839 

74.914 

T,030 

81,944 

50,665 

3,849 

678 

1340 
Total, 

20,761 

218 

20,979 

114,647 

1,925 

2,939 

$717,918 

64,449 

772,367 

1,100,098 

45,283 

6,682 

1841 

10,201 

87 

10,343 

73,701 

1,475 

2,330 

1842 

2M19 

128 

28,547 

60,481 

1,241 

3,612 

1843* 

44,or,9 

115 

44,774 

8,289 

1,018 

2,256 

1844 

5,994 

690 

6,684 

31,420 

201 

4,515 

1845 

2,374 

10 

2,334 

22,689 

169 

2,849 

1846 

4,997 

75 

5,072 

15,485 

893 

8,413 

1847 

1,407 

283 

1,690 

16,935 

231 

1,671 

1843 

7,807 

436 

8,243 

61,303 

8,229 

2,639 

1849 

.5.S62 

26 

6,878 

64,351 

1,1 123 

5,819 

1850 
Total, 

8,722 

205 

8,927 

49,079 

682 

7,531 

$120,492 

2,055 

122,647 

403,738 

10,162 

36,635 

1851 

4,949 

4,949 

58,028 

2,386 

5,307 

1852 

67,204 

2,254 

69,453 

83,319 

2,284 

5,182 

1853 

1,126 

1,126 

82,608       1 

845 

8,092 

1854 

913 

'iis 

1,081 

84,505       ' 

1,643 

2,519 

1855 

1,5-28 

1,528 

17,786       1 

2,405 

8,061 

1856 

6,163 

ioT 

6,276 

24,839 

2,263 

8,479 

*  9  months  to  June  30,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 


PRINCIPAL  PORT. 

Portsmouth,  Xew  Hampshire,  U.  S.,  and  the  only  seaport  in  the  State.  It  1.1 
situated  on  the  soutli  side  of  the  Piscataqua  river,  on  a  peninsulii,  three  miles  from 
the  sea,  lat.  43°  40'  N.,  long.  70°  45'  W.  The  harljor  is  one  of  tlio  best  iu  tho 
world ;  it  has  42  feci  water  at  low  tide  throuj^h  the  whole  channel,  and  tho  current 
is  suCBcient  to  prevent  it  from  freezing.  The  U.  S.  Navy  Yard  Ls  located  on  an  island 
near  the  main  bank  of  the  river.  Tho  city  has  valuable  manufactures  and  a  larpre 
foreign  and  country  trade,  and  being  intersected  by  the  line  of  railroads  between 
Boston  and  Portland  is  connected  thereby  with  all  the  New  England  and  Canada 
towns;  a  railroad  also  extends  to  Concord.  Tho  tonnage  of  Portsmouth  in  185G,  was 
34,590  tons. 

The  principal  places  in  this  State  are  Concord,  the  capital,  Manchester,  Ports- 
mouth, Dover,  Exeter  and  Nashua.  There  were  in  1856,  15  railroads,  with  660 
miles  of  track  completed  and  in  operation,  and  24  in  course  of  construction.  Tho 
only  canals  are  those  fkcilitating  the  navigation  of  tho  Merrimack  river. 


12  Commercial  Statistics  of  the  United  States. 

VERMONT. 

Vermont,  one  of  the  United  States  of  America,  lies  between  latitude 
42°  44'  and  45°  00'  30"  N.,  and  72°  30'  and  73°  20'  W.  longitude; 
and  contains  an  area  of  8,000  square  miles. 

Physical  Features,  etc. — This  State  presents  a  very  considerable  variety 
of  surface.  It  is  traversed  from  north  to  south  by  the  Green  mountain 
range,  some  summits  of  which  rise  to  a  height  of  4,279  feet  above  the 
sea.  About  the  center  of  the  State,  they  divide  into  two  ridges,  the 
principal  of  which  passes  in  a  north-northeast  direction  into  Canada. 
The  Green  mountains  are  fi'om  ten  to  fifteen  miles  wide,  mucb  intersected 
by  valleys  abounding  with  springs  and  brooks,  and  are  mostly  covered 
with  evergreens  to  their  summits,  from  which  they  have  derived  their 
name.  The  rivers  are  inconsiderable,  most  of  those  flowing  east  are 
merely  small  tributaries  of  the  Connecticut ;  those  on  the  west  side  are 
larger,  and  the  three  principal,  viz.,  Lamoille,  Missisque,  and  Winooski, 
rise  on  the  east  side  of  the  principal  mountain  range,  which  they  break 
through,  and  enter  Lake  Champlain.  The  inland  situation  of  Vermont 
has  deprived  her  of  the  advantages  and  wealth  which  accrue  from  com- 
merce, and  the  want  of  canals  and  navigable  rivers  for  the  conveyance 
to  market  of  the  productions  of  the  State,  has  retarded  the  settlement  and 
improvement  of  the  uncultivated  lands ;  but  the  construction  of  500 
miles  of  railroad  has  provided  a  valuable  substitute  for  these  deficiencies. 

Lake  Champlain,  a  considerable  body  of  water  between  the  States  of 
New  York  and  Vermont,  and  penetrating  for  a  few  miles  into  Canada. 
It  is  140  miles  in  length,  and  from  1  to  10  in  breadth,  lying  nearly  north 
and  south  ;  and  contains  a  great  number  of  small  islands,  most  of  which 
belong  to  Vermont.  The  Champlain  canal,  63  miles  in  length,  connects 
it  with  the  Hudson,  and  large  steamboats  and  vessels  of  100  tons  navi- 
gate the  lake  from  end  to  end.  The  scenery  along  its  shores  is  highly 
picturesque,  and  its  waters  abound  in  salmon,  salmon-trout,  sturgeon, 
and  other  fish.  Lake  Champlain  is  navigable  for  large  vessels,  and  has 
several  good  harbors  on  the  Vermont  side.  It  is  of  the  greatest  import- 
ance to  Vermont  by  giving  her  facilities  for  internal  commerce.  From 
the  shape  of  the  lake,  it  gives  the  largest  amount  of  coast-line  and  length 
of  navigation,  and  makes  up  for  the  deficiency  of  navigable  rivers.  The 
commerce  of  Lake  Champlain  in  1856  was  over  20,000  tons.  The 
climate  varies  according  to  differences  of  level  and  other  circumstances. 
It  is  healthy,  although  the  winters  are  severe.  The  soil  is  fertile,  but 
more  suitable  for  pasturage  than  tillage.  Wool  is  the  staple  production  ; 
sheep,  horses,  and  cattle  are  raised  in  great  numbers ;  marble,  granite, 
and  slate,  are  abundant,  and  valuable  quarries  of  each  are  worked  :  iron 
ore  in  several  localities  throughout  the  State,  and  from  the  sulphuret  of 
iron  in  Straflbrd  and  Shrewsbury,  copperas  is  extensively  manufactured. 
Several  mineral  springs  occur. 

There  were,  on  the  1st  January,  1856,  eight  railroads,  with  516  miles 
of  road  finished  and  in  operation.  Capital  employed  in  manufactures, 
$5,001,377  ;  value  of  manufactured  articles,  $8,570,920.  The  principal 
places  in  the  State  are  Montpelier,  the  capital,  Burlington,  Middlebury, 
Brattleboro,  Norwich,  St.  Albans,  and  Castleton.  There  were  in  Auo-ust, 
1853, 33  banks,  with  a  cash  capital  of  $2,914,040, 


Vermont. 


13 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  SIaTE  OF  VERMONT, 
From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Years 

ENDING 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS. 

TONNAGE  CLD. 

Sept. 

SO. 

1821 

Domestic. 

Foreign. 

Total. 

Total. 

American. 

Foreign. 

$263,330 

$263,a30 

$16,987 

901 

40 

1822 

249,216 

$8,478 

257,694 

60,899 

854 

40 

1823 

236,140 

236,140 

62,242 

1824 

208,258 

208,258 

161,854 

'665 

85 

1825 

396,166 

896,166 

109.021 

695 

85 

1826 

884,202 

884,202 

228,6,50 

1827 

1,259,441 

1,2.W,441 

144,078 

1828 

239,610 

239,610 

177,539 

1829 

808,079 

808.079 

205,892 

24,ioi 

1830 
Total, 

658,256 

658,256 

140.059 

19,290 

$5,202,698 

8,478 

5,211,176 

1,305,719 

46,506 

140 

1831 

925,127 



92.5,127 

166,206 

20,201 

1832 

349,820 

849,820 

214,672 

14,680 

1833 

877,399 

877,399 

523,260 

85,106 

1834 

834,372 

334,372 

822,806 

85,700 

1835 

823,151 

328.151 

217,853 

36,893 

1&36 

188,165 

188.165 

456,846 

80,045 

1837 

138,693 

138,693 

342,449 

27,011 

1838 

132,650 

132,650 

258,417 

28,480 

1839 

193,886 

198,886 

418,513 

44,766 

1840 
Total, 

305,150 

805,150 

404,617 

52,084 

$3,273,413 

3,273,413 

3,320,639 

824,966 

1841 

264,005 

13.982 

277.937 

246.739 

13,500 

1842 

550,293 

7,216 

557,509 

2u9,S68 

1843* 

141,884 

28,137 

169,971 

38,000 

15,359 

1844 

196,574 

216,793 

413,367 

97,183 

56,336 

1845 

213.976 

328,631 

542,607 

81,997 

52,728 

1S4G 

215,316 

188,504 

403.820 

127,223 

79,766 

1847 

281,985 

282,313 

514,298 

239,641 

72,064 

1848 

299,269 

234,883 

534.102 

306,005 

74.416 

1849 

299,938 

888,981 

683,869 

147,721 

97,218 

"325 

1850 
Total, 

404,749 

26,157 

43v!,906 

463,092 

81,073 

1,783 

$2,817,939 

1,715,497 

4,533,436 

1,957,469 

542,460 

2,108 

1851 

761,712 

304 

762.0' 6 

691.263 

104,114 

17,734 

1852 

216,088 

172,025 

388,113 

192,593 

42,973 

14,606 

1853 

82,376 

11,741 

94,117 

184,512 

14,492 

6,614 

1854 

310,078 

1,135,166 

l,44,-),244 

237,279 

29,803 

10,154 

1855 

822,544 

2,572,924 

2,895,468 

501,593 

11,080 

8,462 

1856 

350,607 

680,843 

1,031,450 

1,560,118 

20,057 

19,787 

*  9  months  to  June  30,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 


PRIXCIPAL  PORT. 
Burlington,  Vermont,  is  the  mo.st  populous  town  of  tlio  State.  Its  commerce  by 
Lake  Champlain,  on  a  bay  of  which  the  town  is  built,  is  important,  and  its  connec- 
tions by  railroad  and  steamboat  aflbrd  it  every  facility  in  its  prosecution.  The  har- 
bor of  Burlington  is  the  best  on  the  lake,  and  more  vessels  navigating  the  lake  are 
owned  here  than  at  any  other  place.  It  is  ea.sy  of  access  from  the  north  and  south, 
and  to  protect  it  from  tlie  west  winds,  a  breakwater,  900  feet  long  was  erected. 
Juniper  Island  is  di.stant  four  miles  from  the  wharf,  and  contains  eleven  acres  of 
ground;  a  lighthouse  was  erected  on  this  i.sland  in  182G;  it  is  in  the  form  of  a  trun- 
cated cone,  thirty  feet  high,  eighteen  feet  in  diameter  at  tlie  base,  and  twelve  at  tho 
top,  and  is  kept  lighted  at  niglit  during  the  season  of  navigation,  from  tho  middle  of 
April  to  the  1st  of  December.  Burlington  has  an  extensive  and  fertile  back  country, 
and  the  mercantile  bu.sines.s  of  tho  place  amounts  to  about  $1,000,000  annuallj. 
Tonnage,  1853,  5,875  tons;  in  1856,  it  waa  7,448  tons. 


14  Commercial  Statistics  of  the  United  States. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Massachusetts,  one  of  the  Eastern  United  States,  lies  between  41°  23' 
and  42°  52'  N.  latitude,  and  between  69°  30'  and  73°  30'  W.  longitude. 
It  is  about  190  miles  long,  with  an  average  breadth  of  90  miles,  and 
contains  7,250  square  miles. 

Early  History. — The  first  and  most  ancient  names  which  were  given 
by  historians  to  the  territory  of  the  State  of  Massachusetts  were  more  or 
le'ss  the  same  with  those  of  Maine,  and  we  need  not  repeat  them  here. 
The  name  "  La  Cote  des  Almouchiquois"  (the  Coast  of  the  Almouclii- 
quois  Indians),  which  the  French  introduced,  and  which  the  Dutch  geo- 
graphers frequently  changed  to  "  The  Laud  of  Almushikosen,"  covered 
particularly  the  whole  extent  of  Massachusetts.  This  latter  name  was 
first  introduced  by  the  English  navigators  and  explorers. 

The  word  is  said  to  be  composed  of  the  Indian  words  Mos  [Arrow- 
head) and  Wetuset  {hill).  The  pure  and  correct  orthography  of  the 
compound  word  is  from  this  said  to  be  Moswetuset,  the  hill  in  the  shape 
of  an  arrow-head.  The  king  of  an  Indian  tribe  is  said  to  have  resided 
on  such  a  hill  near  the  shores  of  Massachusetts  bay,  and  his  tribe  of  In- 
dians received  from  this  the  name  "  the  Indians  of  Moswetuset." 

In  the  earliest  time  of  the  Plymouth  colony,  the  name  included  only 
the  country  around  Boston  harbor ;  and  the  name  was  principally  given 
to  that  great  bay  of  which  Boston  harbor  is  part,  and  which  was  called 
Massachusetts  hay. 

There  were,  January,  1856,  43  railroads,  of  which  1,409  miles  weie 
finished,  and  in  operation,  and  48  miles  in  course  of  construction.  The 
Middlesex  canal,  27  miles  long,  connects  Boston  with  Lowell.  The  Black- 
stone,  and  the  llampshire  and  Hamden  canals  are  both  in  disuse. 

The  principal  rivers  are  the  Connecticut,  a  noble  stream,  winding  for 
50  miles  across  the  State,  llousatonic,  which  rises  in  Berkshire  county, 
and  flows  through  the  W.  part  of  the  State ;  and  Merrimac,  which  rises 
in  New  Hampshire,  and  has  a  course  of  50  miles  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  the 
State,  and  enters  the  ocean  below  Ncwburyport.  It  is  navigable  for 
large  vessels  to  Haverhill,  15  miles.  Besides  these  there  are  Nashua, 
Concord,  Taunton,  and  Blackstone  rivers.  Massachusetts  has  numerous 
good  harbors.  There  are  several  important  islands  oft'  the  S.  shore  of 
tliis  State,  to  which  they  belong.  Tiie  largest  is  Nantucket,  15  miles 
long  and  11  broad,  and  which  constitutes  a  county  of  its  own  name. 
Martha's  Vineyard,  W.  of  Nantucket,  is  20  miles  long,  and  from  2  to  10 
broad,  which,  with  other  small  islands,  constitute  Duke's  coimty.  The 
shores  of  Massachusetts  are  diversified  by  some  bold  promontories  and 
capacious  bays.  Of  the  latter,  Massachusetts  bay,  between  Caj^e  Ann  on 
the  N.,  and  Cape  Cod  on  the  S.,  is  about  40  miles  in  breadth.  Buz- 
zard's bay  is  on  the  S.W.  side  of  Cape  Cod,  and  is  20  miles  long.  Cape 
Ann,  in  the  N.  part  of  the  State,  is  a  rocky  promontory,  15  miles  in 
length.  Cape  Cod  is  a  peninsula  in  the  S.E.  part  of  the  State,  extending 
75  miles  long,  and  from  2  to  20  broad,  with  a  bend  in  the  middle  nearly 
at  right  angles.  The  peninsula  of  Nahant,  a  few  miles  N.  of  the  harboi 
of  Boston,  is  connected  with  the  mainland  by  Lynn-beach,  2  miles  long. 
It  has  become,  on  account  of  its  cool  breezes  and  wild  sea  views,  a  place 
of  fashionable  resort  durin;j  the  summer  months. 


Massachusetts. 


15 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  STATE  OF  MASSACHUSETTS, 
Prom  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


♦  9  months  to  June  30,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 


PRINCIPAL  PORTS. 

Boston,  in  Massachusetts,  U.  S.,  lat.  42°  23'  N.,  long.  71°  4'  W.  The  city  la 
situated  at  the  head  of  a  deep  bay,  on  a  peninsula,  being  surrounded  on  three  sides  by 
water.  (Jenerally  there  is  sufficient  depth  of  water  to  enable  the  largest  ships  to 
come  up  to  the  city  at  all  times  of  the  tide ;  and  they  usually  moor  alongside  of 
docks  where  there  is  perfect  safety.  The  depth  of  water  iu  the  cliannel,  varies  from 
fifteen  to  thirty  feet.  It  is  the  great  center  of  the  commerce  of  New  England,  and 
in  this  capacity  receives  and  distributes  one  fifth  of  the  whole  commercial  material 
of  the  United  States.     The  tonnage  of  Boston,  in  1856,  was  521,117  tona 

Salem,  city  and  port  of  entry,  Mass.  It  is  chiefly  built  on  a  tongue  of  land 
formed  by  two  inlets  from  the  sea,  called  North  and  South  rivers ;  over  the  former 
are  two  bridges  (one  of  which  is  crossed  by  the  railroad),  connecting  it  with  Beverly. 
The  harbor  has  good  anchorage  ground,  but  vessels  drawing  more  than  twelve  or 
fourteen  feet  of  water  must  be  partially  unloaded  before  they  can  como  to  ita 
wharves.     The  tonnage  of  Salem  in  185G,'was  29,970  tons. 

Nastocket,  Mass.     Tonnage  iu  1856,  16,857  tons. 


16  Commercial  Statistics  of  the   United  States. 

RHODE    ISLAND. 

Rhode  Island,  one  of  the  United  States  of  America,  and  the  smallest 
State  in  the  Union,  bcinf;  about  49  miles  long,  and  29  broad,  containing 
1,200    square    miles,   of  which   130   is  included  in  Narrairansett  bay. 

Earbj  History. — The  country  round  the  Narragansett  bay,  and  to 
the  west  of  it,  is  in  the  first  old  works  and  maps,  generally  named  Nar- 
agansetts,  or  the  Xaragansett  country.  The  colonists  at  Plymouth  dis- 
covered and  entered  this  country  already  in  the  first  years  of  the  exist- 
ence of  their  town.  Roger  AVilliams  was  the  first  settler  in  this  territory. 
lie  and  some  other  dissenters  and  refugees  from  Massachusetts  founded 
here  the  towns  of  l^rovidence,  Newjjort,  and  Portsmouth.  They  united 
all  in  one  government  in  the  year  1643,  under  the  name  "Incorporation 
of  Providence  Plantation,"  or,  as  they  are  styled  in  King  Charles  First's 
patent  of  that  year,  "  Incorporations  of  Providence  Plantations  in  our 
Naragansetts  bay,  in  New  England."  It  is  possible  that  John  Clark  and 
William  Coddington,  who  were  men  of  learning,  with  others  who  formed 
the  first  compact  on  Rhode  Island  in  1637,  were  f:imiliar  Avith  the  nar- 
ratives of  the  early  voyages  to  the  American  coast.  They  had  been 
many  times  published  in  England  by  the  famous  Hakluyt,  Purchas,  and 
others,  and  our  colonists  had  doubtless  read,  in  the  collected  voyages  of 
these  compilers,  the  narrative  of  Verrazzano,  who  was  the  first  European 
that  ever  entered  the  waters  of  Narragansett  bay,  which  was  in  the  year 
1524.  He  was  the  first,  too,  to  discover  Block  Island,  to  which  he  gave 
the  name  of  Clau<lia,  after  the  Queen,  or  mother  of  Francis  I. ;  and  in 
speaking  of  its  shape,  compared  it  with  the  Isle  of  Rhodes.  This  name 
may  have  thus  been  suggested  to  the  early  colonists. 

In  the  year  1663,  the  colonists  of  that  country  obtained  from  Charles!, 
a  charter,  which  incorporated  their  community  under  the  name  of  the 
"  Colony  of  Rhode  Island  and  Providence  Plantations."  The  Narragan- 
sett  country,  lying  S.  of  Warwick,  was  also  sometimes  called  The 
King's  ProMnce.  The  present  legal  and  official  name  is  still  Rhode 
Island  and  Providence  Plantations,  but  commonly  the  name  is  made 
shorter,  State  of  Rhode  Island. 

Ph'/sical  Features,  etc. — This  State  on  the  N.  and  W.  is  hilly  and 
broken,  but  becomes  gradually  level  toward  the  sea.  The  islands  in 
Narragansetts  bay  are  distinguished  by  their  pleasing  and  diversified 
scenery  and  fertile  soil.  The  climate  is  healthy,  particularly  on  the 
islands,  where  the  sea  breezes  liave  the  effect  not  only  of  mitigating  the 
heat  in  summer,  but  moderating  the  cold  in  winter,  and  rendering  the 
climate  truly  delightful.  The  rivers,  though  not  large,  furnish  many 
fine  mill  seats,  which  are  extensively  used  for  manufacturing  purposes. 
The  principal  are  Pawtucket,  Providence,  Pawtuxet,  Pawcatuck,  and 
Wood  rivers.  Narragansett  bay  is  a  fine  body  of  water,  and  contains  a 
number  of  beautiful  and  fertile  islands.  Among  them  is  Rhode  Island, 
which  gives  name  to  the  SUite.  Iron  ore  and  anthracite  coal  are  found 
to  some  extent ;  marble,  limestone,  free-stone,  and  other  building  stone. 

The  ])nncipal  places  in  the  State  are  Providence  city  and  Newport, 
eaoh  of  which  is  used  alternately  as  the  Capital.  There  were  in  Sept. 
1853,  11  banks  in  the  State,  with  a  paid  capital  of  $15,917,429.  There 
were  built,  and  in  operation,  January,  1856,  145  miles  of  railroads. 


Rhode  Island. 


17 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  STATE  OF  RHODE  ISLAND, 

From  October  ],  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Ykaks 

ENDIXO 

Sept. 

EXPORTS. 

IMPOETS. 

TONNAGE  CL'D. 

80. 

DOMKSTIO. 

FoBEicy. 

Total. 

Totau 

American. 

1 

FOEEIOW. 

1821 

$4.81,365 

$515,463 

$996,828 

$1,032,968 

i       21,814 

107 

1822 

601,233 

261,125 

SG2,36;3 

1,384,144 

24,480 

1823 

520,614 

412,500 

933,114 

1,412,953 

2-3,890 

1S24 

556,582 

816,317 

872,899 

1,888,836 

24,680 

1S25 

619,.o89 

158,873 

678,467 

907,906 

23,938 

1826 

585,3T0 

216,170 

781  ,.540 

1,185,934 

2:3,045 

182T 

56,177 

208,010 

804,187 

1,241,328 

21,3.59 

1823 

541,675 

180,491 

723,166 

1,123,226 

20,300 

1829 

837,468 

52,913 

890,331 

423.811 

15,621 

188U 
Total, 

206,965 

71,985 

278,950 

488,756 

14,094 

$4,927,043 

2,393,852 

7,320,395 

11,094,862 

212,706 

107 

1S31 

.S4'<,250 

19,215 

867,465 

562,161 

22,787 

18.32 

377,656 

156,803 

5:34,459 

657,969 

26,672 

"so 

1833 

330,S69 

154.C.12 

485,481 

1,042,286 

26,032 

189 

1884 

420,585 

80,741 

501,626 

427,024 

25,229 

401 

1835 

182,866 

113,137 

296,003 

697,718 

20,973 

762 

1836 

212,297, 

16,123 

228,420 

655.199 

24,924 

1.192 

1837 

411,806 

76,452 

4S8,2.>8 

523,610 

22,534 

126 

1838 

270,065 

21,192 

291,257 

656,613 

27,728 

295 

18:» 

175,808 

9,426 

1S5.2:U 

610,431 

22,885 

319 

1840 
Total, 

208,006 

8,983 

206,939 

274,534 

17,436 

$2,933,508 

651,634 

8,585,192 

5,907,540 

287,249 

8,864 

1841 

266,276 

12,189 

278,465 

8^9,592 

20,911 

787 

1842 

323,4.?7 

25,259 

848,696 

323,692 

19,264 

729 

1843* 

105,292 

555 

10.5,3-17 

155,758 

7,645 

1844 

257,602 

8,175 

260,777 

269,437 

17,471 

l",783 

1845 

190,141 

891 

191,0:!2 

274,8:30 

14,593 

196 

1846 

220,019 

4.815 

224,f;64 

210,489 

18,257 

785 

184T 

191.434 

935 

192,069 

805,489 

14,595 

1,978 

1848 

215,860 

5,771 

221,6-31 

351,590 

19,316 

8,148 

1849 

172,691 

.5,461 

173,1.V2 

237,478 

15,568 

2,815 

1850 
Total. 

206,299 

9,966 

216,265 

258,303 

16,770 

1,705 

$2,149,051 

6S,.'>47 

2,217,598 

2,726,153 

164,895 

13,426 

1851 

223,404 

14,.873 

237,777 

810,630 

19,838 

8,74T 

1A52 

174,115 

5,0()0 

179,175 

210,680 

14,016 

2,913 

1858 

8()2,4.'i4 

8,031 

310,485 

866,116 

16,301 

7,077 

1854 

426,046 

13,935 

439,9S1 

437,973 

17,841 

7,910 

1855 

331,287 

4,786 

8;J6,023 

686,387 

17,210 

6,474 

1856 

898,224 

14,150 

407,874 

845,808 

16,144 

6,623 

*  9  months  to  June  80,  and  the  flscal  year  from  this  time  becrlns  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORTS. 

Newport,  Rhode  Island,  is  situated  on  the  south-west  shoro  of  Rhode  Island, 
twenty-eight  miles  south  from  Providence,  and  five  miles  from  the  ocean.  The  har- 
bor is  one  of  the  best  in  the  United  States,  and  is  well  defended.  Its  site  is  beauti- 
ful, and  of  late  years  it  has  been  much  resorted  to  in  the  summer  sea.son.  Its  ship- 
ping is  mainly  employed  in  the  whale  fi-shcries  and  coasting  trade;  its  manufactures 
are  various  and  of  considerable  extent.  The  tonnage  of  Newport  in  1S5G,  was 
11,046  tons. 

Providence,  a  city,  and  principal  port  of  entrv  in  Rhode  Island,  sitiiated  in  lat. 
41°  4a'  22"  N.,  long.  71°  24'  28''  W.  Providence  has  great  commercial  facilities!, 
which  have  been  well  improved.  The  harbor  is  at  the  head  of  Narrapansctt  bay, 
thirty-three  miles  from  the  ocean,  is  spacious,  and  has  sufficient  depth  of  water  for 
the  largest  ships.     The  tonnage  of  Providence  was  19,305  tons,  in  1856. 

Bristol,  between  Mount  Hope  bay  and  Narragansett  bay,  has  a  good  harbor, 
and  great  fiiciiitics  for  navigation.  The  tonnage  is  the  largest  in  the  State,  beings 
in  1856,  2,902  tons. 


18  Commercial  Statistics  of  the  United  States. 

CONNECTICUT. 

Connecticut,  which  is  the  southernmost  of  the  New  England  States, 
is  situated  between  41°  and  42°  2'  N.  latitude,  and  71°  20'  and  73°  15' 
W.  longitude,  and  between  3°  46'  24"  and  5°  41'  24"  E.  longitude  - 
from  Washington. 

Early  History. — The  beautiful  river  from  which  the  State  of  Con- 
necticut derives  its  name,  was  first  discovered  (in  the  year  1614)  by  the 
Dutch  Captain  Adrian  Block,  who  sailed  into  it  as  far  up  as  the  present 
site  of  Hartford,  and  who  named  it  "  De  Versche  liver"  (the  Fresh 
river)  probably  from  the  fresh  appearance  of  its  waters  and  green  valleys. 
The  Dutch  from  New  Amsterdam  made  some  attempts  at  settlement 
along  this  river.  But  the  English  colonists  and  explorers  from  Ply- 
mouth and  Boston,  on  their  way  to  the  west,  reached  it  about  the  year 
1630,  and  became  soon  the  exclusive  proprietors  of  the  river  and  its 
valley.  They  adopted  for  it  the  original  name  of  the  aborigines,  which, 
in  its  true  Indian  shape,  is  said  to  have  been  "  Quonehtucut,"  The 
meaning  of  this  word  is  stated  to  be  "  The  Long  river,"  and  it  appears 
to  be  a  designation  which  the  Indians  applied  often  as  a  river  name. 
Among  others,  we  find  also  in  Long  Island  a  Connecticut  river. 

The  State  is  watered  by  numerous  rivers  and  streams.  Few  of  the 
rivers  are  navigable  for  more  than  a  short  distance  from  their  mouths, 
The  principal  is  the  Connecticut,  which  rises  on  the  N,  border  of  New 
Ilampshire,  and  after  a  course  of  about  400  miles,  falls  into  Long  Island 
Sound,  between  Say  brook  and  Lyme.  Its  general  direction  is  S.  by  W., 
separating  New  Ilampshire  fi'om  Vermont,  and  afterward  passing  through 
the  western  part  of  Massachusetts  and  the  central  part  of  Connecticut. 
Below  Middleton  it  turns  to  the  S.  S.  E.,  and  continues  in  that  direction 
to  its  mouth.  It  is  navigable  to  Middleton,  30  miles  from  the  sea,  for 
vessels  drawing  10  feet,  and  to  Hartford,  20  miles  higher,  for  vessels 
drawing  8  feet  of  water.  The  canals  and  other  improvements  recently 
made  to  overcome  the  rapids  and  tidls,  have  rendered  it  navigable  for 
small  boats  as  far  as  Well's  river,  250  miles  above  Hartford.  The  prin- 
cipal tributary  of  the  Connecticut  in  this  State  is  the  Tunxis,  or  Far- 
mington,  which  rises  in  the  E.  slope  of  the  Green  mountains  \\\  Massa- 
chusetts, and  flows  southward  to  Farmington,  where  it  abruptly  changes 
its  course  to  the  N.  On  breaking  through  the  trap  range  of  the  Talcott 
mountains,  it  again  takes  a  southerly  direction,  and  falls  into  the  Con- 
necticut opposite  East  Windsor.  The  llousatonic  rises  in  the  Avestern 
part  of  Massachusetts,  and  enters  this  State  near  its  N.  W.  corner,  after 
which  it  has  a  S.  and  S.  E.  course  to  the  Sound.  Its  entrance  is  ob- 
structed by  a  bar,  but  there  is  a  sloop  navigation  for  12  miles.  The 
Thames,  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Quiimebaug,  Shetucket,  and 
Yantic  rivers  near  Norwich,  falls  into  the  Sound  at  New  London. 

The  mineral  wealth  of  Connecticut  is  considerable.  Iron  ore  of  ex- 
cellent quality  is  found  abundantly  in  various  parts.  The  copper  mines 
of  Bristol  and  Plymouth  are  said  to  be  the  most  profitable  in  the  United 
States.  According  to  Professor  Silliman,  the  Bristol  vein  extends  in  a 
southerly  direction  for  more  than  30  miles,  and,  if  fully  worked,  is 
capable  of  affording  employment  to  30,000  miners.  The  Plymouth 
mines  are  considered  to  be  equally  rich.    Copper  is  also  found  at  Granby. 


Connecticut. 


19 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  STATE  OF  CONNECTICUT, 
From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Years 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS. 

TONNAGE  CL'D. 

ENDINO 

Sept. 

30. 

Domestic. 

Foreign. 

Total. 

Total. 

American. 

Foreign. 

1S21 

$366,180 

$10,007 

$376,187 

$312,090 

14,749 

1822 

479,358 

5.9w9 

4.85,312 

607,094 

17,442 

1823 

480,941 

1,120 

482,061 

456,463 

16,733 

'iiis 

1824 

670,634 

5.218 

575,.852 

581,510 

20,946 

1823 

684,686 

4,584 

689,270 

707,473 

24,-395 

1826 

695,454 

18,4;39 

708,893 

736,194 

21,684 

1827 

567,100 

23,175 

590,275 

6;30,004 

18,078 

1828 

493,925 

27,620 

521,645 

48.5,174 

17,588 

1829 

450,985 

6,9S5 

457,970 

809,588 

16,090 

1830 
Total, 

385,610 

8,901 

389,511 

209,583 

18,285 

"77 

$5,174,868 

102,008 

6,276,876 

4,995,128 

185,940 

185 

lasi 

482,073 

810 

482,8.83 

40.5,066 

20,139 

1982 

430,466 

430,466 

437,715 

20,944 

'867 

1833 

427,603 

427,603 

352,014 

18,453 

606 

1884 

421,419 

'997 

422,416 

885,720 

18,643 

204 

1835 

487,510 

25,460 

612,970 

439,502 

10,523 

618 

1886 

431,176 

7,028 

438,199 

468,163 

20,842 

1,542 

183T 

523,103 

9,487 

532,590 

818,849 

20,299 

2,145 

1833 

543,610 

548,610 

843,:331 

18,892 

420 

1839 

583,226 

583,226 

442,847 

26,308 

916 

1840 
Total, 

518,210 

618,210 

277,072 

24,122 

479 

$4,848,396 

43,777 

4,892,173 

8,870,279 

198,580 

7,297 

1841 

599,848 

599,348 

295,989 

27,886 

3,027 

1843 

532,392 

532,392 

33.5,707 

27,253 

4,791 

1843* 

307,223 

307,223 

230,841 

14,113 

2,743 

1844 

798,725 

l',29i 

800,016 

823,299 

83,381 

4,780 

1845 

960.810 

8,245 

969,055 

872,075 

37,086 

2,101 

1846 

765,912 

10,000 

775,912 

413,478 

31,131 

5,937 

1847 

598,702 

490 

599,192 

275,823 

20,536 

1,966 

•1843 

501,064 

501,064 

229,310 

23,500 

4,813 

1849 

264,000 

264,000 

234,743 

20,440 

3,719 

1850 
Total, 

241,262 

66S 

241,930 

872,890 

17,515 

9,802 

$5,569,438 

20,694 

5,590,132 

8,088,655 

262,841 

43,179 

1851 

433,894 

1S4 

434,078 

842,994 

22,534 

8,127 

1852 

505,904 

270 

506,174 

394,675 

27,507 

10.237 

1853 

497,769 

11.665 

509,434 

545,793 

19,942 

8,962 

1854 

721,307 

18,263 

739,575 

562,977 

23,750 

7,842 

1855 

859,492 

19,382 

878,874 

6*3,826 

21,869 

7,379 

1856 

797,062 

8,203 

800,324 

737,401 

18,602 

6,3S0 

*  9  months  to  June  30,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORTS. 

New  London,  Connecticut,  is  situated  on  tlie  Thames  river,  three  miles  from  the 
ocean,  fifty  miles  cast  of  New  Haven  by  railroad.  Its  harbor  is  one  of  tlie  best  in 
the  United  States,  but  is  seldom  visited  by  foreign  vessels.  The  whalo  fisheries  con- 
stitute its  main  interest,  and  it  has  also  a  largo  coasting  trade.  Several  railroads 
connect  it  with  the  interior,  New  York,  and  Boston,  and  regular  steamboats  ply  to 
and  from  Now  York.     The  tonnage  in  1856,  was  40,371  tons. 

New  IIaven,  Connecticut,  is  situated  at  the  bottom  of  New  Haven  bay,  about 
four  miles  from  Long  Island  Sound,  and  is  one  of  the  principal  towns  on  the  railroad 
lines  between  New  York  and  Boston.  Its  nianuflicturcs  are  extensive,  and  it  is  one 
of  the  principal  clock  and  India-rubber  loralities.  Several  important  railroads  come 
in  here,  and  regular  steam  communication  is  maintained  with  New  York.  The  com- 
merce of  the  city  is  small.     The  total  tonnage  in  1856,  was  18,102  tons. 

The  tonnage  of  the  other  places  is  as  follows : 

Middletow.v,  14,221  tons. 

Stonington,  18,102  tons. 

Fairfield,  11,693  tons. 


20  Commercial  Statistics  of  tJie  United  States. 

NEW  YORK. 

New  York,  one  of  the  United  States  of  America,  situated  between 
40°  30'  and  45°  01'  N.  latitude,  and  between  71°  50'  and  79°  56'  W 
lonfirituilo,  and  contains  an  area  of  40,000  square  miles. 

Early  History  of  New  York  State. — Tue  Spaniards  comprised  the 
territory  of  the  present  State  of  New  York  under  their  great  name  of 
Florida,  and  designated  it  also  on  their  maps  of  the  sixteenth  century 
particularly  as  the  Tierra  de  Stephan  Gomez,  or  shorter,  Tierra  de  Gomez, 
because  Gomez  (1525)  was  for  a  long  time  the  only  Spanish  navigator 
wlio  was  known  to  have  explored  especially  these  cojists. 

The  English  comprised  it  since  1585  under  the  name  Virginia,  and 
since  lUOG  under  the  name  of  Northern  Virginia,  or  the  Northern 
Colony.  Since  1616,  they  considered  it  as  a  part  of  New  England, 
which  name  took  the  place  of  the  old  name  of  Northern  Virginia,  and 
went  down  like  this  as  far  south,  as  the  fortieth  degree  of  N.  latitude. 

The  Dutch  began  soon  after  the  discovery  of  Hudson  (1609)  to  call  it 
Nieuw  Nederlandt  (the  New  Netherlands).  This  name  may  already 
have  been  in  use  for  some  time,  but  it  occurs  for  the  first  time  in  a  public 
document  in  the  year  1014.  They  also  somethnes  called  it  Nieuw  Hol- 
land. It  is  on  maps  also  sometimes  called  New  Belgium.  They  at  first 
gave  to  it  very  extensive  boundaries,  as  far  east  as  Cape  Cod,  including 
the  whole  Barnstable  peninsula,  and  south  as  far  as  the  Delaware  river, 
and  beyond  it.  With  these  limits,  we  find  it  represented  on  many  old 
Dutch  maps.  The  southern  limit  on  the  Delaware  river  remained  pretty 
much  unchanged  on  the  Dutch  maps.  Not  so  the  eastern  boundary. 
On  lattr  maps  we  see  this  advancing  only  as  far  as  Nassau  bay,  Rhode 
Island.  Since  1630  or  1635,  the  maps  have  it  only  as  far  as  the  Con- 
necticut river,  where  at  this  time  the  English  had  already  arrived  with 
their  plantations. 

When,  in  the  year  1664,  the  English  conquered  the  whole  country, 
it  was  named  the  Province  of  New  York,  in  honor  of  James,  Duke  of 
York,  brother  of  Charles  II. 

It  lost  in  the  same  year  a  part  of  its  coast  by  the  grant  which  the 
Duke  of  York  made  to  a  company  of  gentlemen  who  founded  the  prov- 
ince of  New  Jersey,  between  the  lower  Hudson  and  the  Delaware  bay. 

The  principal  rivers  are  the  Hudson,  324  miles  loug,  navigable  156 
miks  to  Troy.  The  Mohawk,  135  miles  long,  which  enters  the  Hudson 
a  little  above  Troy  ;  the  Genesee,  125  miles  long,  which  enters  Lake  On- 
tario having  at  Kochester,  5  miles  from  its  mouth,  two  falls  of  96  and 
75  ft'et.  Black  river,  which  rises  near  the  sources  of  the  Hudson,  and 
flows  120  miles  into  Lake  Ontario  ;  the  Saranac,  65  miles  long,  entering 
Lake  Chaniplain  at  PlatLsburg;  the  Oswegatchie,  100  miles  long,  flow- 
ing into  the  St.  Lawrence ;  the  Oswego,  proceeding  40  miles  from 
Oneida  Lake  into  Lake  Ontario ;  the  Au  Sable,  rising  in  the  Adiron- 
dack mountains,  and  having  a  course  of  75  miles  to  Luke  Chaniplain. 
Tlie  majestic  St.  Lawrence  forms  a  part  of  the  northern  boundary  of  the 
State.  The  head  branches  of  the  Susquehanna,  the  Alleghany,  and  the 
Delaware  rise  in  this  State.  Besides  Lake  Ontario  and  Erie  on  the  N., 
and  Ch.implain  on  the  R,  which  are  but  partly  within  it,  there  are  wholly 
within  the  State  many  picturesque  sheets  of  water. 


JSFew  York. 


21 


FOREIGN  CO^LMERCE  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK, 

From  October  ],  1820,  to  July  1,  185G. 


Teaks 

ENDING 

Skit. 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS. 

TONNAGE  CUD. 

80. 

Domestic. 

FOEEIGN. 

1          TOTAI» 

Total. 

AUEBIOAK. 

FOEEION. 

1821 

$7,896,605 

$5,264,313 

$13,160,918 

$23,629,246 

158,174 

10,720 

1822 

10,987,167 

6,113,315 

17,100,482 

85,445,628 

185,666 

17,784 

1823 

11,862,995 

7,675,995 

19,038,990 

29,421,349 

192,521 

23.5.13 

1824 

13,528,654 

9,308,480 

22,897,134 

86,113,723 

222,271 

18,142 

1S25 

20,651,558 

14,607,703 

8.\259,261 

49,639,174 

255.878 

19,851 

182S 

11,496,719 

10,4.1 1,072 

21,947,791 

83,115,630 

214,664 

21,365 

1S2T 

13,9211,627 

9,913.510 

23,834,137 

38,719,644 

239,968 

a?,375 

1S23 

12,362,015 

10,415,634 

22.777.649 

41,927,792 

217,113 

42,373 

1829 

12,036,561 

8,0S2,45) 

20,119,011 

84,743,307 

219.674 

82,855 

1830 
Total, 

13,618,278 

6,079,705 

19,697,983 

35,624,070 

229,341 

86,574 

$127,861,179 

87,972,177 

215,833,356 

863,379,563 

2,135,270 

256,592 

1831 

15,726,118 

9,809,026 

25.535,144 

57,077,417 

254,331 

72,444 

1832 

15,057.250 

10,94:5,695 

26,000,945 

53,214,402     1 

242,749 

101.967 

1833 

15,411,296 

9.9S3.S21 

25,895,117 

65,918,449 

884,175 

15.'!,506 

1834 

13,849,469 

11,662,545 

25,512,014 

73,188,594 

861,6U6 

238,650 

1S35 

21,707,867 

8,637,397 

80.845,264 

88,191,305 

589,855 

84S,ii73 

1836 

19,816,520 

9,104,113 

28,920,638 

118,253,416 

477,524 

855,591 

1837 

16,083,969 

11,254,450 

27,838,419 

79,301.722 

433,008 

404,--U 

]>83S 

16,432,433 

6,576,038 

28,008,471 

68,453,206 

515,789 

82'^,763 

1839 

23,296,995 

9,971,104 

83,268,099 

99,882,438 

569,736 

830,066 

1840 
Total, 

22,676,609 

11,587,471 

84,264,080 

60,440,750 

518,202 

843,114 

$180,058,526 

99,529,665 

279,588,191 

753,921,699 

4,346,975 

2,672,623 

1841 

24,279,608 

8,860,225 

38,139,833 

75,713,426 

600.307 

865,241 

1842 

20,739,2'56 

6,837,492 

27,576,778 

57,875,604 

556,9s9 

840,520 

1848* 

13,443.2:H 

8,819,430 

16,762,664 

81,356,540 

881,281 

174,374 

1844 

26,009,177 

6,852,363 

82,861,510 

65,079,516 

978,813 

414,625 

1845 

25,929,904 

10,24.'),304 

36. 1 7.'),29S 

70,909,085 

926,280 

414.688 

1846 

29,585,860 

7,349,547 

36.93.'j.413 

74,254,28:j 

1,120.944 

425.942 

1847 

44,si  6,480 

5,027.8S3 

49,^-14,363 

64,167.352 

1,040,:540 

485.755 

1848 

88,771,209 

14,579,948 

.W,351,1.57 

94.52.1,141 

1,004.816 

7iM,S73 

1849 

80,788,215 

9,2-.'4,S^5 

45,963,100 

92,567,869 

l,358,f>4$ 

784.514 

1850 
Total 

41,502,800 

11,209,989 

52,712,789 

111,123,524 

1,411,557 

737,539 

$301,815,779 

83,507,156 

385,322,935     1 

757,571,840 

9,379,470 

4,851,571 

1851 

68,104,542 

17,902,477 

86,007,019 

141  ,.546,538 

1,.588,313 

878,819 

1852 

74,042,581 

18,441,875 

87,484,4.56 

132,829,306     , 

1,570,927 

906,793 

1858 

66,080,855 

12,17.').935 

7S,206,290 

178,270,999     i 

1,959.902 

l,0'tt,742 

1854 

105,551,740 

16,982,906 

122.5:U,646 

195,427,93;$     \ 

1,918,317 

l.oai,154 

1855 

96,414,808 

17,316,430     1 

113,73I,2:« 

164,776,511 

1,861,682 

l,14tt,197 

1850 

109,848,509 

9,262,991 

1 

119,111,500 

210,162,454 

2,186,877 

1,885,677 

♦  9  months  to  Juno  30,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORT. 
New  York,  Stato  of  New  York,  and  first  seaport  in  the  U.  S.,  in  lat.  40°  42'  N., 
long.  1A°  8'  W.,  is  situated  on  Manhattan  Island,  at  tho  point  of  conMuonco  of  the 
Hudson  and  Ela-st  rivers,  the  latter  separating  it  from  I^ong  Island.  New  York 
bay,  or  inner  harbor,  is  one  of  the  finest  and  most  capacious  in  tho  world  ;  it  is  com- 
pletely land-locked,  and  oilers  tho  very  best  anchorage.  At  tho  ebb  tide  there  is 
about  21  feet  of  water  on  tho  bar  at  Sandy  Hook,  and  tho  water  in  tho  inner  and 
outer  bays,  and  in  tho  rivers,  is  deep  enough  to  allow  the  largest  class  of  vessel  to 
como  up  to  tho  wharves.  Ico  rarely  impedes  navigation,  aa  the  great  strength  of  tide 
clears  the  bay  twice  a  d.ay.  Tho  city  is  about  20  miles  from  blue  water.  Be-sidcs 
tho  entrance  through  tho  Narrows,  there  is  one  through  Long  Island  Sound,  which 
gives  a  pas-sage  to  Hurl  Gate,  witli  water  from  30  to  40  feet,  and  through  Hurl 
Gato  for  any  ordinary  vessel.  Taking  into  consideration  all  the  advantages,  New 
York  harbor  can  not  be  surpassed  anywhcro  in  tho  world.  The  tonnage  in  New 
York  in  1856  was  1,328,036  tons,  ono  fourth  of  the  total  tonnage  of  the  United 
States. 


22  Commercial  Statistics  of  the   United  States. 

NEW    JERSEY. 

New  Jersky  lies  between  38°  55'  and  41°  24'  N.  latitude,  and  be- 
tween 73°  59'  and  75°  29'  W.  longitiide.  It  is  163  miles  long  and  52 
broad,  and  contains  6,851  square  miles. 

Earhj  History. — The  shore  and  territory  of  the  present  State  of  New 
Jersey  was  at  first,  since  1606,  a  part  of  the  great  English  province  of 
Northern  Virginia;  and  then  (since  about  1621)  it  was  considered  (at 
least  by  the  Dutch)  as  a  part  of  their  New  Netherlands. 

The  English,  however,  always  claimed  the  country ;  and  in  the  year 
1648,  Sir  Edmund  Ploydon  and  some  English  gentlemen  received  a  chai^ 
ter  and  giant  of  a  great  tract  of  country  "  lying  midway  between  New 
England  and  Maryland,"  in  which  the  name  of  New  Albion  was  given. 
This  is  the  first  English  name  which  this  country  received.  The  charter 
had,  however,  no  great  consequences.  The  Dutch  remained  in  possession, 
and  the  name  New  Albion  was  forgotten. 

When  the  English  conquered  the  New  Netherlands  for  the  Duke  of 
York,  all  this  land  was  included  in  the  large  territory  given  to  the  Duke 
of  York.  But  the  Duke  of  York  very  soon  sold  (already  in  the  year  1664) 
that  part  of  his  grant  which  was  lying  between  Delaware  and  Hudson 
river,  to  Sir  George  Carteret  and  John  Lord  Berkeley.  The  grant  which 
he  gave  to  them,  is  dated  on  the  24th  of  June,  1664.  The  country  re- 
ceived at  once  the  name  of  New  Jersey,  in  compliment  of  Sir  George 
Carteret,  whose  ancestors  came  from  the  island  of  Jersey,  and  who  was 
himself  governor  of  the  island  of  New  Jersey.  It  has  since  that  time 
always  retained  that  name,  with,  so  far  as  our  sea-coast  is  concerned, 
unchanged  boimdaries.  In  old  works  and  maps  we  find  the  name  some- 
times written  "  Jarzy,"  and  also  "  Jarze."  The  name  was  often  translated 
in  Latin,  "Provincia  Nova  Caesarea."  In  the  year  1676,  the  province 
"Was  divided  into  East  and  West  Jersey,  and  the  whole  then  often  called 
"  The  Jerseys."  But,  in  the  year  1702,  those  two  provinces  were  again 
united  by  Queen  Anne  in  one,  called  "  New  Jersey,"  and  attached  to 
New  York.  Since  1738,  an  independent  royal  province  of  New  Jersey 
was  established,  and  since  1776  the  State  of  New  Jersey. 

The  Raritan  is  navigable  17  miles  to  New  Brunswick,  and  it  enters 
Raritan  bay ;  the  Passaic  is  navigable  for  small  vessels  for  about  15 
miles,  and  enters  into  Newark  bay  ;  the  Hackensack,  navigable  15  miles, 
also  enters  Newark  bay.  Great  Egg  Harbor  river,  navigable  20  miles 
for  small  craft,  passes  through  a  bay  of  the  same  name  and  enters  into 
the  Atlantic.  The  principal  bays  are  Newark  and  Raritan.  Delaware 
bay  is  on  its  south-eastern  border.  It  has  two  important  capes,  viz.. 
Cape  May,  on  Delaware  bay,  and  Sandy  Hook,  at  the  entrance  of  the 
bay  of  New  York.  It  contains  quarries  of  good  building  stone,  valuable 
mines  of  zinc  and  of  iron,  and  in  the  south  parts,  beds  of  marl. 

The  principal  places  in  this  State  are  Trenton,  the  capital,  Princeton, 
New  Brunswick,  Rahway,  Elizabethtown,  Jersey  City,  Iloboken,  Pater- 
son,  Hackensack,  Morristown,  South  Amboy,  Freehold,  Burlington,  and 
Camden.  There  were  in  the  State,  January,  1854,  38  banks,  with  a  paid 
capital  of  $5,147,741. 


New  Jersey. 


23 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  JERSEY, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Ybaks 

EXPORTS. 

IMP0ET3. 

TONNAGE  CL'D. 

ENDING 

Sept. 
30. 

Domestic. 

FOREIGX. 

Total. 

TOTAU 

American. 

Foreign. 

1821 

$33,613 

$98 

$33,711 

$17,606 

231 

1822 

83,551 

83,551 

103,190 

2,302 

1S23 

26,064 

26,064 

5,933 

1,298 

1824 

28,989 

28,989 

637,518 

1,463 

1825 

43,980 

8'233 

47,213 

27,688 

1,657 

1826 

80,859 

7,100 

87,965 

48,004 

1,658 

182T 

25,627 

25,627 

838,497 

933 

hii 

1828 

1,892 

1,892 

706,872 

130 

1829 

8,022 

8,022 

786,247 

414 

1830 
Total, 

8,224 

"ioo 

8,324 

13,444 

627 

$290,821 

10,537 

801,358 

2,684,999 

10,713 

571 

1831 

11,430 

11,410 

703 

1832 

53,991 

7,803 

61,794 

70,460 

782 

'soo 

1&33 

30,853 

1,900 

82,753 

170 

1,424 

1834 

8,131 

8,131 

4,492 

790 

'236 

1835 

66,363 

7,678 

74,041 

18,932 

2,337 

1886 

38,769 

24,040 

62,809 

24,263 

8,076 

1837 

19,640 

24,577 

44,217 

69,152 

427 

9,002 

1838 

28,010 

28,010 

1,700 

990 

1839 

78,434 

19',045 

98,079 

4,182 

3,904 

'347 

1840 
Total, 

14,883 

1,193 

16,076 

19,209 

725 

$350,504 

86,836 

437,340 

212,560 

15,158 

10,385 

1841 

19,166 

19,166 

2,815 

2,739 

1842 

64,931 

5,976 

70,907 

145 

2,301 

1843» 

8,033 

2,5S8 

10,621 

130 

1844 

13,889 

4,300 

18,189 

17,670 

609 

1845 

829 

1846 

^087 

4,087 

635 

'isi 

1847 

18,428 

"700 

19,128 

4,837 

552 

'eis 

184S 

62 

62 

1,835 

220 

1849 

355 

'"8 

36:} 

4,253 

428 

1860 
Total, 

1,655 

1,655 

1,494 

1 

150 

931 

$130,606 

13,572 

144,178 

34,013 

6,662 

2,244 

1851 

139 

139 

1,111 

928 

1852 

1,438 

1,438 

2,491 

1,393 

1853 

1,354 

1,854 

3,539 

2,681 

1854 

2,225 

2,225 

8,971 

2,029 

1855 

687 

687 

1,473 

606 

1856 

890 

390 

2,783 

^ 

608 

*  9  months  to  June  30,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORTS. 

Jersey  City,  New  Jcrse)^  is  a  flourishint;  city  at  the  mouth  of  the  Iliidson  river, 
opposite  New  Ifork  city,  and  is  the  terminus  of  the  southern  railroad  travel,  and 
also  of  the  New  York  and  I>ie  Railroad  and  of  the  Morris  Canal.  Thougii  a  separ- 
ate municipality,  it  may  be  considered  as  a  suburb  of  the  great  metropolis,  witli 
which  it  connects  by  several  ferries.  It  is  a  place  of  considerable  manufacturing  in- 
dustr}%  ship-building,  and  commerce,  and  it  is  the  American  station  of  the  Cuuard 
line  of  New  York  and  Liverpool  steamships. 

Patersox,  New  Jersey,  is  situated  immediately  below  the  falls  of  the  Passaic 
river,  17  miles  from  New  York.  It  ranks  next  to  Newark  in  manufactures,  and  is 
the  third  city  in  the  State  in  respect  of  population.  Its  principal  products  are  cotton 
and  silk  goods,  locomotives,  machinery,  paper,  &c.  On  tlie  opposite  side  of  the  river 
is  the  manufacturing  town  of  Mancliester.  Paterson  communicates  with  New  York 
by  the  Paterson  and  Hudson  R.  R.  and  Morris  CanaL 

Perth  Amboy,  .31,940  tons. 

Bridgetown,  10,052  tons. 


24  Commercial  Statistics  of  the  United  States. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Pknnsylvania,  one  of  the  central  United  States,  lies  between  39° 
43'  and  42°  N.  latitude,  and  between  74°  and  80°  40'  W.  lon^tude.  It 
is  307  miles  long  and  160  broad,  containing  47,000  square  miles. 

Early  History. — The  territoiy  of  this  State  was,  before  the  year  1G81, 
for  the  greater  part  comprised  under  the  name  Northern  Virginia,  and 
since  1610,  under  the  name  of  New  England. 

When  Penn,  in  the  year  1681,  obtained  from  Charles  11.  a  great  tract 
of  land,  between  40°  and  42°  N.  latitude,  he  himself  wished  to  give  to  it 
the  name  of  New  Wales ;  but  the  King,  against  Penn's  wish,  called  it, 
in  honor  of  Penn,  Pennsylvania.  The  name  is  to  be  found,  for  the  first 
time,  in  the  King's  charter  of  the  4th  of  March,  of  the  year  1681. 

In  the  year  1682,  Penn,  desirous  of  approaching  his  province  to  the 
sea  coast,  bought  from  the  Duke  of  York,  the  whole  tract  of  land  and 
settlements  along  the  west  side  of  Delaware  bay,  the  so-called  three 
lower  counties. 

This  tract  of  land  remained,  however,  in  connection  with  Pennsylvania 
only  until  the  year  1776,  when  the  inhabitants  of  these  lands  declared 
themselves  independent,  and  founded  the  State  of  Delaware.  By  this  the 
State  of  Pennsylvania  was  again  excluded  from  the  sea  coasts,  and  as  a 
nearly  entirely  inland  State,  the  history  of  its  limits  is  not  of  a  great  in- 
terest for  our  hydrographical  researches. 

The  Delaware  river  washes  the  entire  eastern  border  of  the  State,  and 
is  navigable  for  ships  to  Philadelphia.  The  Lehigh,  after  a  course  of  75 
miles,  enters  it  at  Easton.  The  Schuylkill,  130  miles  long,  unites  with 
it  6  miles  below  Philadelphia.  The  Susquehanna  is  a  large  river,  which 
lises  in  New  Yoik,  flows  south  through  this  State,  and  enters  the  Chesa- 
peake bay,  in  Maryland.  It  is  much  obstructed  by  falls  and  rapids.  The 
Juniata  rises  among  the  Alleghany  mountains,  and,  after  a  course  of  180 
miles,  enters  the  Susquehanna  11  miles  above  Harrisburg.  The  Alle- 
ghany river,  400  miles  long,  from  the  north,  and  the  Monongahela,  300 
miles  long,  unite  at  Pittsburg,  and  form  the  Ohio. 

The  Alleghany  mountains  cross  the  State  from  S.W.  to  N.E.,  and  there 
are  many  smaller  ranges  on  each  side  of  the  principal  ridge  and  parallel 
to  it.  The  south-eastern  and  north-western  parts  of  the  State  are  either 
level  or  moderately  hilly.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile,  and  much  of  it  is 
of  a  superior  quality  ;  the  best  land  on  the  south-east  is  on  both  sides  of 
the  Susquehanna.  Between  the  head  waters  of  the  Alleghany  and  Lake 
Erie,  the  soil  is  very  fertile.  The  anthracite  coal  region  is  immense. 
The  Mauch  Chunk,  Schuylkill,  and  Lyken's  Valley  coal-field  extends 
from  the  Lehigh  river  across  the  head  waters  of  the  Schuylkill,  and  is 
65  miles  in  length,  with  an  average  breadth  of  5  miles.  The  Lacka- 
wanna coal-field  extends  from  Carbondale,  on  the  Lackawannock,  to  10 
miles  below  Wilkesbarre,  on  the  Susquehanna.  The  Shamokin  field 
has  been  less  explored.  The  production  of  coal  in  1856  was  estimated 
at  10,000,000  tons,  of  which  7,500,000  was  brought  to  the  Atlantic 
coast.  Iron  ore  exists  in  nearly  every  coimty,  and  in  the  vicinity  of 
Pittsburg,  vast  quantities  are  manufactured.  Beds  of  copper  and  lead 
exist,  and  quarries  of  marble  and  building  stone  abound.  There  are 
in  the  south  part  valuable  mineral  springs. 


Pennsylvania. 


25 


FOREIGN  COMilERCE  OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA, 

Froji  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Tears 

EXPORTS. 

IMPOETS. 

TONNAGE  CL'D. 

EN'DING 

Sept. 

30. 
1821 

Domestic. 

FOEEIQK. 

Total. 

Total. 

American. 

Foreign. 

$2,S.32,.387 

$4,559,380 

$7,391,767 

$8,158,922 

69,436 

3,641 

1822 

8,5T5,14r 

5,472,655 

9,1147,802 

11,874,170 

70,846 

.5,745 

1823 

8,139,809 

0,4T7,3s3 

9,617,192 

13,696,770 

75,630 

5,293 

1S24 

3,18>,C94 

6,182,199 

9,:i64,S93 

11,865,531 

76,031 

5,6-35 

1825 

8,936,133 

7,:i3:1.848 

11,269,981 

15,041-,797 

82.4.35 

2,-385 

1826 

8,158,ni 

.5,173,011 

8,.33:,722 

13,561,779 

69.414 

4,445 

182r 

8,391,296 

4,1S4,.5.37 

7,515,8.33 

ll,212,9a5 

68;753 

4,097 

1828 

3,116,0(11 

2,935,479 

6,051,480 

12,834,408 

61.819 

5,880 

1829 

2,617,152 

1,472,78:3 

4,089,935 

10,100,152 

52,Sil 

4,625 

1830 
Total, 

2,924,452 

1,867,041 

4,291,793 

8,702,122 

63,022 

4,870 

131,873,732 

45,153,610 

77,032,393 

117,088,586 

690,857 

46,616 

18.31 

3,594.302 

1.919,411 

5,513,713 

12,124,083 

65,149 

7,596 

1S.32 

2,008,991 

1,5117,075 

8,516,066 

10,678,3.53 

46.726 

14,181 

1833 

2,671,300 

1.407,651 

4,073,951 

10,451,250 

49,109 

22,378 

1834 

2,031,803 

1,957,94:3 

8,9A746 

10,479,263 

46,411 

16,236 

ia3.5 

2,416,099 

1,323,170 

8,739,275 

12,;389,987 

57,083 

10,985 

1836 

2,627,051 

1,34:3,904 

8,971,555 

15,068,28:3 

49,670 

14,349 

183T 

2,56.5,712 

1,27,5,887 

8,841,599 

11,680,111 

45,185 

18,234 

1S33 

2,481,.54;3 

90.^603 

3,477,151 

9,36(1,371 

75.,342 

8,359 

1839 

4,148,211 

1,151,204 

5,299,415 

15,050,715 

64,318 

13,381 

1840 
Total, 

5,736,456 

1,0S3,6S9 

0,820,145 

8,464,882 

72,288 

11,:340 

$30,282,063 

13,965,548 

44,247,616 

115,747,208 

571,286 

186,989 

1841 

4,404,863 

747,6.33 

5,1.52,501 

10,-346,693 

74,201 

0,-322 

1842 

8,29.3,814 

476,913 

8,770,727 

7,385,853 

6.5,208 

18,712 

184.3* 

2,071,945 

2s:3,003 

2,:354,943 

2.760,630 

41,573 

5,899 

1844 

8,265,027 

270,229 

8.5-35,256 

7,217.267 

70,650 

8,627 

184.5 

3,129,678 

444,685 

8,574,863 

8,159,227 

6:3,271 

12,987 

1846 

4,157,913 

593,0S7 

4,751,005 

7,989,396 

77,272 

7,627 

1847 

8,26-3,311 

281.080 

8,544.:391 

9,587,516 

107,930 

85,213 

1848 

5,428,309 

804,(124 

5,732,-333 

12,147,584 

77,870 

20.218 

1849 

4,8.5i),S72 

492,549 

5,34:3,421 

10,645,500 

9:3,822 

27,005 

1850 
Total, 

4,049,464 

452,142 

4,501,606 

12,066,154 

81,276 

80,342 

$42,915,201 

4,345,;350 

47,260,551 

83,305,830 

752,573 

170,952 

1851 

6.101,969 

254,067 

5,-356,036 

14,168,761 

102,123 

88,051 

1852 

5,522,449 

306,122 

5,828,571 

14,785,917 

90,951 

48,981 

1853 

6,255,229 

272,767 

6..527,996 

18,8-34,410 

101,029 

60,656 

1854 

9,a46,Sli) 

257,606 

10,1(14,416 

21,359,306 

120,640 

6-3,567 

1855 

5,935,125 

289,213 

6,274,333 

15,309,935 

114,208 

85,720 

1856 

7,043,408 

189,164 

7,232,572 

16,590,045 

112,087 

81,245 

*  9  months  to  Juno  80,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORTS. 

Philadelphia,  near  the  confluence  of  the  rivers  Delaware  and  Schuylkill,  in  lat. 
39°  5T  N".,  Ions  75°  10'  "W.,  and  near  the  head  of  the  Delaware  bay.  Vessels  of 
the  largest  burden  ascend  the  river  as  far  as  Newcastle,  but  those  drawing  above  18 
or  20  feet  of  water  can  not  reach  Pliiladelphia,  on  account  of  a  bar  a  little  below  the 
city.  The  entrance  to  the  magnificent  bay  formed  by  the  embouchure  of  the  Dela- 
ware, has  Cape  May  on  the  north,  and  Cape  Ileulopeu  on  its  south  side.  The  com- 
merce of  Philadelphia  has  not  kept  pace  with  her  growth  in  other  respects,  especially 
in  manufactures.     The  tonnage  in  1856,  was  197,228  tons. 

Erie,  port  of  entry,  Pa.  It  is  beautifully  situated  on  Presque  L'^lo  Bay,  on 
Lake  P>ie,  covers  one  mile  square,  and  has  one  of  the  best  harbors  ou  the  lake,  the 
channel  or  entrance  to  \\'hich  has  lately  been  much  improved ;  the  water  is  from  1 1 
to  20  feet  deep,  and  the  largest  steamboats  enter  without  dillieulty.  There  is  a 
lighthouse  on  the  we.st  side  of  the  entrance  of  Presque  Isle  bay,  lat.  42°  8'  14"  N. ; 
shows  a  fixed  light,  elevated  93  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  lake,  and  visible  for  a 
distance  of  14|  miles.     The  beacon  ia  on  the  oast  side  of  the  bay  ;  visible  8i  miles. 


i?0^  Commercial  Statistics  of  tJie    TTnited  States. 

DELAWARE. 

Delaware,  one  of  the  middle  United  States,  next  to  Rliode  Island 
the  smallest  in  the  Union,  and  in  population  the  least. 

Earbj  Ilistori/.-^That  Delaware  bay  was  already  known  to  the  Span- 
iards a  lono-  time  before  Hudson  there  is  no  doubt.  But  the  question  is 
what  they  called  it.  Benson,  in  his  memoir  on  the  names  of  the  State 
of  New  York,  says  that  they  called  it  The  Bay  of  all  Saints.  He  does 
not  give  his  authority. 

In  the  most  ancient  Spanish  description  of  the  east  coast  which  we 
have  (that  of  Oviodo),  this  "  Bay  of :  all  Saints"  is  not  mentioned  at  all. 
But  Oviodo  mentions  a  Bahia  de  S.  Christoval  on  the  east  coast,  and 
says  that  it  stands  under  39°  N.  latitude.  This  is  nearly  exactly  the 
latitude  of  Delaware  bay,  which  therefore  probably  is  designated  by  him 
under  that  name.  If  it  is  trae  that  the  Spanish  Cabo  de  las  Arenas  is 
our  Cape  Ilenlopen,  then  tliat  large  bay  which  the  Spanish  maps  in- 
variably paint  immediately  to  the  north  of  this  cape,  must  be  Delaware 
bay.  The  figure  which  they  give  to  this  bay,  as  well  as  to  the  river 
which  they  make  run  into  it,  corresponds  with  the  configuration  of  this 
bay  and  river. 

The  first  navigator  Avhom  we  can  prove  to  have  been  at  the  entrance 
of  the  bay,  is  Henry  Hudson,  when  (1609)  he  sailed  along  the  coast 
from  Chesapeake  bay  toward  the  north.  He  looked  into  the  bay,  found 
it  full  of  shoals,  did  not  explore  it,  gave  to  it  no  name,  and  "  suspected, 
from  the  currents  which  came  out  from  it,  that  there  was  a  river 
leading  into  it." 

It  is  pretty  generally  said  that  Lord  Delaware,  when  (in  the  year 
1610)  he  sailed  to  Chesapeake  bay,  was  thrown  out  of  his  way,  and 
touched  at  this  bay,  and  that  it  was  therefore  called  by  him  or  by  his 
companions,  and  by  the  first  English  settlers  in  Virginia,  Delaware  bav. 
This  was  not  only  the  first  English,  but  upon  the  whole  the  first  name 
under  which  the  bay  became  more  generally  known  in  Europe.  We 
see  it  for  the  first  time  mentioned  and  written  in  the  letter  of  Captain 
Argall,  of  the  year  1612,  in  "  Purchas'  Pilgrims." 

The  old  Virginian  writers  spelled  or  corrupted  the  name  in  very  dif- 
ferent ways.  Sometimes  they  write,  "  My  Lord  Delaware's  bay,"  some- 
times "Delavar  bay,"  and  sometimes  "  Delaware  bay."  Later  French 
map-makera  (for  instance,  Bellin)  made  of  this  "Bay  de  Laware,  or 
Lavar.'' 

The  first  map  on  which  we  find  this  name  is  a  little  map  of  the  greater 
part  of  the  east  coast  by  Captain  Smith,  of  the  year  1624. 

Delaware,  a  river  of  the  United  States,  which  rises  on  the  west  side 
of  the  Catskill  mountains.  State  of  New  York,  and  after  separating 
Pennsylvania  from  New  York  and  New  Jersey,  falls  into  the  Delaware 
bay  five  miles  below  Newcastle.  It  is  formed  by  the  union  of  two 
streams.  The  Mohawk,  or  western  and  main  branch,  rises  from  a  small 
lake  in  latitude  42°  45'  N.,  at  an  elevation  of  1886  feet  above  the  sea, 
and  tl(-)ws  S.W.  for  neariy  50  miles,  when  it  turns  suddenly  to  the  S.E., 
flowing  in  that  direction  fur  five  miles  to  the  Pennsylvania  boundary 
Hne  in  latitude  42°  N.  Eight  miles  below  this  spot  it  is  joined  by  the 
Popaeton  branch,  which  has  a  previous  S.W.  course  of  about  50  miles. 


Delaicare. 


27 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  STATE  OF  DELAWARE, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Years 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS. 

TONNAGE  CL'D,      | 

ENDING 

Sept. 

80. 

DOMEBTIC. 

Foreign. 

Total.  . 

Total. 

American. 

2,883 

Foreign. 

1S21 

$75,915 

$9,.530 

$85,445 

$80,997 

1822 

16;B,950 

4,042 

168,592 

216,969 

4,032 

145 

1823 

35,724 

18,113 

53,8.37 

60,124 

124 

1824 

18,964 

18,964 

12,080 

199 

"127 

1S25 

29,861 

2,29.5 

31,656 

18,693 

827 

1S26 

33,818 

1,877 

35,195 

10,009 

1,136 

1S27 

9,406 

9,406 

6,993 

317 

1828 

27,023' 

2,367 

29,395 

15,260 

1,050 

1829 

7,195 

7,195 

24,179 

MiS 

1830 
Total, 

52,258 

62,258 

26,574 

962 

'141 

$453,119 

38,824 

491,943 

471,878 

11,343 

413 

lasi 

34,514 

84,514 

21,656 

799 

965 

1882 

16,242 

16,242 

23,653 

699 

333 

1833 

45,911 

45,911 

9.04:} 

186 

1834 

51,945 

51,945 

185,943 

183.'> 

88,826 

88,826 

10,611 

1836 

74,981 

74,981 

107,063 

1&3T 

40,383 

40,333 

66,841 

183S 

36,844 

86,844 

1,848 

1889 

8,680 

8,680 

1840 
Total, 

37,001 

37,001 

"802 

1*35,277 

4^35,277 

426,960 

1,684 

1,298 

1841 

88,585 

38,5^5 

8.276 

1,632 

2,202 

1842 

55,565 

55,665 

8,557 

2,537 

2,672 

1.843* 

98,490 

"192 

98,682 

4,686 

1,949 

366 

1844 

125,771 

406 

126,177 

8,093        1 

8.SS2 

1340 

188,195 

188,195 

2,274 

4,95:3 

ioo 

184G 

144,045 

2'i77 

146,222 

11,215 

3,495 

184T 

235,459 

235,459 

12,722 

4,096 

'8:» 

1843 

83,089 

■'i9 

83,058 

490 

2,466 

8,612 

1849 

87,850 

379 

38,229 

1,400 

1,091 

1,599 

1850 
Total, 

$957,099 

3,173 

960,272 

47,712 

26,101 

11,:390 

1851 

1852 

I8r)3 

1854 

80",926 

8o'.920 

2,053 

1855 

63,087 

6:3,087 

5,821 

2,444 

1850 

76,880 

70,330 

8,053 

1,674 

♦  9  months  to  June  80,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORTS. 

Wilmington,  iiort  of  entry,  and  the  priucipal  commercial  town  of  Delaware,  situ- 
ated between  Brandywino  and  Christiana  creeks,  one  mile  above  their  junction. 
On  Brandywine  creek  are  some  of  the  finest  flouring  mills  in  the  United  States,  to 
which  vessels  drawing  eight  feet  water  can  come.  Christiana  creek  is  navigable  for 
ves.sels  drawing  fourteen  feet  of  water,  and  gives  to  Wilmington  considerable  com- 
morce.     The  tonnage  of  the  port  in  185G,  was  l.'!,G(3r)  tons. 

Delaware  Brkakwater.  This  breakwater  is  situated  at  the  entrance  into  Dela- 
ware bay,  near  Capo  llenlopcn.  Tho  anchorage  ground,  or  roadstead,  is  formed  by 
a  covo  in  the  .southern  shore,  directly  west  of  tho  pitch  of  the  cape,  and  the  seaward 
end  of  an  extensive  shoal  called  Tlie  Shears.  Tho  entrance  from  the  ocean  is  1,950 
feet  in  width,  and  is  accessible  during  all  winds  from  the  sea.  Tho  depth  of  water 
\a  fi-om  24  to  .'56  feet,  at  low  tide,  throughout  tho  harbor.  There  are  two  dykes— ono 
of  1,500  feet,  and  the  other  of  6,000  feet,  giving  a  secure  harbor  of  seven  tenths  of  a 
square  mile.  The  objects  of  this  artificial  harbor  arc  to  protect  vessels  from  winds 
from  the  E.  to  N.  "W.,  by  way  of  N.,  and  agauist  the  floating  ice  of  the  bay. 


28  Commercial  Statistics  of  the  United  States. 

MARYLAND. 

Maryland,  one  of  the  central  United  States,  lies  between  38°  and 
39°  44'  N.  latitude,  and  between  75°  10'  and  79°  21'  W.  longitude. 
It  is  196  miles  long,  and  120  broad,  containing  11,000  square  miles. 

Early  History  of  Maryland. — In  the  year  1632,  King  Charles  I.  gave 
a  charter  to  Cecilius  Calvert,  Lord  Baltimore,  and  granted  to  him  a 
tract  of  land  lying  in  that  peninsula,  between  the  ocean  and  Chesapeake 
bay,  and  around  the  northern  extremities  of  that  same  bay,  and  ordered 
this  land  to  be  called  Maryland,  in  honor  of  the  Queen  Henrietta  Maria, 
the  consort  of  Charles  I.  She  was  of  the  Catholic  religion,  like  Lord 
Baltimore  himself,  as  were  likewise  the  greater  part  of  the  settlors  which 
he  carried  out.  The  name  appears  for  the  first  time  in  the  charter  of 
Maryland  of  the  20th  June,  1632. 

It  is  possible  that  Lord  Baltimore  and  his  associates,  in  proposing  to 
the  king  that  name,  had  also  under  consideration  at  the  same  time 
the  old  Spanish  maps  of  North  America  on  which  Chesapeake  bay  is 
called  St.  Mary's  bay  (Bahia  de  Santa  Maria),  and  that  they  had  a 
desire  to  carry  back  to  this  bay  that  old  and  historical  name.  It  may 
be  a  mere  accident  that  the  name  Maria  was  as  well  in  modern  as  in 
ancient  times  applied  to  the  same  regions.  But  what  we  call  accident 
in  history  is  often  secretly  linked  together  by  an  association  of  ideas 
which  escapes  our  research. 

The  Potomac  river,  which  divides  the  State  from  Virginia,  is  350  miles 
long,  and  navigable  about  180  miles  to  Washington  city.  It  is  7^-  miles 
wide  at  its  mouth.  The  great  foils  are  14  miles  above  Washington; 
the  perpendicular  descent  is  16  feet,  and  the  rapids  extend  for  several 
miles  up  the  river,  and  form  a  very  picturesque  view.  The  Susque- 
hannali  is  a  large  river  which  enters  into  the  head  of  Chesapeake  bay 
in  this  State.  It  is  li  miles  wide  at  its  mouth,  but  is  navigable  only  5 
miles,  being  above  that  much  obstructed  by  falls  and  rapids.  The  Pa- 
tapsco  is  a  small  river,  navigable,  however,  14  miles  to  Baltimore  for 
ships.  The  Patuxent  is  110  miles  long,  and  is  navigable  for  50  miles 
for  vessels  of  50  tons.  The  other  rivers  are  Elk,  Sassafras,  Chester, 
Choptank,  Nanticoke,  and  Pocomoke.  The  Chesapeake  bay,  270  miles 
long,  and  from  70  to  20  wide,  and  by  its  numerous  inlets  furnishes  many 
fine  harbors,  and  abounds  with  the  choicest  water-fowls,  fish,  etc. 

There  were  in  this  State  (January,  1856)  3  railroads,  with  466 
miles  of  road  finished,  and  in  operation,  and  30  miles  in  course  of 
construction.  The  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  canal,  184  miles  long,  is 
mostly  in  this  State.  Capital  invested  in  manufactures,  $14,753,143; 
value  of  manufactured  articles,  annually,  832,477,702. 

Number  of  vessels  built,  and  their  tonnage,  in  the  State  of  Maryland 
during  the  year  ending  June  30,  1856  : 

Tonnage. 

15,393 

2,004 

1,920 

»     468 

133 

Total,       .  12  8  110  3  133  19,918 


DlBTEICT. 

onips  ana 
Barks. 

Brigs. 

Schooners. 

Baltimore, 

12 

8 

43 

Oxford,     . 

,    , 

25 

Vienna,     . 

,    , 

33 

Snow  Hill, 

,    . 

, . 

7 

Annapolis, 

2 

Sloop 

sand 

Total 

Canal 

boats. 

number 

3 

G6 
25 
33 

n 

2 

Maryland. 


29 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  STATE  OF  MARYLAND, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Teaks 

EXPORTS. 

j    IMPORTS. 

TONNAGE  CL'D. 

ENDING 

1 

Sept. 

SO. 
1821 

Domestic. 

FOKEIOK. 

Total. 

Total. 

American. 

Foreign. 

$2,714,850 

$1,135,544 

$3,3.50,394 

$4,070,842 

61,687 

4,677 

1822 

3,496,993 

1,039,803 

4,.536,796 

4,792,436 

58,790 

9,469 

1823 

4,173,112 

1,857,116 

6,030,223 

4,946,179 

62,911 

7,615 

1824 

3,549,957 

1,313,276 

4,863,233 

4,551,642 

73,610 

6,017 

1825 

8,092,865 

1,408,939 

4,501,304 

4,751,815 

66,228 

3,845 

1826 

2,947,352 

1,063,396 

4,010,743 

4,928,569 

62,212 

2.931 

1827 

3.457.691 

1,058,715 

4,516.406 

4,405,703 

67,4:50 

4,191 

1828 

3,107,819 

1,226,603 

4,334,422 

5,629,694 

59,532 

0,681 

1829 

3,662,273 

1,142,192 

4,304,465 

4,804,135 

54,933 

6.390 

1830 
Total, 

8,075,985 

715,497 

8,791,482 

4,5  .'3,366 

55,020 

8,336 

133,278,397 

11,961,081 

45,239,478 

47,404,938 

622,403 

56,102 

1831 

8,780,506 

578,141 

4,303,647 

4,826,577 

65,370 

10,276 

1&32 

8,015,873 

1,484,045 

4,499,918 

4,629,303 

49,330 

15,643 

1833 

3,301.014 

761,4,!.3 

4,(162,467 

6,437,057 

47,181 

25,499 

1834 

3,012,708 

1,155,537 

4,163,245 

4,647,4-83 

41,702 

17,3.->0 

1335 

3,176,866 

748,363 

3.925,2:^4 

5,647,15:5 

45,293 

18,526 

1S86 

3,028,916 

646,.559 

3,675,475 

7,131,867 

39,416 

18,507 

183T 

3,365,173 

424,744 

3,739,917 

7,857,033 

39,195 

35,798 

1838 

4,165,168 

359,407 

4,524,575 

5,701,809 

54,421 

22,635 

1839 

4,318,189 

263,372 

4,576,561 

0.995.235 

49,293 

19,.556 

1840 
Total, 

5,495,020 

273,743 

5,763,763 

4,910,746 

67,718 

25.546 

$36,604,433 

6,695,374 

43,299,807 

57,784,373 

498,979 

209,391 

1841 

4,789,160 

158,006 

4,947,166 

6,101,313 

68,656 

23,598 

1842 

4,635,507 

269,259 

4,9'4,766 

4,417.078 

61,447 

21,260 

1843* 

2,820,214 

195,342 

3,o]5,.%0     1 

2.479,182 

41,473 

15,4:!1 

1844 

4,841,950 

291,216 

5,133,166 

3,917,750 

69,8:54 

21,205 

1845 

4,946,237 

275,740 

5,221,977 

8.741,304 

69.716 

22,342 

•  1846 

6,744.110 

124,945 

6,809,055 

4,042,915 

83,404 

30,887 

1847 

9,632,360 

129,834 

9,762,244 

4.4;J2,314 

114,802 

55,223 

1848 

7.016,034 

113,748 

7,129,782     1 

5.:M:3.643 

84,709 

86,221 

1849 

7,786,695 

213,965 

8,000,660     j 

4,976,731 

113,276 

31,652 

1850 
Total, 

6,589,481 

877,872 

6,967,353     I 

6,124,201 

89,296 

37,523 

$59,801,743 

2,149,977 

61,951,725     i 

4.5,576,831 

801,613 

295,347 

1851 

5,416,793 

218,988 

5,635,735 

6,650,045 

75,406 

30,3.33 

1852 

6,514,041 

1.53,220 

6.667,361     ! 

6,719,936 

8:5,606 

42,687 

1353 

7,768,224 

138,235 

7.906,459     ' 

6.3:50,078 

87,218 

56.373 

1854 

11,655,250 

127.382 

11,782,632     : 

6,737.552 

136,524 

54,7.50 

1855 

9,882,218 

513,766 

10,395,984 

7,733,949 

111,096 

47,494 

1856 

10,856,637 

264,761 

11,121,898 

9,119,907 

118,872 

40,489 

*  9  months  to  June  30,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORTS. 

Baltimore,  a  city  in  the  State  of  Maryland,  U.  S.,  situated  on  the  north  side  of 
the  Patapsco  river,  about  14  mUes  above  its  entrance  into  the  Chesapeake  bay,  in 
lat.  39°  17'  N.,  long.  76°  36'  W.  The  harbor  is  spacious  and  convenient,  and  the 
■water  deep.  The  tonnage  of  Baltimore  is  considerable ;  in  1856,  it  amounted  to 
183,344  tons.  Baltimore  is  celebrated  for  building  fast-sailing  schooners  called  clip- 
pers, and  for  the  great  durability  of  the  vessels.  In  the  last  fiscal  year  there  were 
built  at  this  port,  12  ships,  8  barks,  43  schooners,  3  sloops,  with  an  aggregate  ton- 
nage of  16,393  tons. 

Ann.\polis,  city,  port  of  entry,  and  capital  of  Maryland,  on  the  Chesapeake  bay,  at 
the  entrance  of  Severn  river.  The  State  lIou.?e  i.s  remarkable  as  the  building  in  which 
the  American  Congres.^  during  the  Revolutionary  war,  held  some  of  its  sessions.  The 
Senate  Chamber,  which  witnessed  the  last  scene  of  the  great  drama  of  the  Revolution, 
"Washington's  resignation  of  his  commission  to  the  Congress,  has  been  preserved 
unaltered.  The  United  States  Naval  Academy,  at  Fort  Severn,  has  seven  professors, 
and  seventy  midshipmen  as  students.     Tounago  of  the  port  in  1856,  was  1,332  tons. 


30  Commercial  Policy  of  the  United  States. 

COMMERCIAL  POLICY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  United  States  has,  since  the  very  commencement  of  its  existence 
as  an  independent  government,  ever  been  willing  and  ready  to  recipro- 
cate, to  the  fullest  extent,  and  in  the  most  liberal  spirit,  all  privileges  and 
favors,  whether  of  navigation  or  commerce,  extended  to  its  flag  by 
foreign  nations.  To  this  end,  and  in  order  to  anticipate  tlie  usually 
dilatory  process  of  treaty  negotiations,  the  President  of  the  United  States 
is  vested,  by  act  of  Congress,  with  authority  to  issue  his  proclamation, 
granting  to  the  vessels  of  foreign  nations  equal  and  similar  privileges 
and  favors  to  those  extended  to  the  vessels  of  the  United  States  in  the 
ports  of  such  foreign  nations,  on  receiving  oflScial  notice  thereof  from 
the  accredited  agents  of  such  governments.  The  following  is  the  law 
referred  to:  Act  of  May  24,  1824 — He  it  enacted  hy  the  Senate  and 
House  of  Hepresentatives  of  the  United  States  of  America  in  Congress 
assembled,  That  upon  satisfactory  evidence  being  given  to  the  President 
of  the  United  States,  by  the  government  of  any  foreign  nation,  that  no 
discriminating  duties  of  tonnage  or  impost  are  imposed  or  levied  in  the 
ports  of  the  said  nation,  upon  vessels  wholly  belonging  to  the  citizens  of 
the  United  States,  or  upon  the  produce,  manufiictures,  or  merchandise, 
imported  in  the  same  from  the  United  States,  or  from  any  foreign  coun- 
try, the  President  is  hereby  authorized  to  issue  his  proclamation,  declar- 
ing that  the  foreign  discriminating  duties  of  tonnage  and  impost,  within 
the  United  States,  are,  and  shall  be,  suspended  and  discontinued,  so  far 
as  respects  the  vessels  of  the  said  foreign  nation,  and  the  produce,  man- 
ufactures, or  merchandise  imported  into  the  United  States  in  the  same, 
from  the  said  foreign  nation,  or  fi'om  any  other  foreign  country  :  tke 
said  suspension  to  take  effect  from  the  time  of  such  notification  being 
given  to  the  President  of  the  United  States,  and  to  continue  so  long  as 
the  reciprocal  exemption  of  vessels,  belonging  to  citizens  of  the  United 
Stiites,  and  their  cargoes,  as  aforesaid,  shall  be  continued,  and  no  longer. 

Vessels  belonging  to  the  following  nations  are  admitted,  under  the 
provisions  of  law,  treaties  of  commerce  and  navigation,  or  conventions,  into 
the  ports  of  the  United  States,  on  the  same  terms  as  American  vessels, 
witli  the  produce  or  manufactures  of  their  own  or  any  other  country  : 

Argentine  Confederation,  Austria,  Belgium,  Brazil,  Chile,  Denmark,* 
Ecuador,  Great  Britain,  Greece,  New  Granada,  Guatemala,  Hanover, 
Hanse-Towns  (Hamburg,  Bremen,  and  Lubec),  Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 
Netherlands,  Oldenburg,  Peru,  Prussia,  Russia,  San  Salvador,  Sardinia, 
Sweden,  and  Norway,  Tuscany,  Two  Sicilies,  Venezuela. 

Vessels  belonging  to  the  following  nations,  with  which  the  United 
States  have  reciprocal  treaties,  on  the  footing  of  the  "  most  favored  na- 
tions," or  with  whom  reciprocity  exists  by  virtue  of  the  act  of  Congress 
given  above,  are  admitted  into  the  ports  of  the  United  States  on  the 
same  terms  as  respects  tonnage  or  navigation  duties,  as  vessels  of  the 
United  States,  with  the  produce  or  manufactures  of  their  own  or  any 
other  country  :  Bolivia,  Costa  Rica,  Mexico,  Muscat,  Ottoman  Empire, 
Portugal,  and  Uruguay. 

*  Tlio  treaty  between  the  United  States  and  Denmark  expired  on  the  14th  day 
of  April,  1856. 


District  of  Columbia. 


31 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA, 

Feom  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856.  Including  Alexandria 

TO  June  30,  1846. 


Years 

ENDING 

Sept. 
30. 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS. 

TONNAGE  CL'D. 

Domestic. 

FOEKIGN. 

Total. 

Total. 

American. 

FOBEICX. 

1821 

$848,609 

$49,843 

$898,452 

$398,984 

15,0a5 

1822 

1,031,475 

11,955 

1,043,430 

470,613 

15,025 

'173 

1823 

779,502 

21,793 

801,295 

275,083 

12,586 

128 

1824 

696,853 

25,552 

722,405 

879,958 

12,167 

221 

1825 

749,159 

9,208 

758,367 

277,297 

12,343 

1826 

620,391 

3,840 

624,231 

269,630 

11,664 

"59 

182T 

1,182,142 

1,182,142 

827,623 

17,349 

485 

1828 

705,581 

l",862 

707,44^3 

181,665 

13,269 

990 

1829 

914,285 

13,812 

928,097 

205,921 

13,466 

261 

1830 
Total, 

746,591 

7,382 

753,973 

168,550 

13,803 

$8,274,588 

145,247 

8,419,835 

2,955,324 

136,706 

2,317 

1831 

1,207,517 

13,458 

1,220,975 

193,555 

19,862 

878 

1832 

1,146,066 

8,408 

1,154,474 

188,047 

14,748 

8,089 

1833 

981,366 

21,450 

1,002,816 

150,046 

12,962 

2,140 

1834 

806,902 

13,492 

8J0,894 

196,254 

10,792 

2,269 

1885 

514,571 

3,068 

517,639 

111,195 

9,296 

1,13;3 

1836 

823,692 

8,182 

326,874 

111,419 

4,050 

512 

183T 

467,766 

i,44;j 

469,209 

102,225 

3,894 

8,600 

1838 

806,760 

6,353 

373,113 

122,748 

4,464 

1,(K33 

1839 

497,965 

5,752 

503,717 

132,511 

0,698 

1,547 

1840 
Total, 

751,429 

2,494 

753,923 

119,852 

12,815 

2,689 

$7,061,034 

79,100 

7,143,134 

1,427,852 

99,681 

18,920 

1841 

764,835 

4,496 

769,331 

77,263 

11,472 

8,361 

18i2 

498,820 

2,855 

501,675 

29,056 

7,055 

4,197 

1843* 

284,763 

185 

284,948 

95,442 

5.242 

8,001 

1844 

550,298 

9,254 

559,552 

65,628 

9,3(1 1 

8,983 

1845 

509,429 

735 

510,164 

7(1,529 

10,772 

2,529 

1846 

913,701 

1,213 

914,914 

79,770 

15,390 

3.502 

1847 

124,269 

124,269 

25,049 

2,123 

293 

1848 

a3,666 

83,666 

2,5,9:33 

1,552 

1849 

111,607 

111,607 

85,668 

2,320 

1850 
Total. 

80,388 

'2lJ6 

80,588 

59,819 

1,520 

'266 

3,921,776 

18,938 

3,940,714 

564,162 

66,747 

21,071 

1851 

72,560 

72,560 

80,813 

1,859 

: 

1852 

79,(105 

79,0(15 

54,142 

2,014 

1 

1853 

75,456 

75,456 

71,494 

1.681 

1 

1854 

8T,992 

87,992 

4S,1(1S 

841 

1 

1855 

80,143 

80,143 

24,699 

912 

1856 

20,001 

20,001 

56,017 

840 

*  9  months  to  June  30,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORT. 

Georgetown,  District  of  Columbia,  is  a,  port  of  entry  at  tlio  bead  of  tbe  Potomac 
navigation,  180  miJcs  from  tbe  sea,  and  is  divided  from  Wasbiugton  by  Rock  Creek. 
It  is  built  on  a  range  of  hills,  and  commands  a  magnificent  landscape.  The  city  is 
one  of  the  bandsomest  in  tbe  country,  and  tbe  seat  of  several  well-known  educational 
establisbmcnts,  and  is  tbo  residence  of  many  persons  of  distinction.  Its  manufactures 
are  increasing,  and  perbaps  no  otber  place  is  so  celebrated  for  its  fisbcrics  of  sbad 
and  herring,  thousands  of  barrels  of  which  are  packed  in  the  fishing  season.  The 
Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  here  crosses  tbe  Potomac  on  a  magnificent  aqueduct, 
1,446  feet  long,  and  36  feet  above  the  ordinary  tide.  The  tonnage  of  Georgetown 
in  1856,  was  20,966  tons. 

Alexandria,  formerly  District  of  Columbia,  is  situated  6  miles  below  Washington. 
It  has  a  good  harbor,  and  considerable  trade  in  flour  and  coal.  Since  1850  the  com- 
merce has  nearly  doubled.    The  tonnage  in  1856  was  7,221  tons. 


32  Commercial  Statistics  of  the  United  States. 

VIRGINIA. 

Virginia,  one  of  the  United  States  of  America,  lies  between  36°  33' 
and  110°  43'  N.  latitude,  and  between  75°  25'  and  83°  40'  W.  longi- 
tude. It  is  370  miles  long,  and  200  broad  at  its  greatest  breadth,  con- 
tiiining  61,352  square  miles. 

Early  History. — The  coast  of  the  country  which  we  now  name  Vir- 
ginia is  said  to  have  been  known  to  the  old  Northmen.  One  of  them, 
Gudleif  Gudlaugsen,  is  said  to  have  sailed  in  the  year  1028  so  for  to  the 
south.  He  is  supposed  to  have  called  the  country  Huitramannaland,  the 
Land  of  the  Whitemen,  which  may  be  considered  the  oldest  and  first 
name  under  which  these  regions  became  ever  known  to  the  Europeans. 
The  Spaniards,  since  1520,  included  the  land  under  the  names  of  Terra 
de  Ayllon  and  Florida,  and  the  French,  since  1563,  under  the  name  of 
Nouvelle  France.  The  English  invented  the  name  Virginia  at  first  (1583) 
for  the  country  lying  around  Pamlico  and  Albemarle  Sounds.  They  com- 
posed this  name,  it  is  said,  for  two  reasons  :  first,  because  it  was  discov- 
ered in  the  reign  of  their  Virgin  Queen,  Elizabeth  ;  and,  secondly,  "be- 
cause tbe  country  seemed  still  to  retain  the  virgin  purity  and  plenty  of 
the  first  creation,  and  the  people  there  the  primitive  innocence." 

They  extended  this  name  at  once  over  a  great  part  of  the  east  coast, 
and  particularly  over  the  vicinity  of  Chesapeake  bay,  which  was  already 
discovered  from  the  Roanoke  settlements,  and  which  we  see  included 
under  thejiame  of  Virginia  on  the  first  map  of  Virginia,  1590. 

When,  since  1606,  the  Chesapeake  bay  was  better  explored  and  set- 
tled, and  when  it  became  the  principal  center  of  the  English  settlements 
ou  the  east  coast,  this  region  was  par  excellence  called  Virginia,  sometimes 
New  Virginia,  while  the  former  settlements  and  country  round  Albemarle 
Sound,  tlien  forsaken,  were  sometimes  (for  instance,  on  a  map  of  Captain 
J.  Smith)  called  Ould  Virginia.  This  was,  however,  a  more  popular 
manner  of  denomination.  The  official  or  legal  name  of  the  country  was, 
in  the  year  160G,  by  King  James  I.  thus  confined:  He  called  Virginia, 
or  the  Virginian  territory  or  coast,  the  whole  east  coast  of  North  Amer- 
ica, from  the  thirty-fourth  to  the  forty -fifth  degree  of  northern  latitude. 
This  whole  territory  was  divided  by  the  royal  patent  into  two  parts,  a 
northeru  and  a  southern.  The  southern  commenced  in  the  south  at  34° 
north  latitude  and  ended  in  the  north  at  about  the  48°  north  latitude. 
It  was  called  the  First  Colony,  or  the  Southern  Settlements  in  Virginia, 
or  Virginia  proper. 

Rivers,  etc. — The  Potomac  river  separates  Virginia  from  Maryland. 
James  river  is  the  largest  which  belongs  to  this  State.  It  is  500  miles 
in  length,  and  flows  from  the  mountains  in  the  interior  behind  the  Blue 
Ridge,  through  which  it  passes.  It  is  navigable  for  sloops  120  miles,  and 
for  boats  much  further,  and  flows  into  Chesapeake  bay.  The  Appomat- 
ox  is  130  miles  long,  and  enters  James  river  100  miles  above  Hampton 
roads,  and  is  navigable  12  miles  to  Petersburg.  The  Rappahannock, 
130  miles  long,  and  navigable  110  miles  for  sloops,  rises  in  the  Blue 
RiJge,  and  flows  into  the  Chesapeake.  York  river  enters  the  Chesapeake, 
80  miles  below  the  Rappahannock,  and  is  na\ngablc  40  miles  for  ships. 
Tlie  Shenandoah  enters  the  Potomac  just  before  its  passage  through  the 
Blue  Ridgfe. 


Virginia. 


33 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  STATE  OF  VIRGINIA, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Teaes 

EXPORTS. 

'    MPOETS. 

TONNAGE  CL'D. 

KNDINO 

Sept. 

30. 

Domestic. 

FOEEIGN. 

Total. 

TOTAU 

American. 

FoREioir. 

1S21 

43,026,170 

$53,040 

$3,079,210 

$1,078,490 

83,545 

6,483 

1822 

3,209,852 

7,537 

3,217,389 

864,162 

30,122 

7,413 

1323 

4,000,914 

5,874 

4,006,783 

681,810 

28,866 

9,320 

1S24 

3,276,478 

1,036 

8,277,564 

6;i9,787 

45,677 

8,070 

1325 

4,122,340 

7.130 

4,129,.520 

553,562 

41,809 

7,610 

1826 

4,596,077 

655 

4,596,732 

635,433 

50,7.34 

8,069 

1827 

4,646,737 

11,201 

4,657,938 

431,765 

53,235 

7,843 

1823 

8,324,616 

1.5,569 

8..340,1S5 

375,238 

42,9.58 

7,278 

1829 

8,78;?,493 

3,988 

-3,787,431 

895,352 

40,620 

6,771 

1830 
Total, 

4,788,804 

2,480 

4,791,284 

405,789 

43,715 

4,305 

$33,775,481 

108,560 

38,834,041 

6,061,393 

410,781 

7:3,162 

1831 

4,149,936 

489 

4,150,475 

483,522 

48,719 

11.879 

1832 

4,493,916 

16,734 

4,510,650 

55.3,6:39 

56,783 

19,38:3 

1833 

4,459,534 

8,053 

4,467,587 

690,391 

46,.527 

21,960 

1S:34 

5,469,240 

13,8.53 

5,453,093 

837,825 

49,863 

17,097 

1835 

6.054,445 

9,613 

6,064,063 

691,255 

43,692 

13,957 

1836 

6,044,028 

148,012 

6,192,040 

1,106,814 

42,612 

16,719 

183T 

3,699,110 

8,604 

3,702,714 

613,862 

29,397 

16,,562 

1833 

3,977,895 

8,333 

.3,986,223 

577,142 

18,779 

9,711 

1839 

5,183,424 

8,772 

5,187,196 

913,462 

41,494 

7,895 

1840 
Total, 

4,769,937 

8,283 

4,778,220 

545,085 

48,460 

6,218 

$48,301,515 

220,756 

43,522,271 

7,217,497 

420,331 

141,381 

IMl 

5,62?,910 

1,376 

5,630,286 

377,237 

5.3.910 

9,-333 

1842 

3,745,227 

,    5,159 

3,750,336 

816,705 

4.5,122 

10,.518 

1843* 

1,954,510 

2,655 

1,957,165 

187,062 

.34,94:3 

4,-353 

1844 

2,923,238 

19,041 

2,942,279 

267,654 

44,100 

7,:343 

1845 

2,101,045 

3,536 

2,104,581 

267,653 

86,180 

4,521 

1846 

8,523,963 

836 

3,520,299 

209,004 

48,571 

7,103 

184T 

5,645,663 

12,706 

5,653,374 

386,127 

6.3,116 

85,072 

1.848 

8,679,853 

1,554 

3,631,412 

215,081 

48.420 

16,972 

1849 

3,369,422 

4,316 

3,37.3,738 

241.9:55 

58,989 

10,539 

1850 
Total, 

3,413,153 

2,488 

8,415,646 

426,599 

42,091 

2:3,367 

$35,989,999 

53,167 

86,043,166 

2,895,062 

475,442 

129,171 

1851 

8,087,444 

2,624 

8,090,063 

552,93:3 

84,161 

.31,186 

iai2 

2,721,707 

2,950 

2,724,657 

735,853 

87,.384 

29,089 

ia53 

3,302,561 

4,2:B0 

3,306,791 

399,004 

85,901 

27,006 

1854 

4,752,218 

1,930 

4,7.54,143 

1,276,216 

52,663 

80,667 

ia55 

4,346,329 

83,599 

4,379,923 

8.55,405 

48,790 

22,942 

1856 

6,489,622 

6,745 

6,495,367 

692,395 

43,679 

24,048 

*  9  mouths  to  June  30,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORTS. 

Alexandria,  city,  seaport,  in  Virginia,  100  miles  from  the  Chesapeake  bay,  lat. 
38°  48'  N.,  long.  0°  3'  W.  from  "Washington.  It  is  fmely  situated  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Potomac,  which  has  a  depth  of  water  here  sufficient  for  a  vessel  of  the  largest 
class,  being  about  24  feet  at  the  wharves,  and  40  feet  in  the  channel.  The  tonnag©^ 
in  185G,  was  7,221  tons. 

Norfolk,  Virginia,  situated  on  the  Elizabeth  river,  eight  miles  from  Hampton 
Roads,  Chesapeake  bay,  in  lat.  37°  12'  N.,  and  long.  76°  40'  W.  Its  harbor  is  ca- 
pacious and  deep,  easy  of  access,  and  safe  in  all  weathers.  The  Roads  arc  formed 
by  an  enlargement  of  James  river,  at  its  mouth,  in  Chesapeake  bay,  and  they  ofiFer 
an  anchorage  unsurpassed  m  the  world.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the  river  is  Ports- 
mouth, in  connection  with  which  it  is  the  chief  naval  station  of  the  Union.  In  pop- 
ulation and  importance  it  is  the  second  city  of  the  State,  and  has  a  very  valuable 
commerce,  and  considerable  manufactures.  The  tonnage  of  Norfolk,  in  L856.  was, 
27,757  tons. 

Pbtehsburq,  Virginia,  ou  the  south  bank  of  the  Appomattax  river. 


34  Commercial  Statistics  of  the  United  States. 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

North  Carolixa  lies  between  33°  50'  and  36°  30'  N.  Lit.,  and  be- 
tween 75°  45'  and  8  i°  W.  lonrr.  from  Greenwich,  and  between  G°  20'  W. 
and  1°  33'  E.  lou"^,  from  WasJiington.     Area,  45,500  square  miles. 

The  country  around  Albemarte  Sound,  our  present  North  Carolina, 
was  called  sometimes  on  the  maps  with  the  original  Indian  name 
Wigandacoa,  or  Weapemeoc,  and  sometimes  Ould  Virginia.  To  the 
south  of  Roanoke  and  Albemarle  Sound,  the  English  tried  to  establish  a 
province  or  colony  for  the  first  time  in  the  year  1G29,  when  Sir  Robert 
Heath,  Attorney-general  to  Charles  I.,  obtained  from  this  king  a  grant 
of  the  whole  unknown  countiy  between  38°  N.  latitude  and  the  river  St. 
Mateo,  and  when  this  country  was  called,  in  honor  of  Charles  I.,  Carolana. 

Physical  Features^  etc. — Along  the  entire  coast  of  this  State  there  is 
a  ridge  of.pand,  separated  from  tlio  main  land  in  some  places  by  narrow, 
and  in  other  places  by  broad  sounds  and  bays.  The  passages  or  inlets 
through  it  are  shallow  and  dangerous,  Ocracoke  inlet  being  the  only  one 
through  which  vessels  pass.  Capes  Ilatteras  and  Lookout  are  projecting 
points  in  this  belt,  and  off  them,  particularly  the  former,  is  the  most  dan- 
gerous navigation  on  the  coast  of  the  United  States.  Cape  Fear  is  on  an 
island  off  the  month  of  Cape  Fear  river.  For  sixty  or  eighty  miles  from 
the  shore  the  country  is  level,  the  streams  sluggish,  and  there  are  many 
swamps  and  marshes.  The  soil  is  sandy  and  poor,  excepting  on  the 
margins  of  the  streams,  where  it  is  fi-equently  very  fertile.  The  natural 
growth  of  this  region  is  mostly  the  pitch-pine."  This  tree  affords  tar, 
pitch,  turpentine,  and  lumber,  which  constitute  an  important  part  of  the 
exports  of  the  State.  In  the  swamps  rice  of  a  fine  quality  \^  raised. 
Back  of  the  flat  country,  and  extending  to  the  lower  falls  of  the  rivers  Ls 
a  belt  of  land  about  forty  miles  wide,  of  a  moderately  uneven  surface,  a 
sandy  soil,  and  of  which  the  pitch-pine  is  the  prevailing  natural  growth. 

Throughout  the  State  Indian  corn  is  raised,  and  in  some  parts  consid- 
erable cotton.  In  the  low  country,  grapes,  plums,  blackberries,  and 
strawberries  grow  spontaneously,  and  on  the  intervals  canes  grow  luxu- 
riantly, the  leaves  of  which  continuing  green  during  winter  furnish  food 
for  cattle.  In  the  elevated  country  oak,  walnut,  lime,  and  cherry-trees, 
of  a  large  gi'owth,  abound.  Principal  minerals,  coal,  iron,  and  gold.  It 
is  the  only  State  in  the  Union  where  every  article  enumerated  in  the 
census  is  produced. 

Rivers. — The  principal  rivers  are  the  Chowan,  400  miles  long,  nav- 
igable for  small  vessels  30  miles;  Roanoke;  Pamlico,  navigable  for  30 
miles;  Tar,  Neuse,  Cape  Fear,  the  largest  rivers  in  the  State,  280  miles 
long,  with  eleven  feet  of  water  to  Wilmington ;  the  Yadkin,  which  forms 
a  part  of  the  Great  Pedee,  in  South  Carolina. 

The  principal  places  in  the  State  are  Puileigh,  the  capital,  Newbern,  Wil- 
mington, Fayctteville,  Edenton,  Elizabeth  City,  Beaufort,  and  Charlotte. 
On  January  1st,  1856,  there  were  three  railroads,  with  631  miles  of  track 
finished  and  in  operation.     Tonnage  of  the  StJite,  1853,  56,375  tons. 

The  first  permanent  settlement  in  this  State  was  on  the  eastern  bank 
of  the  Chowan  river,  about  1660,  by  emigrant,s,  who,  in  consequence  of 
religious  persecution,  fled  from  Nansemond,  Virginia.  The  Constitution 
of  the  United  States  was  adopted  in  Convention,  November  27th,  1789. 


North  Carolina. 


36 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA, 

From  October  ],  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Years 

ENDING 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS. 

TONNAGE  CLT). 

Sept. 
80. 

DoiTKsna 

F0ElCIQ!f. 

TOTAL. 

1        Total. 

AUESICAK. 

1                      1 

FOBEION. 

1821 

$4(10,944 

$400,944 

$200,673 
258,761 

87,-34? 

109 

1822 

585,951 

585,951 

80,360 

1,208 

182.3 

4.82,417 

482,417 

183,958 

24,716 

968 

1824 

589,7:3:} 

588,73:3 

465,836 

40,440 

4,447 

1825 

55.3,390 

66.3,:390 

311,808 

41,189 

8,454 

1826 

581,740 

581,740 

867,515 

48,688 

8,568 

1827 

447,086 

2,i6i 

449,237 

276,791 

86,683 

8,164 

1S28 

622,498 

1,249 

523,747 

268,615 

44,060 

1,3.52 

1829 

564,506 

564,506 

283,347 

51,942 

1,512 

1830 
Total, 

893,550 

'783 

899,333 

221,992 

86,592 

1,772 

$5,125,815 

4,183 

5,129,998 

2,838,826 

891,963 

21,554 

I'iSl 

340,973 

167 

841,140 

196,856 

80,450 

1,990 

18.32 

838,246 

8,795 

842,041 

215,184 

26,272 

3,412 

18.33 

432,986 

49 

4.3:3,035 

198,758 

87,604 

4,925 

1834 

471,406 

471,406 

222,472 

86,041 

4,488 

18.35 

819,327 

819,327 

241,981 

82,542 

8,278 

1836 

428,415 

l",486 

429,SJl 

197,116 

81,864 

6,968 

18:37 

648,876 

2,919 

551,795 

271,62:3 

38,585 

4,645 

18.38 

544,952 

271 

5-15,223 

290,405 

20,.544 

8,496 

18:39 

426,9;}4 

992 

427,926 

229,2-3:3 

48,545 

7,895 

1840 
Total, 

387,484 

387,48.1 

252,532 

88,130 

8,029 

$4,239,599 

9,629 

4,219,228 

2,315,660 

855,577 

48,126 

1841 

383,056 

883,056 

220,360 

89,828 

8,184 

1842 

8-44,6.50 

344,650 

187,404 

88,118 

2,598 

iat.3* 

171,(199 

171,099 

110,976 

80,411 

1,292 

1844 

298,401 

298,401 

209,142 

85,476 

4,068 

1815 

879,960 

879,960 

230,470 

89,757 

5,170 

1846 

414,-398 

414,.39S 

242,859 

88,471 

3,791 

iai7 

284,919 

2*1,919 

142,884 

81,887 

2,449 

iai8 

340,028 

840,028 

195,814 

87,383 

4,822 

1849 

270,076 

270,076 

118,146 

26,030 

8,880 

1850 
Total. 

416,501 

416,501 

323,692 

30,739 

11,493 

$3,303,088 

8,803,083 

1,976,247 

847,600 

42,247 

1851 

426,748 

4,847 

481,095 

206,931 

28,420 

18,968 

1852 

672,276 

4,123 

576.:}99 

800,483 

40,0.38 

13,061 

1853 

814,142 

814,142 

271,2.38 

29,292 

8,611 

1854 

891,897 

891,897 

812,633 

25,581 

5,251 

1855 

438,818 

'.'.'.'. 

4:3.3,818 

24-^,083 

30,729 

4,913 

1856 

876,174 

876,174 

274,960 

27,574 

4,287 

*  9  months  to  June  30,  and  tho  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRIXCIPAL  PORTS. 

Beaufort,  North  Carolina,  at  the  mouth  of  Newport  river,  is  famous  as  possess- 
ing the  finest  harbor  on  the  southern  Atlantic  seaboard.  It  will  be  the  eastern  ter- 
minus of  tho  Atlantic  and  Nortii  Carolina  railroad,  which,  when  built,  will  open  to 
its  commerce  an  immense  interior  region,  hitherto  isolated  from  tho  coast.  The 
impediment  in  tho  growth  of  this  place  up  to  this  time,  has  been  in  the  want  of  in- 
ternal facilities  for  commerce.     Tho  tonnage  of  Beaufort^  in  185G,  was  1,991  tona 

Wilmington,  city,  port  of  cntr}',  North  Carolina,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Capo 
Pear  river,  just  below  tho  confluence  of  tho  N.  E.  and  N.  W.  branches,  about  thirty- 
five  miles  from  tho  sea.  It  is  well  situated  for  trade,  but  the  location  is  accounted 
unhealthy.  The  harbor  admits  vessels  of  300  tons,  but  the  entrance  has  a  danger- 
ous shoal.  Opposite  the  town  are  two  islands,  dividing  tho  river  into  three  channels. 
They  afford  tho  finest  rice-fields  in  tho  St;itc.  In  1819,  two  hundred  buildings  were 
destroyed  by  fire,  a  loss  of  $1,000,000.     Tho  tonnage  in  1856,  was  21.420  tons. 


36  Commercial  Statistics  of  tJie    United  States. 

SOITTII  CAROLINA. 

South  Carolina,  one  of  tlie  southern  United  States,  is  situated  be- 
tween 32°  2'  and  35°  10'  N.  lat.,  and  between  78°  24'  and  83°  30'  W. 
lontj.    It  is  200  miles  long  and  125  broad,  containing  28,000  square  miles. 

Early  History. — When  the  Spaniards,  under  Vasquez  Ay  Hon  (1520 
and  1526),  arrived  on  the  coasts  of  what  we  now  call  Carolina,  and  more 
especial Iv  South  Carolina,  they  lieard  here  of  a  great  Indian  king  and 
country,  both  called  Chicora  or  Chicoria,  and  they  applied  that  Indian 
name  for  some  time  to  this  country,  without,  however,  giving  to  it  very 
distinct  limits. 

The  country  was  also  sometimes  called  after  its  discoverer,  Tierra  del 
Licenciade  Ayllon,  or,  shorter,  Tierra  de  Ayllon,  often  also  corrupted  to 
Terra  de  Aullon.  Under  this  name  the  Spaniards  comprehended  some- 
times a  very  great  part  of  North  America,  sometimes  not  more  than  our 
province. 

French  Claims. — It  is  curious  enough  that  the  French  also,  when 
[1568]  they  arrived  at  the  locahty  of  Ayllon's  activity,  heard  again  of  an 
Indian  king  and  country  of  that  name.  In  their  ears  it  sounded,  how- 
ever, like  Chicola  or  Chiouole. 

After  the  French  navigations  to  these  regions  we  hear  the  country 
sometimes  designated  by  the  French  themselves  with  the  name  La  Flo- 
ride  Francoise,  and  other  nations  also  called  it  French  Florida.  The 
Spaniards,  of  course,  always  considered  it  as  a  part  of  their  Spanish 
Flonda. 

The  French  built  on  their  Riviere  May  (St.  Mateo  or  St.  John's  river) 
a  fort  which  they  called  Fort  Caroline  or  Carolina.  Some  maj>makers 
and  geographers  applied  this  name,  as  an  appellation  of  a  country  or 
territory,  to  the  whole  region.  So  we  see,  for  instance,  on  a  map  of 
North  America  by  Cornelius  a  Juda^is  [1593],  the  whole  French  Florida 
called  Carolina,  in  honor  of  Charles  IX.,  King  of  France.  It  is  curious 
that  the  same  name  was  afterward  given  to  the  same  locality  in  honor 
of  an  Eno-lish  kinfj. 

Eufjlish  Settlements. — The  English,  since  their  settlements  at  Roan- 
oke, comprehended  the  whole  territory  of  Carolina  under  their  widely- 
extended  name  of  Virginia,  since  1583. 

In  the  year  1729,  the  whole  great  province  Avas  divided  into  North 
and  South  Carolina,  and,  as  the  dividing  point  on  the  coast,  was  fixed  a 
small  inlet  to  the  west  of  Cape  Fear,  called  Little  river  inlet. 

In  the  year  1783,  the  province  of  Georgia  was  detached  as  a  separate 
government  of  the  old  territory  of  Carolina,  and  the  southern  boundaries 
of  this  latter  were  fixed  at  the  mouth  of  the  Savannah  river,  and  within 
these  boundaries  the  name  of  Carolina  has  been  prescribed  ever  since. 

The  Groat  Pedee  river,  450  miles  long,  rises  in  North  Carolina,  and 
runs  through  the  eastern  part  of  the  State.  It  is  navifjable  for  sloops 
130  miles.  Tlie  Santee,  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Wateree  and  the 
Congaree,  rises  in  North  Carolina,  and  has  a  sloop  navigation  for  about 
130  miles.  The  Saluda  is  a  branch  of  the  Congaree.  The  Edisto  is 
navigable  for  large  boats  100  miles.  Tlie  Savannah  washes  the  whole 
south-west  border  of  the  State,  and  is  a  noble  stream.  There  are  several 
smaller  rivers,  among  which  are  Cooper,  Ashley,  and  Combahee. 


South  Carolina. 


Z1 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  STATE  OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  185G. 


Tkarb 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS. 

TONNAGE  CL'D. 

E^a)INO 

Sbpt. 

80. 

1821 

DoMEsno. 

FOBEION. 

Total. 

Total. 

Amebic  AN. 

Foreign. 

$6,867,515 

$332,996 

$7,200,511 

$8,007,113 

45,342 

19,.525 

1822 

7,136,866 

123,954 

7,260,320 

2,283,586 

48,524 

15,2i37 

1823 

6,671,993 

226,816 

6,898,814 

2,419,101 

54,637 

24,069 

1824 

7,.S3:3,T13 

200,369 

8,0;i4,(i82 

2,166,185 

61.092 

19.978 

1825 

10,876,475 

180,267 

11,056,742 

1,892,297     , 

67,520 

17.091 

1826 

7,468,966 

85,070 

7,561,036 

1,5.31,49;3 

63,920 

1S948 

1827 

8,189,496 

ia%065 

8,322,561 

1,434,106     1 

68,854 

24,601 

1828 

6,-508,570 

42,142 

6,550,712 

1,242,049     ^ 

47,565 

25,596 

1829 

8,134,676 

40,910 

8,175,586 

1,1'!9,61S 

66,337 

24,473 

1830 
Total, 

7,580,8J1 

46,210 

7,627,031 

1,054,619 

52,464 

20,405 

$77,268,590 

1,411,799 

78,680,395 

18,178,156 

666,145 

208,718 

1881 

6,528,605 

46,596 

6,575,201 

1.238,163 

48,426 

29,045 

1832 

7,685,833 

66,998 

7,752,731 

1,213,725 

47,893 

41,8.86 

1833 

8,337,512 

96,813 

8,434,325 

1,517.705 

49,099 

37,479 

1884 

11,119,565 

88,213 

11,207,778 

1,787,267 

60.347 

40,495 

1685 

11,224,293 

113,718 

11,838,016 

1,891,805 

48,703 

8;3,476 

1886 

13,482,757 

201,619 

13,684,876 

2,901,861 

61,553 

35,086 

188T 

11,138,992 

81,109 

11,22(1,161 

2,510,860 

49,609 

39,256 

1838 

11,017,891 

24,679 

11,042,070 

2,318,791 

8T,242 

27,;J56 

1889 

10,818,822 

6(>,604 

10,3><5,426 

3,086,077 

61,828 

80,627 

1840 
Total, 

9,981,016 

65,753 

10,036,769 

2,059,870 

82,090 

25,465 

$100,884,791 

842,062 

101,676,853 

20,424,624 

536,789 

840,070 

1841 

8,011,892 

81,892 

8,043,2.84 

1,557,481 

68,469 

29.716 

1842 

7,508,899 

17,824 

7,525,723 

1,3.59,466 

61.132 

84,043 

1848* 

7,754,152 

6,6o7 

7,760,809 

1,294,709 

71,400 

4-3,191 

1844 

7,429,535 

8,697 

7,4^33,292 

1,131,515 

49,801 

49,926 

1846 

8,894,770 

5,978 

8,890,643 

1,143,158 

86.768 

8;},912 

1846 

6,829,535 

18,942 

6,848,477 

902,536 

50,614 

27,579 

1847 

10,429,146 

8,371 

10,4.31,517 

1,680,653 

65,429 

4'1,792 

1848 

8,081,917 

8,081,917 

1,485,299 

53,854 

42,562 

1849 

9,699,975 

l',3oi 

9,701,176 

1,475,695 

88,788 

63,401 

1850 
Total, 

11,446,892 

908 

11,447,900 

1,9:}3,785 

72,222 

62,830 

$86,074,663 

89,970 

86,164,6:53 

13,864,251 

653,327 

410,947 

1851 

15,316,578 

15,816,578 

2,081,812 

81.3.36 

59,172 

1852 

11,670,021 

11,670,021 

2,17.5,614 

89,027 

.'^.234 

1858 

16,400,408 

15,400,408 

1,808,517 

76.309 

50.260 

1854 

11,982,308 

12,708 

11,995,016 

1,711,395 

86,0<'>3 

.39.623 

1855 

12,698,891 

1,859 

12,700,250 

1,68.9,542 

110.513 

84.414 

1856 

17,858,298 

2,261 

17,360,549 

1,906,234 

114,963 

49,255 

♦  9  months  to  Juno  80,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORTS. 

CuARLKSTON,  South  Carolina,  United  States,  lat.  32°  47'  X.,  long.  79®  48'  W., 
eituated  on  a  point  of  land  between  tho  Ashley  and  Cooper  rivers,  and  has  a  spa- 
cious harbor.  At  tho  entrance  to  tho  harbor  there  is  a  6and-l;ar,  of  about  eight 
miles  m  length,  having  several  channels.  Three  of  the  channels  can  only  be  used 
by  ships  of  largo  tonnage;  one,  tho  ships'  channel,  has  a  depth  of  water  of  twelve 
feet  at  ebb  tide,  and  from  .seventeen  to  twenty  at  flood  tide.  Ships  always  take  a 
pilot,  on  account  of  shifting  sands ;  and  are  moored  alongside  wharves  in  safety  in- 
side the  harbor.  It  is  tho  chief  commercial  emporium  of  tho  State,  and  tho  largest 
shipping  port  on  tho  Atlantic  below  Baltimore.  Tho  chief  exports  are  cotton  and 
rico.  It  is  connected  with  tho  interior  by  tho  South  Carolina  and  tho  North-eastern 
Railroad.s.     Tho  tonn.ago  of  Charleston,  in  1856,  was  59,128  tons. 

Bkaufort,  South  Carolina,  on  the  west  side  of  Port  Royal  river,  an  inlet  of  th«> 
Atlantic,  and  sixteen  miles  from  tho  sea,  has  a  good  harbor,  but  on  account  of  a  bar 
at  its  mouth,  only  small  vessels  can  enter  it.  It  has  little  or  no  coounerce.  The 
tonnage,  in  185G,  was  only  110  tons. 


38  Commercial  Statistics  of  the  United  States. 

GEORGIA. 

Georgia  lies  between  30°  30'  and  35°  N.  latitude,  and  between 
80°  50'  and  8C°  6'  W.  longitude  from  Greenwich,  and  between  3°  45' 
and  8°  39'  W.  longitude  from  Washington.  It  is  300  miles  long  from 
N.  to  S.,  and  240  broad,  containing  58,000  square  miles. 

Early  Jlistory. — Until  the  year  1732,  the  territory  of  the  State  of 
Georffia  was  included  in  the  names  Carolana  and  Carolina.  For  the 
effecting  and  promoting  of  its  settlement,  the  King,  George  II.,  separated 
from  Carolina  the  territory  between  the  rivers  Savannah  and  Altamaha, 
and  erected  this  territory,  by  a  charter  of  the  9th  of  June,  1732,  into  an 
independent  and  separate  government,  which  was  called,  in  honor  of  that 
king,  the  province  of  "  Georgia."  It  was  probably  from  the  beginning 
the  intention  that  this  colony  should  go  as  far  down  as  the  St.  Mary's 
river,  for  the  patent  says  "  it  should  go  so  far  south  as  the  southernmost 
branch  of  the  Altamaha  river,"  And  on  the  maps  of  that  time,  we  see 
that  it  was  then  believed  that  Altamaha  river  had  a  southern  branch 
which  conducted  into  St.  Mary's  river,  and  the  mouth  of  this  river  was 
therefore  considered  also  to  be  the  mouth  of  the  Altamaha.  The  bound- 
aries were,  however,  in  later  times  actually  conducted  so  far  south.  With 
this  exception,  the  limits  of  the  province  of  Georgia  suflered  no  changes 
on  the  coast,  though  in  the  interior,  the  changes  were  great.  These  in- 
terior chanfos  have,  however,  no  relation  with  our  hydrographical  re- 
searches. 

From  the  ocean  for  a  distance  of  seven  miles,  there  is  a  chain  of  islands 
intersected  by  rivers,  creeks,  and  inlets,  communicating  with  each  other, 
and  forming  an  inland  navigation  for  vessels  of  100  tons  burden,  along 
the  whole  coast.  These  islands  consist  of  salt  marsh  and  land  of  a  gray 
rich  soil,  which  produces  sea-island  cotton  of  a  superior  quality.  The 
coast  on  the  main  land  for  four  or  five  miles,  is  a  salt  marsh.  Back  of 
this  there  is  a  narrow  margin  of  land,  nearly  resembling  that  of  the  isl- 
ands ;  these  are  partially  or  wholly  overflowed  at  the  return  of  the  tide, 
and  constitute  the  rice  plantations.  The  part  of  the  SUite  above  the 
falls  of  the  rivers  is  called  the  upper  country,  and  has  generally  a  strong 
and  fertile  soil,  often  inchning  to  a  red  color,  and  further  inland  it  is 
mixed  with  a  deep  black  mold,  producing  cotton,  tobacco,  Indian  corn, 
wheat,  and  other  kinds  of  grain. 

The  rivers  are  the  Savannah,  600  miles  long,  bounding  the  State  on 
the  N.E.,  navigable  for  ships  17  miles  to  Savannah,  and  a  part  of  the 
year  for  steamboats  250  miles  to  Augusta ;  the  Altamaha,  which  is  nav- 
igable for  large  vessels  12  miles  to  Darien,  is  formed  by  the  junction  of 
the  Oconee  and  the  Ocmulgee,  and  is  navigable  for  sloops  of  30  tons  by 
the  former  to  Dublin  300  miles  from  the  ocean  ;  the  Ogeechee,  200  miles 
long,  and  navigable  for  sloops  40  miles.  Flint  river,  which  rises  in  the 
N.W.  part  of  the  State,  and  after  a  course  of  more  than  200  miles,  joins 
the  Chattahoochee,  forming  the  Apalachicola ;  the  Chattahoochee,  on  the 
west  border  of  the  State,  which  is  navigable  300  miles,  by  steamboat,  to 
Columbus;  the  St.  Mary's  river  is  in  the  southwest  part  of  the  State. 

Georgia,  in  1856,  had  1,013  miles  of  railroad  built,  and  about  threo 
hundred  in  construction,  being  in  advance  of  all  the  southern  States,  ex- 
cept Virginia. 


Georgia, 


39 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  STATE  OF  GEORGIA, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Teaiis 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS. 

TONNAGE  CL'D. 

ENDING 

Sept. 
80 

Domestic. 

Foreign. 

Total. 

TOTAL. 

Amebioan. 

Fobeion. 

1821 

$5,979,995 

$81,315 

$6,011,310 

$1,00-2,684 

41,468 

14,666 

1822 

5,4S.3,219 

1,650 

5,484,869 

989,591 

83,860 

9,745 

1823 

4,279,885 

13,781 

4,293,066 

670,705 

36,434 

11,072 

1824 

4,619,753 

4,229 

4,623,982 

551,888 

86,797 

12,064 

1825 

4,220,939 

1,894 

4,222,833 

843,&'56 

23,328 

5,547 

1826 

4,366,630 

1,874 

4,363,504 

8.30,993 

87,905 

8,563 

1827 

4,260,864 

691 

4,261,555 

312,609 

41,519 

10,646 

1828 

8,104,425 

8,104,425 

808,669 

25,514 

9,582 

1829 

4,980,642 

'm 

4,931,376 

380,293 

47,468 

9,794 

1830 
Total, 

5,836,626 

5,336,626 

282,436 

50,894 

9,435 

$46,632,978 

56,168 

46,689,146 

5,173,224 

874,687 

101,164 

1881 

3,957,245 

2,563 

8,959,813 

899,940 

4S,426 

29,045 

1682 

6,514,681 

1,202 

6,515.883 

253,417 

42,780 

21,567 

1888 

6,270,040 

6,270,040 

818,990 

40,022 

23,232 

1884 

7,567,327 

7,567,827 

546,802 

40,916 

21,750 

1885 

8,890,674 

8,890,674 

393,049 

83,109 

25,276 

1886 

10,721,700 

'506 

10,722,200 

673,222 

4--i,873 

24,629 

1887 

8,985,041 

8,935,041 

774,349 

41,025 

22,:35S 

1888 

8,803,889 

8,803,839 

776,068 

26.851 

20,755 

1889 

5,970,443 

5,970,443 

413,987 

81,564 

19,403 

1840 
Total, 

6,862,959 

6,862,959 

491,423 

44,076 

48,965 

$78,498,949 

4,270 

73,498,219 

4,941,252 

892,647 

256,985 

1S41 

8,696,017 

406 

8,696,513 

449,007 

20,196 

86,980 

1842 

4,299,151 

1,106 

4,800,257 

&41,704 

31,4.50 

30.209 

1843* 

4,522,401 

4,522,401 

207,432 

43.0.55 

42,033 

1844 

4,283,805 

4,283,805 

305,6:34 

23.574 

88.901 

1845 

4,557,4.35 

4,557,435 

206,301 

40,410 

86,250 

1846 

2,708,003 

2,7li8,0a3 

205,495 

18,493 

44,743 

1847 

2,712,149 

2,712,149 

207,180 

18,157 

37,661 

184S 

8,670,415 

3,6711.415 

217,114 

17,871 

3 1,-321 

1849 

6,857.806 

6,857,806 

871,024 

81,150 

.W,713 

1850 
Total, 

7,551,94;3 

7,551,943 

636,964 

21,039 

51, .524 

$44,859,125 

1,002 

44,860,727     | 

8,147,915 

260,395 

402,340 

1851 

9,158.879 

1,110 

9,159,939 

721.547 

84,963 

84,748 

1862 

4,999.015 

75 

4,999,090 

474,925 

22,883 

40,042 

1858 

7,371,883 

7,.'<7 1,883 

508,261 

;;8,()S4 

4.3,448 

1854 

4,807,675 

'706 

4,80'^,375 

836,9.-)l 

25,326 

4r.,4'>4 

1855 

7,543,519 

7,54;3,519 

278,716     1 

65,145 

89.228 

1856 

8,091,6S3 

.... 

8,091,0S3 

674,240     1 

68,421 

88,810 

♦  9  months  to  June  30,  and  tho  fiscal  year  from  this  tlmo  bc'jins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORTS. 

Brunswick,  Georgia,  city  and  port  of  entry,  lat.  31°  10'  N".,  Ion.?.  81°  .35'  W.  It 
has  a  spaoion.s  and  commodious  harbor,  having  thirteen  feet  of  water  on  the  bar  at 
tho  lowest  tide.'?.  It  is  situated  on  Turtle  river,  14  miles  above  tho  bar.  Tho  com- 
merce of  the  port  is  small,  in  185G  being  only  754  tons. 

Savannah,  Georgia,  city  and  port  of  cntrv,  situated  on  tho  right  bank  of  tho  S.v 
vann.ih  river,  17  miles  from  its  mouth,  lat.  32°  4'  56"  N.,  long.  81°  8'  18"  W.  Tho 
harbor  is  g(X)d.  Ves-sels  drawing  14  feet  water  como  up  to  the  city,  and  larger  ves- 
sels anchor  at  Five  Fathom  Hole,  four  miles  below  tlie  city.  The  commerce  of  tho 
place  ranks  next  to  Mobile,  and  is  tho  most  important  port,  except  Charleston,  from 
Baltimore  to  Mobile.  Tho  greater  part  of  tho  trade  of  Georgia  centers  at  Savannah, 
tho  principal  articles  of  which  are  cotton,  rice,  and  lumber.  Tho  Savannah  river  af- 
fords great  facilities  for  internal  commerce;  and  this  river  is  connected  with  tho 
Ogeecheo  river  by  a  canal  16  miles  long,  which  terminates  at  Savannah.  Tho  ton- 
nage of  tho  port,  in  1850,  was  31,586  tons. 


40  Commercial  Statistics  of  the  United  States. 

ALABAMA. 

Alauama,  one  of  the  southern  United  States,  is  bounded  north  by 
Tennessee,  east  by  Georgia,  south  by  Florida  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and 
west  by  Mississippi.  It  is  between  30°  10'  and  35°  N.  latitude,  and  86° 
and  88°  30'  W.  longitude,  and  between  8°  and  11°  30'  W.  longitude 
from  Washington.     It  contains  50,722  square  miles. 

Earhj  History. — The  history  of  this  name  can  be  traced  as  far  back  as 
the  expedition  of  De  Soto  (1540). 

The  Spanish  author,  Biedma,  who  wrote  his  report  on  that  expedition 
in  the  year  1544,  is  probably  the  first  man  who  introduced  it  into  history 
and  geography.  Uc  says  that  De  Soto  and  his  companions  met,  in  the 
countiy  north  of  the  Mexican  Gulf,  when  they  returned  from  the  north- 
east toward  Mobile,  an  Indian  chief  and  tribe  called  "  Alibamu."  The 
other  historians  of  the  same  expedition  sometimes  write  the  name  a  little 
differently.  Thus,  for  instance,  "the  Portuguese  gentleman  of  Elvas" 
calls  that  chief,  "  Alimamu." 

When  the  Spanish  conqueror  and  general,  De  Luna  (1560),  entered 
those  countries,  he  made  many  expeditions  toward  that  country  and  river 
wl.ich  we  now  call  "Alabama."  The  historians  of  his  expeditions  gen- 
erally have  for  that  country,  river,  and  its  Indian  aborigines,  the  name 
"Cora"  (our  Coosa).  But  they  make  their  heroes  also  meet  in  those  re- 
gions a  tribe  of  Indians  whom  they  call  "  los  Indios  de  Olibahali"  (the  In- 
dians of  Olibahali).  It  was  perhaps  the  same  word  with  De  Soto's  name, 
"  Alibamu,"  which  De  Luna  and  his  men  understood  and  wiote  diti'erently. 
After  De  Luna,  for  more  than  one  hundred  years,  nobody  again  entered 
those  regions.  And  we  find,  therefore,  on  the  maps  of  the  sixteenth  and 
seventeenth  centuries,  among  the  many  names  which  cover  the  country  to 
the  north  of  the  (Julf,  sometimes  the  old  names  of  "  Alibarao,"  "  Alimamu," 
"  Olibahali,"  or  something  like  this,  often,  however,  in  very  different  posi- 
tions. When  the  French  (1701)  settled  at  Mobile  bay  and  made  excur- 
sions to  the  north,  they  found  again  that  same  old  name  and  tribe.  They 
wrote  it  very  much  like  the  historians  of  De  Soto,  "  Les  AUibamous ;" 
and  we  see  this  name  already  on  the  map  of  the  French  geographer,  De 
LTsle  (1719),  as  the  name  of  a  large  river,  "Riviere  des  x\llibamous," 
which  is  the  old  "  Coya"  of  Do  Luna,  and  our  Alabama.  Many  French 
authors,  however,  wrote  this  name  "Alibamons."  So  D'Anville  and 
Charlevoix. 

As  the  denomination  of  a  large  territory,  the  name  Alabama,  appeared 
for  the  first  time  in  the  year  1817,  when  the  western  portion  of  the  until 
then  so-called  Mississippi  Territory  became  a  State,  under  the  name  of 
the  State  of  Mississippi,  and  when  the  eastern  portion  of  the  same  terri- 
tory was  erected  into  a  separate  territory,  under  the  name  of  "  the  Terri- 
tory of  Alabama,"  which  became  soon  aft^^r  (in  the  year  1820)  a  State. 

Rivers,  etc. — Mobile,  the  principal  river,  is  formed  by  the  junction  of 
the  Alabama  and  Tombigbco  rivers,  and  enters  Mobile  bay  by  two 
mouths.  The  Alabama  is  navigable  for  vessels  requiring  six  feet  of  water 
GO  miles  above  its  junction,  and  has  four  or  five  feet  of  water  150  miles 
to  the  mouth  of  the  Cahawba,  and  to  the  junction  of  the  Coosa  and  Tal- 
lapoosa, of  which  it  is  formed  ;  it  has  in  its  shallowest  places,  three  feet 
of  water. 


Alabama. 


41 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  STATE  OF  ALABAMA, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Yrarr 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS. 

TONNAGE  CL'D.      | 

ENDING 

Sept. 
80. 

Domestic. 

Foreign. 

Total. 

Total. 

Amebican. 

Foreign. 

1821 

$108,960 

$108,960 

1822 

209,748 

209,748 

$36,42i 

2,696 

"35 

1823 

2(i2,3S7 

202,387 

125,770 

2,187 

1824 

457,725 

$3,002 

460,727 

91,604 

6,847 

1,449 

1825 

691,897 

738 

692,6.35 

118,411 

9,896 

8.34 

1826 

1,518,701 

8,411 

1,.527,112 

179,554 

16,086 

1,807 

1827 

l,3:iO,770 

46,594 

1,876,364 

201,909 

13,696 

3,073 

1828 

1,174,737 

7,822 

1,182,5.59 

171,909 

15,359 

4,765 

1829 

1,679,385 

14,573 

1,693,958 

283,720 

14,494 

4,953 

1830 
Total, 

3,291,825 

3,129 

2,294,954 

144,828 

22,277 

4,059 

19,666,135 

83,269 

9,749,404 

1,299,121 

102,932 

20,975 

1&31 

2,412,862 

1,083 

2,413.894 

224,4.35 

14,707 

10,953 

1832 

2,733.5.54 

2,883 

2,736,387 

806,845 

18,764 

12,384 

is;« 

4,.522,221 

5,740 

4,527,961 

265,918 

29,067 

9,266 

1834 

5,664,(147 

6,750 

5,670,797 

895,861 

29,272 

10,614 

1835 

7,572,123 

2,564 

7,574,692 

625,955 

82,795 

12,665 

1836 

11,18;5.788 

878 

11,184,166 

651,618 

85,310 

17,367 

18;}- 

9,652,910 

6,898 

9,658,808. 

609,385 

63,822 

10,725 

1838 

9,683,049 

195 

9,688,244 

524,548 

27,191 

11,996 

\9A9 

10,3;i8,169 

10,338,159 

895,201 

48,286 

17,006 

1840 
Total, 

12,854,694 

12,854,694 

574,651 

94,551 

28,552 

$76,622,412 

25,390 

76,647,802 

4,978,917 

883,795 

136,548 

1841 

10,969,826 

11,445 

10,981,271 

680,819 

47,481 

85,795 

1842 

9,965,675 

9,965,675 

863,871 

61,247 

88,095 

18-13* 

11,157,460 

11,157,460 

860,655 

79,107 

65,900 

1844 

9,906,195 

l',459 

9,907,654 

442,818 

47,097 

53,938 

1845 

10,515.274 

22,954 

10,538,228 

478,491 

80,032 

62,491 

1846 

5,260,317 

5,260,317 

2,59,607 

46,044 

51,007 

1847 

9,054,580 

9,054.580 

890,161 

28,103 

43,135 

1848 

11,920,693 

7,056 

11,927,749 

419,.396 

67,574 

49,.359 

1849 

12,82.3,725 

12,823,725 

657,147 

76,528 

74,598 

1650 
Total, 

10.544,858 

10,544,853 

805,862 

82,268 

80,717 

$102,118,603 

42,914 

102,161,517 

4,763,827 

650,476 

545,080 

1851 

18,.';28,S24 

18..528,824 

418,446 

68,747 

62,.'518 

1852 

17.88.3,581 

2',i23 

]7,.3s5,7(4 

588,382 

91,067 

72,068 

1853 

16,786,913 

10,7h«,913 

809,562 

79,563 

64,122 

1854 

13,911,613 

13,911,612 

72.5,610 

60,004 

68,494 

1855 

14,270,565 

1 4,271  i.fiW 

619,964 

100,750 

44,865 

1856 

23,720,215 

7,955 

28,734,170 

798,514 

122,409 

90,809 

♦  9  months  to  June  80,  and  tho  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORT. 
Mobile,  Alabama,  a  city  and  port  of  entry,  situated  on  tho  west  side  of  the 
Mobile  river,  at  its  entrance  into  Mobile  bay,  lat.  30°  41'  2G"  N.,  lonp.  88°  1'  29" 
"\V.  It  is,  next  to  New  Orlc,in.=i,  the  greatest  cotton  mart  of  the  South,  and  is  the 
principal  port  of  entry  for  Alabama  and  Mississippi.  The  exports  amount  to  from 
twelve  to  si.xtcen  millions  of  dollars  annually.  Mobile  bay  sets  up  from  tho  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  and  is  thirty  miles  lonp,  and  on  an  averape,  twelve  wide.  It  communicates 
with  tho  Gulf  by  two  straits — one  on  each  side  of  Dauphin's  Island.  The  strait  on 
the  west  side  h.as  only  five  feet  of  water;  that  on  tlio  east  side,  between  the  Island 
and  Mobile  Point,  has  twentj'-two  feet  of  water.  There  is  a  bar  across  the  bay, 
near  its  upper  end,  which  has  only  eleven  feet  of  water.  Ve.s.scls  drawing  from 
eight  to  ten  feet  of  water,  pass  up  Spanish  river,  and  around  a  marshy  i.sland  into 
Mobile  river,  and  then  drop  down  to  the  city.  Near  Dauphins  Island  is  the  an- 
chorage for  large  vessels,  where,  at  times,  are  anchored  a  iieet  of  sixty  sail.  The 
tonnage  of  the  port,  iu  1856,  was  38,443  tons. 


42  Commercial  Statistics  of  the  United  States. 

FLORIDA. 

Florida,  one  of  the  southernmost  of  the  United  States  of  America, 
lies  between  24°  32'  and  31°  N.  lat.,  and  between  81°  30'  and  87°  35' 
W.  long.  It  is  385  miles  long,  and  from  50  to  250  wide,  containing 
59,268  square  miles. 

Early  History. — The  name  which  the  country  to  the  north  of  Cuba 
had  among  the  Indians  of  the  Lucayan  Islands  was  "  Cautio"  the  sig- 
nification of  which  is,  as  Herrera  gives  it,  rather  obscure. 

The  Spaniards  heard  this  country  "  Cautid'''  already  spoken  of  before 
they  saw  it.  They  heard  also  of  the  famous  and  ftibulous  fountain  of 
youth  of  which  the  Indians  had  a  tradition,  and  which  was  called  the 
Fountain  of  Bimini.  From  this  fountain  the  country  to  the  north  itself 
was  sometimes  called  "  BiminiP  On  some  of  the  first  maps  of  the  six- 
teenth century  it  is  also  called  "  Terra  de  Cuba"  (the  country  of  Cuba), 
as  if  there  were,  1st,  an  island  of  Cuba,  and,  2d,  a  continent  of  Cuba. 

When  Ponce  de  Leon,  in  the  spring  of  1512,  discovered  this  coast,  he 
gave  to  it  the  name  of  "  Florida^''  (the  florid),  from  two  reasons,  as  Her- 
rera says — at  first  because  the  countiy  presented  a  very  flourishing  and 
pleasant  aspect,  and  then  because  he  saw  the  coast  on  that  festival-day 
which  the  Spaniards  call  " Pascua  Florida"  which  corresponds  to  our 
Palm  Sunday. 

This  name  has  since  that  time  always  remained  to  that  large  peninsula 
which  we  to  this  day  call  Florida,  though  the  name  was  sometimes  taken 
in  different  senses,  and  though  sometimes  there  have  been  attempts  made 
to  do  away  with  it. 

But  soon  after  the  cession  of  Louisiana  to  the  United  States,  Florida 
was  curtailed  again.  The  United  States  claimed  the  western  part  of  it 
as  far  east  as  Perdido  river,  received  the  possession  of  it  in  the  year 
1811,  and  joined  it  to  their  "  Territory  of  Mississippi,"  and  afterward  of 
^''AlabamaP 

Since  this  time  (1811)  the  dominion  of  the  name  of  Florida  has  not 
changed,  though  the  so-called  country  changed,  till  1821,  its  masters, 
when  Spain  ceded  it  to  the  United  States.  It  was  then  at  first  called 
^'the  Territory  of  Florida,"  au^  since  1845  ''the  State  of  Florida." 
But  the  limits  remained  (with  some  slight  exceptions)  unchanged — Per- 
dido river  in  the  west,  and  St.  Mary's  river  and  the  thirty-firstdegree  of 
north  latitude  in  the  north.  The  division  into  East  and  West  Florida 
disappeared  under  the  American  Government. 

Rivers,  Bays,  etc. — There  are  many  bays  on  the  western  side  of  the 
peninsula,  some  of  which  form  good  harbors.  Tliey  are  Perdido,  Pensa- 
cola,  Choctawhatchee,  St.  Andrew,  St.  Joseph,  Apalachicola,  Appalachee, 
Tampa,  Carlos,  and  Gallivain's.  On  the  east  coast  of  the  peninsula  the 
inlets  aflbrd  harbors  for  coasting  vessels.  The  St.  John  is  the  principal 
river  on  the  eastern  coast.  It  often  spreads  from  three  to  five  miles  in 
width,  and  at  other  places  it  is  not  more  than  one  fourth  of  a  mile  wide. 
It  is  exceedingly  winding,  and  flows  through  a  beautiful  and  healthy 
country.  St.  Maiy  river  rises  in  Okefinoke  swamp,  Georgia,  and  entera 
the  Atlantic  between  Cumberland  and  Ameha  islands.  Of  the  rivers 
which  enter  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  the  Apalachicola  is  the  principal. 


JFhrida. 


i3 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  STATE  OF  FLORIDA, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Teaes 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS. 

TONNAGE  CL'D. 

ENDING 

8  KPT. 

80. 

Domestic. 

FOKKIOS. 

Total. 

Total. 

Amekican. 

FOEEION. 

1821 

$13,270 

190 

1823 

$l',77T 

$l',777 

6,877 

933 

1823 

1,510 

1,510 

4,808 

563 

"52 

1824 

216 

216 

6,986 

17T 

80 

1825 

2,865 

2,865 

3,218 

823 

1826 

209 

209 

16,590 

195 

182T 

24,115 

$33;37i 

57,436 

257,994 

11,010 

2,ii7 

1S23 

60,321 

60,321 

168,292 

7,357 

1,248 

1829 

38,163 

17',923 

56,036 

153,642 

6,059 

T,043 

1830 
Total, 

7,570 

7,570 

32,689 

1,866 

205 

$136,746 

51,294 

183,040 

664,866 

28,173 

10,695 

1831 

28,493 

2,002 

80,495 

11.5,710 

5,163 

610 

18-32 

62,036 

3,080 

65,716 

107,787 

6,-344 

901 

1833 

64,613 

192 

64,805 

85,386 

8,915 

845 

1834 

190,185 

38,640 

228,325 

1-35,798 

7,983 

1,289 

1835 

49,009 

12,701 

61,710 

98,173 

10,225 

1,025 

1836 

62,076 

9,.586 

71,662 

121,745 

9,289 

645 

183T 

74,373 

28,804 

102,677 

490,784 

8,096 

1,520 

1838 

71,988 

50,.W9 

122,.532 

168,690 

6,525 

2,721 

1839 

291,094 

43,712 

834,806 

279,893 

12,422 

1,239 

1840 
Total, 

1,850,709 

8,141 

1,858,850 

190,728 

11,163 

1,845 

$2,745,171 

196,907 

2,942,078 

1,794,694 

81,125 

11,640 

1841 

33,828 

2,801 

36,629 

145,181 

8,829 

2,781 

1842 

,32,(;.)fi 

778 

33,384 

176,980 

6,255 

1,06;} 

1^3* 

760,335 

3.53 

760,688 

153,632 

8,497 

2,509 

1844 

991,657 

19,7.59 

1,011,416 

155,695 

10,247 

6.099 

1845 

1,502,867 

11,878 

1,514,745 

107,863 

19.885 

6,722 

1846 

137,5:^9 

88,909 

176,448 

140,584 

8,1.59 

1,418 

1847 

1,808,177 

2,361 

1,810,.538 

143,298 

10,950 

9,594 

1848 

1,896,683 

1,896,683 

fr4,267 

18,206 

T,548 

1849 

2,513,027 

2,513,027 

63,211 

20,507 

10,922 

1850 
ToUl 

2,607,968 

15,656 

2,623,624 

95,709 

10,022 

12,134 

$12,289,087 

92,495 

12,382,182 

1,251,425 

116,557 

60,785 

1851 

8,939,910 

262 

8,940,172 

94,997 

20.254 

9,049       1 

1852 

2,511,976 

2,511,976 

.30,713 

24,170 

11,503       1 

1853 

1,698,206 

1,698,206 

65,484 

15,-347 

10,3U 

1854 

3,964,097 

3,964,697 

28,969 

12,895 

9,488       ' 

1855 

1,403,.594 

1,403,.594 

45,993 

41,9;3S 

T,385      1 

1856 

1,976,323 

1,976,323 

86,014 

55,204 

10,520        ; 

1 

*  9  months  to  June  30,  and  tho  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORTS. 

Key  West,  Florida,  is  built  on  an  island  of  tho  same  name,  sixty  miles  south- 
west of  Cape  Sable,  lat.  24°  32',  and  long.  81°  52'  W.  It  is  a  port  of  entry,  and  ono 
of  the  few  populous  towns  of  the  State.  Its  position  commands  the  Florida  Pass,  and 
hence  it  is  important  also  as  a  naval  station ;  but  the  principal  occupation  of  tho 
people  at  the  present  time  is  "wrecking,"  and  here  is  located  a  special  court  for  the 
adjudication  of  salvages.  From  fifty  to  sixty  vessels  are  wrecked  in  the  vicinity 
every  year,  and  upward  of  $250,000  are  paid  on  salvages.  Salt  and  sponges  are  the 
principal  exports,  but  there  is  a  large  import  trade  for  the  supply  of  the  military 
stationed  here.  Steamers  plying  between  the  Atlantic  ports  and  Havana  generally 
call  here.  The  town  contains  about  4,000  inhabitants.  The  tonnage  of  the  port  in 
1856,  was  3,668  tons. 

Pensacola,  Florida,  is  a  town  and  port  on  tho  west  side  of  Pensacola  bay,  10 
<niles  from  the  Gulf,  and  has  a  fine  harbor.  The  United  States  government  has  here 
a  first-rate  naval  station  and  a  marine  hospital  Its  trade  is  principally  in  cotton. 
The  tonnage  of  the  port  in  1856,  was  1,960  tons. 


44  Commercial  Statistics  of  the   United  States. 

LOUISIANA. 

Louisiana,  one  of  the  Southern  United  States,  lies  between  29^  and 
33°  N.  lat.  It  is  240  miles  long  from  north  to  south,  and  216  broad, 
containing  41,346  square  miles. 

Early  History. — Robert  de  La  Sale,  when  he  reached  the  mouth  of 
the  Mississippi  [1682],  introduced  the  name  Louisiane,  in  honor  of  the 
great  ting,  as  the  name  of  the  country  along  the  great  river,  "  from  the 
Illinois  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico." — [^Charlevoix^  torn,  i.]  Many  other 
points  and  locations  were  vowed  .round  the  same  gulf  to  the  same  name, 
king,  and  his  saint.  La  Sale  [1685]  vowed  to  the  saint  and  to  the  king 
the  Bay  of  St.  Louis  (Matagorda  bay)  discovered  by  him  on  the  coast 
of  Texas. 

When  Iberville,  on  the  12th  of  April,  1699,  discovered  that  little  bay 
opposite  Cat  island,  on  the  coast  of  the  continent,  he  introduced  this 
name  again  into  the  Mississippi  country  by  naming  the  harbor  "  La  Baye 
de  St.  Louis. ''^ 

In  the  year  1701  Mr.  Bien\'ille,  when  he  evacuated  Billoxi  and  re- 
moved the  French  head-quarters  to  Mobile  bay,  called  his  fort  there 
"  Fort  de  St.  Louisj'^  and  this  name,  then  designated  for  more  than 
twenty  years  the  central  settlement  or  capital  of  the  French  Mississippi 
colony.  It  is  curious  that  the  name  "  Louisiane''^  seems  not  to  have  been 
much  used  before  1712.  We  do  7iot  find  it,  for  instance,  a  single  time 
mentioned  in  the  Memoirs  of  M.  de  Sauvole,  written  in  this  colony  in  the 
beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century. 

In  the  year  1712  King  Louis  XIV.  adopted  officially  the  name  Louisi- 
ane for  that  province,  which  seemed  now  promising  and  important 
enough  for  such  a  grace.  He  pronounces  that  the  countries  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Mississippi  sJiall  henceforward  be  called  "Za  Province  de  la  Lou- 
isiane.^'' He  at  the  same  time  changes  also  the  name  of  the  Mississippi, 
and  says  that  it  shall  at  present  be  called  '■''  Riviere  de  St  Louis'''  (the  St. 
Louis  river). 

When  the  United  States  acquired  the  dominion  of  Louisiana  [1802] 
this  name  was  at  first  quite  extinguished  on  the  shores  of  the  Gulf.  The 
whole  southern  part  of  old  Louisiana  was  called  "  The  Territory  of  JVcio 
Orleans.'''' 

The  old  name  was,  however,  revived  again  in  the  year  1812,  when  a 
part  of  the  old  French  colony  was  admitted  into  the  Union  under  the 
name  of  the  "  State  of  Louisiana.''^  After  the  final  settlement  of  the 
boundaries  of  this  State,  the  name  Louisiana  comprised  all  the  shores  be- 
tween the  mouth  of  Pearl  river  to  the  east,  and  that  of  Sabine  river  to 
the  west,  the  whole  Mississippi  delta,  and  on  both  sides  a  little  more. 

We  may  remark    that   the    orthography  of  the  name  '•'■Louisiana, 
which  we  have  adopted,  is  half  Spanish,  half  PYench.     Purely  French,  it 
ought  to  be  "  Louisiane,"  and  purely  Spanish,  "  Luisiana.^^ 

Eivers,  etc. — The  Mississippi  river  forms  the  boundary  of  the  State  for 
a  considerable  distance,  and  in  its  lower  part  runs  wholly  within  the  State, 
and  enters  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  by  several  channels.  It  is  navigable  for 
vessels  of  the  largest  size. 


Lauisania. 


45 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  STATE  OF  LOUISIANA, 

Fkom  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Tears 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS, 

TONNAGE  CL'D. 

ENDING 

Sept. 
80. 

Domestic. 

FOEEIGN. 

Total. 

Total. 

American. 

Foreign. 

1821 

$6,907,599 

$364,573 

$7,272,172 

$3,379,717 

53,312 

21,-S23 

1822 

7,303,461 

67.5,184 

7,978,645 

3,817,238 

87,888 

20,716 

1S33 

6,769,410 

1,009,662 

7,779,072 

4,283,125 

58,258 

26,445 

1824 

6,442,946 

l,4a5,S74 

7,928,820 

4,539,769 

54,139 

21,996 

1825 

10,965,234 

1,617,690 

12,582,924 

4,290,034 

61,602 

25,776 

1826 

9,048,506 

1,235,874 

10,284,380 

4,167,.52l 

68,144 

22,943 

182T 

10,602,832 

1,126,165 

11,723,997 

4,531,645 

89,793 

80,240 

1828 

10,163,342 

1,784,058 

11,947,400 

6,217,881 

85,841 

88,731 

1829 

10,898,183 

1,487,877 

12,386,060 

6,857,209 

87,657 

83,172 

1830 
Total, 

13,042,740 

2,445,952 

15,488,692 

7,599,083 

106,017 

36,317 

$92,144,253 

13,232,909 

105,377,162 

49,683,222 

692,151 

277,659 

1831 

12,835,531 

3,926,458 

16,761,989 

9,766,693 

96,7.53 

63,558 

1832 

14,105,118 

2,42.5.812 

16,.530,930 

8,871, (i.53 

88,236 

59,620 

1833 

10,133,457 

2,807,916 

18,941,373 

9,590,505 

86,021 

.  60,580 

1834 

23,759,607 

2,797,917 

26,.557,524 

13,781,809 

112,330 

71,.599 

1835 

81,265,015 

5,005,808 

36,270,823 

17.519,814 

137,391 

58,778 

1836 

32,226,565 

4,95-3,263 

87,179,828 

15,117,649 

147,S3S 

48.110 

183T 

31,546,275 

8,792,422 

85,338,697 

14,020,012 

17.5,563 

45,523 

1888 

30,077,534 

1,424,714 

31,.502,248 

9,496,808 

139,722 

43,184 

1839 

30,99.5,936 

2,185,231 

33,181,167 

12,064,942 

177,257 

54,772 

1840 
Total, 

82,998,059 

1,238,877 

84,236,936 

10,673,196 

277,021 

73,350 

$255,948,097 

30,558,418 

280,501,515 

120,903,081 

1,438,132 

569,074 

1841 

82,865,618 

1,.521,S65 

84,387,483 

10,256,350 

244.988 

72,577 

1842 

27,427,422 

976,727 

28,404,149 

8,033,590 

244,110 

73,668 

184.3* 

26,653,924 

736,500 

27,390,424 

8,170,015 

292,473 

80,697 

1844 

29,442.734 

1,0.56,.573 

30,498,307 

7.s-2i;.789 

237,179 

101,056 

1845 

25,841,311 

1,316,154 

27,157,465 

7,3.')4,397 

243,.543 

129,561 

1^6 

80,747,533 

52S1T1 

31,27.5,704 

7,223.090 

238,463 

110,023 

1847 

41,788.303 

26:3,3:^0 

42,(151,633 

9,222,969 

274112 

166.768 

1848 

39,350,148 

1,621,213 

40,971,361 

9,3.80, 4)9 

287,837 

148,612 

1849 

86,957,118 

654,549 

87,611,667 

10,050,697 

293,456 

194,234 

1850 
Total, 

87,698,277 

407,073 

38,105,350 

10,760,499 

211,800 

158.137 

$328,772,888 

9,081,155 

337,853,543 

88,278,835 

2,568,011 

1,235,:333 

1S51 

&3,968,013 

445,950 

54,413,963 

12,528,460 

292,954 

128,612 

1852 

48.81)8,169 

250,716 

49,0.58,885 

12,057,724 

370,741 

178,741 

1853 

67,768,724 

523,934 

68,292,6.58 

13,6:30,686 

440,736 

190.084 

1854 

60,656,5S7 

275,265 

60.931,852 

14,422,1^4 

448,499 

],''),5,256 

1855 

65,056,094 

811,868 

55,367,962 

12,900,821 

480,502 

123,900 

1856 

80,576,652 

288,428 

80,865,030 

16,632,393 

586,747 

186.415 

*  9  months  to  June  80,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 


PRINCIPAL  PORT. 
New  Orleans,  Louisiana,  is  the  principal  port  on  tho  Missis-sippi,  and  tlic  natural 
d6p6t  for  the  commerce  of  the  great  central  valley.  It  is  situated  on  tho  left  bank 
of  the  river,  100  miles  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  lat.  29°  58',  and  long.  90°  7'.  Its 
site  is  low  and  marshy,  and  in  tho  summer  and  fall  very  sickly.  Two  railroads  con- 
nect it  with  Lake  Pontchartrain,  and  tlienco  steamboats  connect  with  Mobile,  etc. 
It  communicates  northward  by  the  New  Orleans,  Jackson,  and  Great  Northern  R.ail- 
road,  and  westward  by  tho  New  Orleans,  Opolousas,  and  Great  Western  Railroad. 
Its  commerce  by  river  is  carried  on  by  .steamboats  in  constant  succession,  and  those 
traverse  tho  great  river  and  tributaries  for  thousands  of  miles,  liy  these  means  it 
receives  and  distributes  its  merchandise.  The  average  value  of  produce  received 
from  the  interior,  is  about  $120,000,000.  Its  foreign  trade  is  co-oxtcnsive,  and  with 
regard  to  cotton  and  sugar  it  is  tho  first  port  of  tho  Union.  The  depth  of  water  in 
the  river,  opposite  New  Orleans,  Ls  at  a  medium  of  70  feet,  and  it  maintains  sound- 
ings of  30  feet  until  within  a  fhilo  of  its  conllucnee  with  the  sea.  Tho  river  has  four 
principal  passes.     Tho  tonnage  of  the  port  in  185G,  was  1G3,308  tons. 


46  Commercial  Statistics  of  the  United  States. 

MICHIGAN. 

Michigan,  a  Tiorth-western  State  of  the  republic,  lies  between  latitude 
41°  43'  and  48°  N.,  and  between  82°  25'  and  90°  34'  W.  from  Green- 
wich, or  5°  24'  and  13°  33'  W.  from  Washington.  It  consists  of  two 
peninsulas,  and  contains  56,243  square  miles. 

Physical  Features,  etc. — The  surface  of  the  lower  or  southei'n  penin- 
Bula  is  generally  level,  having  few  elevations  which  may  be  denominated 
hills.  The  interior  is  gently  undulating,  rising  gradually  from  the  lakes 
to  the  center  of  the  peninsula.  This  central  region  may  be  regarded  a.s 
a  table  land,  elevated  about  300  feet  above  the  level  of  the  lakes,  covered 
with  fine  forests  of  timber,  oak  plains  and  prairies.  Along  the  eastern 
shore  of  Lake  Michigan  are  sand  hills  thrown  up  by  the  winds  into  fan- 
tastic forms  generally  quite  barren  and  naked. 

In  some  of  the  rivers  that  flow  into  the  lakes  enormous  quantities  of 
pickerel  are  caught.  Not  less  than  1,000  barrels  are  taken  annually  from 
Fox  river,  Wisconsin ;,  from  Saginaw  river,  Michigan,  1,500  barrels;  St. 
Clair  river,  Michigan,  1,500  barrels;  Maumee  river,  Ohio,  3,000  barrels, 
and  an  equal  quantity  of  bass,  mullet,  etc.,  making  a  total  of  10,000 
barrels  which  are  sold  for  $8  50  per  barrel,  or  $85,000  in  the  aggregate. 
The  annual  product  of  the  lakes  and  tributary  rivers  is  thus  shown : 

Barrels.  Value. 

The  Lakes  .  .         .         35,000  $385,000 

Detroit  river  .  .         .  7,000  77,000 

Other  rivers  .  .         .         10,000  85,000 


Total         .         .         '.         .         52,000  $547,000 

Michigan  is  peculiarly  favored  for  an  inland  State,  in  facilities  for 
inland  navigation ;  being  surrounded  on  three  sides  by  water. 

The  southern  peninsula  of  Michigan  is  drained  by  several  large  rivers 
and  numerous  smaller  streams,  which,  rising  in  the  interior,  pass  oft"  in 
easterly,  westerly,  and  northerly  directions  into  the  lakes.  Kaisin  and 
Huron  rivers  flow  into  Lake  Erie,  Rouge  river  into  Detroit  Strait,  Clinton 
and  Black  rivcis  into  the  strait  of  St.  Clair,  Saginaw  river  formed  by  the 
junction  of  Titibawasse,  Flint  and  Cass  rivers,  enters  Saginaw  bay. 
Thunder  bay,  Clieboigan  river  and  some  smaller  streams  fall  into  Lake 
Huron.  St.  Joseph,  Grand,  Kalamazoo  and  Maskegon  rivers  flow  into 
Lake  Michigan.  Many  small  lakes  of  pure  water,  stocked  with  fish  of 
fine  quality,  are  found  in  the  interior.  This  State  borders  on  four  of  the 
great  lakes,  viz.,  Erie,  Huron,  Michigan,  and  Superior.  The  principal 
rivers  of  the  upper  peninsula  are  Ontonagon,  Huron,  Menomonee,  Mont- 
real, St.  Mary,  Eagle,  Cedar,  White  Fish,  Black,  Sturgeon,  Rapid  and 
Manistie.  The  principal  islands  are  Drummond,  Sugar,  St.  Joseph,  Bois, 
Blanc,  Mackinaw,  Manitou  and  Beaver  islands,  in  Lakes  Huron  and  Mich- 
igan ,  Isle  Royale  and  the  Apostles,  in  Lake  Superior. 

There  were  in  January,  185G,  590  miles  of  railroad  in  operation. 

The  principal  places  in  the  State  are  Detroit,  the  metropolis,  Monroe, 
Ann  Arbor,  Ypsilanti,  Adrian,  Jackson,  Marshall,  Kalamazoo,  Lansing 
the  capital,  St.  Josephs,  Mackinac,  Grand  Haven,  and  Sault  St.  Marie. 
There  were,  in  1854,  6  banks,  and  1  branch,  with  an  aggregate  capital 
of  $1,084,718. 


Michigan. 


47 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  STATE  OF  MCHIGAN, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Years 

EXPORTS. 

IMPOKTS. 

TONNAGE  CL'D.      | 

ENDING 

Sept. 

30. 

Domestic. 

FOEEIGN. 

Total. 

Total. 

Amebi 

oan.  Foreign. 

1821 

$53,2t)0 

$53,290 

$29,070 

1823 

C94 

694 

18,377 

1823 

1,010 

1,010 

2,159 

1824 

1,886 

1825 

5,695 

1826 

1*326 

.... 

l',320 

3,774 

182T 

8,440 

1828 

1829 

2,957 

1830 
Total, 

l",588 

l',588 

21,315 

5 

6              '.'.'.'. 

$57,902 

57,902 

88,679 

5 

0 

1831 

12,392 

12,892 

27,299 

4 

3 

1832 

9,234 

9,234 

22,648 

1833 

9,054 

9,054 

63,876 

'fri 

4    '           '216 

1834 

36.021 

36,021 

106,202 

.      2,76 

7                215 

1835 

03,480 

$l",356 

64,830 

130,629 

1,68 

0                629 

ia36 

57,181 

4,050 

61,231 

502,287 

75 

0                 803 

1837 

69,790 

69,790 

1,S7 

9              8,258 

1833 

125,060 

125,060 

256.662 

1,48 

0              l,54;j 

18;?9 

133,305 

133,305 

176,221 

3,70 

8              1,935 

IWO 
Total, 

162,229 

162,229 

133,610 

4,78 

6              6,370 

$678,346 

5,400 

683,746 

1,424,434 

17,78 

7            14,904 

1841 

88,529 

88,529 

187,800 

87 

5              4,7W 

1842 

262,229 

262,229 

80,784 

1,71 

4              4,640 

1843* 

202,994 

262,994 

76,370 

43 

9              1,507 

1844 

293,901 

293,901 

120,673 

1 

8              5,757 

1845 

251,220 

251,220 

41,952 

1,80 

7              8,542 

1816 

251,890 

251,890 

154,928 

54 

)            27,920 

1847 

93,795 

93,795 

37,(i03 

44 

0            36,171 

1849 

111,194 

'ill 

111,635 

115,700 

180,80 

0            87,614 

1849 

127,844 

5,007 

132,851 

98,141 

88,91 

9            90,005 

1850 
Total, 

132,045 

132,045 

114,102 

7,98 

2            40,719 

$1,875,641 

5,-148 

1,881,089 

1,003,113 

228,5;i 

4          814,209 

la-)! 

188,448 

7,978 

191,426 

192,146 

7,25 

5            45,102 

1852 

132,366 

12,786 

145,152 

190.240 

4,88 

I            65,097 

1853 

295,809 

57,876 

353,685 

211,230 

8,00 

5            71,025 

1854 

405,181 

29,314 

4;>4,495 

204.286 

9,40 

5            22,700 

1855 

526,825 

41,266 

568,091 

281,379 

24,41 

5            38,196 

1856 

895,624 

8,''),40i 

981,023 

880,008 

22,07 

2            27,128 

*  9  months  to  Jane  30,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORTS. 

Detroit,  Michigan,  is  a  large  and  flourishing  city  on  the  Detroit  river,  opposite 
"Windsor,  the  terminus  of  the  Great  Western  (Can.)  Railroad,  whicli  hero  connect.? 
by  ferry  with  the  Michigan  Central  Railroad,  together  forming  a  convenient  line  be- 
tween Niagara  and  Chicago.  It  is  also  tlie  soutli-westcrn  terminus  of  the  Detroit 
and  Milwaukee  Railroad,  and  a  line  (tlie  Detroit  and  Toledo  Railroad)  is  now  in 
progress  to  connect-with  the  railroads  centering  at  Toledo.  It  has  one  of  the  finest 
harbors  in  the  United  States,  and  is  admirably  adapted  for  commerce.  It  has  ab^o 
extensive  manufactures,  chiefly  machineiy,  agricultural  implements,  etc.,  and  a  largo 
trade  in  lumber.  On  the  whole  it  is  a  most  flourishing  place,  and  ranks  as  the  first 
city  of  the  State.  Pop.  (1855)  50,418.  Detroit  was  founded  in  17  GO  by  the  French, 
and  was  for  many  years  the  State  capital.  Twenty-five  years  ago  it  had  only  2,000 
inhabitants.     The  tonnage  of  Detroit,  in  1856,  was  58,688  tons. 

Port  Huron,  Michigan,  is  a  town  at  the  mouth  of  Black  river,  on  the  St.  Clair, 
and  two  miles  south  of  Lake  Huron.  It  has  a  large  lumber  business  and  fine  gen- 
eral trade. 


48  Commercial  Statistics  of  the  United  States. 

OHIO. 

Ohio,  one  of  the  United  States,  lies  between  latitude  38°  30'  and  42° 
N.,  and  between  longitude  80°  35'  and  84°  47'  W.  It  is  210  miles  long 
from  north  to  south,  and  200  miles  broad.     Area,  39,9G4  square  miles. 

Rivers,  etc. — The  Ohio  river,  which  gives  name  to  the  State,  washes 
its  entire  southern  border.  This  river  is  1,004  miles  long  from  Pittsburg 
to  its  mouth,  by  its  various  windings,  though  it  is  only  614  in  a  direct 
line.  Its  current  is  gentle,  with  no  falls,  except  at  Louisville,  Kentucky, 
where  there  is  a  descent  of  22 i  feet  in  two  miles,  which  is  obviated  by 
a  canal.  For  about  half  the  year  it  is  navigable  for  steamboats  of  a  large 
chiss  through  its  whole  course.  The  Muskingum,  the  largest  river  which 
Hows  entirely  in  this  State,  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Tuscarawas 
and  Walhonding  rivers,  and  enters  the  Ohio  at  Marietta.  It  is  navigable 
for  boats  100  miles.  The  Scioto,  the  second  river  in  magnitude,  flowing 
entirely  within  the  State,  is  about  two  hundred  miles  loug,  and  enters  the 
Ohio  at  Portsmouth.  Its  largest  branch  is  the  Whetstone,  or  Oleutangy, 
which  joins  it  immediately  above  Columbus.  It  is  navigable  for  boats 
130  miles.  The  Great  Miami,  a  rapid  river  in  the  western  part  of  the 
State,  is  100  miles  long,  and  enters  the  Ohio  in  the  S.W.  corner  of  the 
State.  The  Little  Miami  has  a  course  of  70  miles,  and  enters  the  Ohio 
seven  miles  above  Cincinnati.  The  Maumee,  100  miles  long,  rises  in 
Indiana,  runs  through  the  north-west  part  of  the  State,  and  enters  Lake 
Erie  at  Maumee  bay.  It  is  navigable  for  steamboats  to  Perrysburg,  18 
miles  from  the  Lake,  and  above  the  rapids  is  boatable  for  a  considerable 
distance.  The  Sandusky  rises  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State,  and  after 
a  course  of  jibout  80  miles,  enters  Sandusky  bay,  and  thence  into  Lake 
Erie.  The  Cuyahoga  rises  in  the  north  part  of  the  State,  and  after  a 
curved  course  of  60  miles,  enters  Lake  Erie  at  Cleveland.  It  has  a  num- 
ber of  falls,  which  furnish  valuable  mill  seats.  Beside  these  there  are 
Huron,  Vermilion,  Black,  and  Ashtabula  rivers,  which  enter  Lake  Erie. 

Lake  Erie,  which  is  situated  565  feet  above  the  sea,  and  333  feet  above 
the  level  of  Lake  Ontario,  is  about  265  miles  in  length,  from  30  to  60 
miles  in  breadth,  and  between  600  and  700  miles  in  circumference.  Its 
mean  depth  is  120  feet,  being  the  shallowest  of  all  the  great  lakes,  and 
most  easily  frozen.  Its  waters  are  also,  on  account  of  its  shallowness, 
more  readily  agitated  by  storms,  causing  its  navigation  to  be  therefore 
more  dangerous  during  stormy  weather.  Disasters,  involving  large  loss 
of  life  and  property,  are  not  of  unfrequent  occurrence  on  this  lake, 
toward  the  close  of  navigation,  before  the  rigors  of  winter  have  put  a 
final  stop  to  all  active  lake  traflic. 

Among  the  harbors  of  Lake  Erie  may  be  mentioned  Port  Colborne, 
situated  at  the  entrance  to  the  Welland  canal,  at  the  foot  of  Lake  Erie,  and 
a  little  above  the  commencement  of  the  Niagara  river,  A  little  further 
up  is  the  harbor  of  Port  Maitland,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Grand  river. 

The  principal  places  are  Cincinnati,  the  metropoHs ;  Columbus,  the 
capital ;  Cleveland,  Sandusky,  Dayton,  Springfield,  Zanesville,  Marietta, 
and  Portsmouth.  There  were  in  February,  1854,  68  banks,  with  a  paid 
capital  of  $8,718,366;  in  January,  1856,  46  railroads,  of  which  2,725 
miles  of  track  were  finished  and  in  operation,  and  1,578  in  course  of  con- 
struction. 


Ohio. 


49 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  STATE  OF  OHIO, 
From  October  1,  1820,  to  Jolt  1,  1856. 


Years 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS. 

TONNAGE  CL'D.      1 

ENDINO 

Sept. 

30. 

DOMESTIO. 

Foreign. 

Total. 

Total. 

American. 

FOREION. 

1821 

$12 

1822 

$105 

$105 

190 

1823 

161 

"si 

1824 

1825 

1826 

ijsio 

1,810 

'369 

182T 

1828 

1829 

2,004 

2',664 

'293 

1880 
Total, 

162 

"56 

"49 

$3,919 

8,919 

813 

456 

49 

1831 

14,723 

14,723 

617 

91 

188 

1832 

58,394 

58,394 

12,893 

209 

1,341 

1833 

225,544 

225,544 

8,353 

2.041 

4,125 

183-1 

241,451 

241,451 

19,767 

2,999 

8,756 

1835 

97,061 

'140 

97,201 

9,803 

2,166 

4,371 

1836 

3,718 

3,718 

10,960 

105 

2,943 

1837 

132,*44 

182,844 

17,747 

4,249 

4,553 

1833 

139,827 

139.827 

12,395 

1,141 

2,433 

1839 

95,854 

95,854 

19,280 

4,716 

1,987 

1840 
Total, 

991,954 

991,954 

4,915 

8,703 

3,265 

$2,001,375 

140 

2,001,515 

116,784 

26,485 

28,922 

1841 

793,114 

793,114 

11,818 

9,600 

2,624 

•     1842 

899,786 

899,786 

13,051 

14,890 

8,596 

184;i* 

120,108 

120,108 

10,774 

1,245 

5,170 

1844 

64;i,856 

54;3,856 

80,015 

2,653 

14,162 

184-5 

321.114 

321,114 

78,196 

6.324 

1,201 

1S46 

352,630 

852,630 

102,714 

6,222 

4,831 

1847 

778,944 

778,944 

90,631 

7,144 

10,2*3 

1843 

147,599 

147,5:19 

180,726 

7,065 

5,853 

1849 

149,724 

14'.>.724 

149,S;39 

6.957 

9,821 

1850 
Total, 

217,532 

'ioo 

217,6;S2 

582,594 

15,485 

18,322 

$4,324,407 

100 

4,334,507 

1,261,908 

77,585 

80,803 

1851 

895,125 

395,125 

686,331 

18,720 

11,866 

1852 

353,514 

3,-.;!,514 

932.216 

14,844 

11,22a 

1S53 

158,418 

15^418 

847,760 

22,6;i0 

9,939 

1854 

7W3,004 

l',5S0 

714,584 

790,032 

87,054 

18,2.34 

ia55 

847,14:^ 

St7,14;5 

600,0.56 

26,399 

18,890 

1850 

1,045,052 

1,045,U52 

46;3,473 

23,259 

42,676 

*  9  months  to  Jane  80,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1, 

PRINCIPAL  PORT. 
CiN'CiN.VATi,  the  metropolis  of  Ohio,  capital  of  Hamilton  county,  and  one  of  the 
leadiifg  commercial  places  west  of  the  Allcgliany  Movintains.  It  is  situated  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Ohio  river,  455  miles  below  Pittsburgh,  1,548  miles  above  New 
Orleans,  and  502  miles  from  Washington.  It  is  the  largest  city  of  the  Missi.«sippi 
Valley,  north  of  New  Orleans,  and  the  fiflh  in  population  in  the  United  States. 
Population  in  1800,  750;  in  1810,  2,540;  in  18:J0,  24,831;  in  1840,  4G,.133  ;  in 
1845,  65,000  ;  in  1850,  115,438  ;  in  1853,  100,141.  The  Ohio  river  at  Cincinnati  ia 
1,800  feet,  or  about  one  third  of  a  mile  wide,  and  its  mean  annual  range  from  low  to 
high  water,  is  about  titly  feet ;  the  extreme  range  ni.ay  be  about  ten  feet  more.  De- 
pressions arc  generally  in  August,  September,  and  October,  and  the  greatest  rise  in 
December,  March,  May,  and  Juno.  The  upward  navigation  is  m  winter  very  rarely 
suspended  by  floating  ice,  and  in  some  winters  not  at  all.  Its  current  at  its  mean 
height  is  about  throe  miles  an  hour ;  when  higher,  or  rising,  it  ia  more ;  and  whea 
very  low,  it  does  not  exceed  two  miles. 


50  Commercial  Statistics  of  the  United  States. 

ILLINOIS. 

Chicaqo,  city,  and  capital  of  Cook  county,  and  the  most  commercial 
place  in  Illinois,  20-4  miles  north  north-ea.st  from  Sprintrfield,  and  7l7 
from  Washinijton.  The  city  was  laid  out  in  1830,  and  lots  first  sold  in 
1831.  Population  in  1840,  4,470  ;  in  1850,  29,964  ;  in  1852,  38,734 ; 
in  1854,  55,000  ;  and  in  1857,  100,000. 

Cliicaijo  has  grown  more  rapidly  in  commerce  and  population  than 
any  city  in  the  world.  In  1823,  Major  Long,  in  bis  account  of  Chicago, 
writes  as  follows :  "  The  village  presents  no  cheering  prospect,  as,  not- 
withstanding its  antiquity,  it  consists  of  but  few  huts,  inhabited  by  a 
miserable  race  of  men,  scarcely  equal  to  the  Indians  from  Avhom  they 
are  descended.  Chicago  is,  perhaps,  one  of  the  oldest  settlements  in  tlie 
Indian  country  ;  its  name,  derived  from  the  Potawatomi  language,  signi- 
fies either  a  skunk  or  a  wild  onion  ;  and  either  of  these  significations  has 
occasionally  been  given  for  it.  Mention  is  made  of  the  place  as  having 
been  visited  in  1671  by  Perot,  who  found  '  Chicagou'  to  be  the  residence 
of  a  powerful  chief  of  the  Miamis." 

The  lumber  trade  of  Cliicago  is  immense.  During  the  year  1855  over 
three  hundred  millions  of  feet  were  received  here.  The  following  table 
will  show  the  receipts  for  the  past  six  years : 

Years.  Feet  received. 

1850, 100,346,779 

1851, 125,050,437 

1852, 147,810,23-2 

1853, 202,101,098 

1854, 228,2.*52,O0O 

1855, 308,277,055 

FLOUR  AND  GRAIN  RECEIVED  AT  CHICAGO  FOR  THE  YEARS  1S&4-55. 


Articles. 
Flour,  reduced  to  bushels  of  wheat, 

Wheat,  bushels 

Corn,  bushels,     .... 
Oats,  bushels,      .... 
Rye,  bushels,      .... 
Barley,  bushels. 

1854. 
.       795,520 
.     3,070,880 
.     7,478,443 
.     4,194,188 

85,G00 
200,000 

1855. 
1,210,000 
7,660,326 
8,489,036 
2,890,922 
68,520 
150,000 

Total, 

.   15,824,011 

20,458,784 

1854,   .... 

15,824,011 

Increase  in  1855, 

4,634,173 

The  total  value  of  articles  of  commerce  received  at  Chicago  in  1855, 
was  nearly  two  hundred  millions  of  dollars,  viz. : 

Imports  Exports. 

By  lake,        .         .         .     $95,724,797  43  $34,783,726  32 

By  canal,      .         .         .         7,417,769  80  80,91.3,167  07 

By  railroads,         .         .       88,381,597  90  98,421,324  86 

Total  value,        .  $191,524,165  13  $214,118,218  25 


Missouri,  Mississippi,  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Illinois.        61 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  STATE  OF  MISSOURI, 

From  October  1,  1832,  to  July  1,  1856. 


EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS. 

TONNAGE  CL'D. 

Years. 

DoMKSTia 

FOEEIGN. 

Total. 

Total. 

Amer. 

Fob. 

$82,593' 

1,024,417' 

2,398,lb0>; 

1866 

MISSISSIPPI. 

18261 

10,628 

18:30 

6,650 

in  1831 

1S37 

$304,8;ji 

$304,831 

1841 

4".338'^ 
0,721  f 

1866 

1 

KENTUCKY. 

8,728g 

8,723s 

89,4,35? 
890,885^ 
674,493 

.... 

1850 

TENNESSEI 

:. 

106.828J 

77,919' 

678,1131 

1856 

i 

ILLINOIS. 

1847'" 

62,100 

52,100 

266 

1,202 

850 

1848 

41,a36 

41,835 

4,865 

807 

1S49 

88,412 

^5 

88,417 

9,766 

914 

2,796 

1850 

17,669 

17,6(19 

15.7ft5 

1851 

114,886 

1  I4,;«lfi 

4,fi;.7 

2,093 

215 

1852 

51,325 

.^^jwr, 

4,^32 

3.403 

213 

1853 

79,189 

7SM39 

7,5o9 

2,2S8 

1854 

290>,(Mt> 

297,0-16 

79,.344 

8,014 

703 

1866 

6-t7,058 

647,053 

51,609 

81,464 

2,916 

1856 

1,845,228 

1,845,228 

277,404 

76,980 

19,611 

»  From  October  1, 1832,  to  October  1, 1810. 
e  From  Jnly  1, 1850,  to  July  1, 1855. 
«  From  June  80, 18-14,  to  Juno  80,  l&V). 
E  From  Sept  80, 1835,  to  Sept.  30,  18W. 
>  From  July  1,  1850,  to  July  1,  1853. 
k  From  Sept.  80, 1840,  to  July  1, 1850. 
n>  Years  ending  Juno  30. 


b  From  October  1, 1S40,  to  July  1, 1850. 
d  Years  ending  September  80. 
(  From  June  30,  1850,  to  June  80,  1852. 
•>  From  Sept  80,  134t1,  to  Jnly  1,  1S50. 
j   From  Sopt  80,  18.34,  to  ScpL  30,  18J0. 
1  From  July  1, 1850,  to  July  1, 1668. 


52  Commercial  Statistics  of  the  United  States. 


TEXAS. 

The  regions  which  we  now  comprise  under  the  name  of  Texas,  to  the 
north-west  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  were  called  by  the  Spanish  Grovenior 
of  Jamaica,  Garay,  when  his  Captain  Pineda  (1519)  had  sailed  along 
them,  Provincia  de  Amichel.  It  is  a  name  the  origin  of  which  we  are 
quite  in  the  dark.  Perhaps,  also,  the  whole  northern  shore  of  the  Gulf 
was  comprised  under  it. 

This  expression,  Provincia  de  Amichel,  was  pointed  out  as  the  original 
Indian  name  of  the  land.  Because  it  was  discovered  by  the  exertions 
of  Garay,  the  Spanish  geographers,  therefore  gave  to  it  also  the  Spanish 
name,  Ticrra  de  Garaxj  (Garay's  country),  which  name  we  see  makes  a 
great  figure  on  many  old  maps  around  the  whole  northern  shore  of  the 
Gulf,  including  Texas. 

When  (about  1521)  the  King  of  Spain  divided  the  discoveries  and 
governments  of  Cortes  and  Garay,  and  put  the  Rio  de  las  Palmas  as  the 
northerly  boundary  of  the  government  of  Mexico,  the  countries  to  the 
north  were  very  often  called  El  Gobierno  del  Rio  de  las  Palmas  (the 
government  of  the  Palm  river),  and  this  also  included  a  great  part  of 
the  countries  to  the  north. 

It  is  supposed  that,  with  this  establishment  of  Texas  as  a  new  and 
separate  government  for  itself  (in  1727),  was  also  connected  an  introduc- 
tion of  a  new  name — the  name  of  Las  Nuevas  Filippinas  (the  new 
Philippiuas)  given  to  this  government  in  honor  to  King  Philip  V.  At 
least  neither  Barcia  nor  any  other  author  uses  this  name  before  this 
time,  while  we  afterward  find  it  repeatedly  in  oflScial  papers  and  docu- 
ments. The  old  and  popular  name  of  Los  Texas  was,  however,  used 
besides  it.  We  see  both  names  still  on  maps  of  a  very  late  date  ;  as,  for 
instance,  on  a  Mexican  map  of  the  year  1813,  Provincia  de  Texas  o 
Nuevas  Filippinas  (the  province  of  Texas  or  the  new  Philippines). 

Until  1824  the  dominion  of  this  name  did,  however,  southward,  not 
reach  the  Pao  Bravo.  The  province  of  Coahuila  and  of  Nuevo  Sant 
Ander  took  away  the  whole  south-western  quarter  of  Texas,  as  far  east 
and  north  as  the  Rio  Medina,  and  the  sources  of  the  Colorailo  and 
IJrazos.  Eastward,  toward  Louisiana,  the  province  of  Texas  and  New 
Philippines  extended  to  the  neighborhood  of  the  Red  river,  and  on  the 
shores  of  the  Mexican  Gulf  to  the  Rio  Calcasiu,  and  sometimes  as  far  as 
the  Merrmentau. 

In  the  year  1824,  under  the  dominion  of  the  Mexican  Republic,  the 
old  connected  pro\inces  of  Coahuila  and  Texas  were  again  melted  to- 
gether into  one  State,  under  the  name  of  El  Estado  de  Texas  y  Coahuila. 
The  southern  part  of  our  Texas,  about  the  lower  Rio  Bravo,  as  far  north- 
cast  as  the  Medina  river,  was  not  yet  included  in  this  name.  It  became 
a  part  of  the  new  created  Estado  de  Tamaulipas.  Sometimes,  and  on 
some  maps,  it  was  tried  at  this  period  to  apply  to  the  whole  of  Texas  the 
name  of  Eredonia,  which  was  the  particular  name  of  Austin's   colony. 

In  the  year  183G,  Coahuila  and  Texas  were  divided  again,  and  Texas 
became  a  separate  and  indepcndait  State,  which  was  (1845)  annexed  to 
the  United  States,  and  received  then,  after  the  war  of  1846,  its  present 
boundaries. 


Texas^  Indiana,  California,  Oregon,  Wisconsin,  etc.        53 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  STATE  OF  TEXAS, 
From  July  1,  1845,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Years 

ENDING 

June  80. 


iai6 
1S47 
1848 
1849 
1850 

Total, 

1851 
1852 
1858 
1854 
1855 
1856 

Total, 


EXPORTS. 


Domestic. 


112,089 
82,791 


$94,880 

75,442 
229,!m 
509,918 
762,448 
694,057 
1,252,925 


$3,524,126 


Foreign. 


$131,521 
24958 


Total. 


IMPORTS. 


Total. 


148,610 
82,791 
24,958 


117,266 
29,826 
94.024 
16,649 
25,650 


156,479 


488,741 
459,763 
552.001 
222.904 
6s9,664 


251,859 

75,442 

718,075 

1,029,681 

1,314.449 

916.961 

1,940,589 


2,406,073 


5,990,177 


IS.3,415 

94.715 
77.892 
281,459 
2;fl.423 
262,568 
821,834 


1,269,891 


TONNAGE  CL'D. 
Amer.  For. 


695 

117 

730 

1,0:35 


2,577 

858 
2,269 
2,751 
4,875 
4,924 
7,504 


2,500 

5,587 
2,057 
1,081 


11,775 

1.479 
6,199 
5,226 
4,8.38 
6,040 
8.965 


23,881  26,662 


INDIANA. 


1852 


258,253 


CALIFORNIA  (Returns  imperfect  prior  to  1854). 


1850 

94.715 

60,066 

75,862 

1851 

6,468,587 

298,435 

]36,7a5 

18-52 

101,812 

283,810 

127,062 

1853 

555,453 

655,453 

8,4t)7,701 

297,110 

149.391 

1854 

2,183,976 

1,239.419 

8.423,395 

6,951,879 

828.51 1 

104,3:}5 

1855 

7.189,415 

1,0!34,651 

8,224,066 

266,703 

61,414 

1856 

10,002,562 

716,512 

10,718,074 

7,298,839 

259,042 

49,216 

1854 
1856 
1856 


OREGON. 


42,707 

128,612 

6,284 


120 


42,827 

128,612 

6,284 


48,982 
9,666 
2,724 


772 

1,668 
388 


281 


WISCONSIN. 


1864 
1666 
1856 


30,464 
174,0r)7 
845,493 


80,464 
1"4,0.'>7 
84,5,498 


49,174 
4'^,1.'>0 
27,694 


no  returns. 

8.149     I  400 

82,913  2,710 


18.54 
1856 
1866 


MINNESOTA. 


844 
406 


5.4  Procrrcss  of  American  Commerce.  786 


rnor.KEss  of  American  commerck 

The  sixteenth  century  introduced  the  leading  European  powers  to  a 
minute  acquaintance  witli  the  continent  of  America,  Adventurous  navi- 
gation had  rescued  a  world  from  savai,'e  dominion,  and  there  were  adven- 
turous spirits  enough  to  people  that  world,  and  identify  thenceforward 
their  destinies  with  it.  A  hundred  years  after,  and  civilization  planted 
her  abodes  tlirough  all  this  waste.  Peculiar,  indeed,  is  the  feeling  with 
which  those  infant  days  of  our  country  are  regarded,  so  like  an  illusion 
does  it  seem — so  like  a  dream  of  glowing  imagery.  We  look  back  as  to 
a  classic  era,  and  the  romance  of  Pocahontas,  and  of  Raleigh,  of  Fer- 
nando de  Soto,  and  Juan  Ponce  de  Leon,  do  they  thrill  us  less  than  the 
beatific  visions  of  the  Greek,  recurring  to  ages  long  ago,  when  llion  re- 
sisted the  shock  of  Agamemnon's  heroes,  and  the  Argo  sailed  away  to 
distant  Colchis  ?  The  dim  antiquity  seems  gathered  around  both  of  them 
alike.  But  let  it  pass,  all — the  romance  of  our  history.  They  imagined 
not,  the  men  of  that  day  imagined  not  the  stupendous  results  which  have 
occuiTed  so  soon.  They  saw  not  the  benign  and  regenerating  influences 
of  a  virgin  land,  preseiTcd  for  countless  ages  uncorrupted  by  tyranny, 
and  ignorant  of  oppression.  Could  such  a  soil  have  nurtured  else  than 
freemen  ?  They  saw  it  not,  and  do  we — even  we — see  other  than  darkly ; 
yet  the  great  consummation,  the  mighty  destinies  of  the  regions  which 
three  centuries  ago,  were  proclaimed  from  tlie  mast-head  of  a  crazy  ocean 
bark,  a  speck  upon  the  distant  heaven  \ 

The  development  of  American  character  is  replete  with  instruction,  and 
solves  one  of  the  most  remarkable  problems  in  the  history  of  mankind. 
The  untried  scenes  of  a  new  world,  cut  oti'  by  trackless  oceans  from  contact 
and  comnmnion  with  the  civilization  of  unnumbered  generations,  were 
sufiicient  to  introduce,  what  might  have  been  predicted  of  them,  results 
new,  striking,  and  without  a  precedent.  The  indomitable  will,  the  stern 
endurance,  the  inflexible  and  hardy  spirit  of  independence,  the  high  dar- 
ing, the  lofty  patriotism,  the  adventurous,  unlimited  enteq)rise,  the  genius 
resolute,  active,  intrepid  ;  inexhaustible  in  resources,  elastic  in  vigor  and 
in  freshness,  buoyant  ever  and  hoping  on,  and  executing  amid  every 
trying  sc<'ne,  every  danger,  and  diiliculty,  and  disaster — triumphing  every- 
where and  in  all  things,  Pliiiosoj>hy  could  have  argued  this  character 
for  the  men  whose  fathers  braved  so  much  beyond  the  ocean,  and  would 
philosophy  have  won  less  than  the  fame  of  prophecy  by  her  judgment? 

L)Ut  we  paust!  not  here  to  lament  the  causes  which  have  counteracted 
these  genial  influences,  and  left  whole  regions  of  America  stagnated,  as 
it  w<'rc,  in  the  virj-  elements  of  vitiility  and  yet  living  hopelessly  on. 
Should  we  refer  to  Mexico  and  the  South  American  States  ?  What  is 
there  here  of  progress  to  chronicle,  and  how  much  of  humiliation  ?  Re- 
gions blessed  by  Heaven  in  every  thing  but  in  men.  Changing  ever 
their  dynasties  and  their  despots  in  revolution  and  in  blood.  In  motion 
always,  without  progress.  In  arms,  without  valor.  Loving  change  rather 
than  hating  oppressors.  Proclaiming  civilization  and  annihilating  its 
advances.  The  bitterness  of  Voltaire's  sneer  has  no  cruelty  or  injustice 
in  its  application  to  many  of  them,  "  En  pansant  Ics  chevaux  de  leurs 


*i8G  Progress  of  American  Commerce.  55 

mailres  Us  se  donnent  le  litre  d'electexirs  des  rois  et  dc  destructeurs 
des  tyrans  /"  Under  heaven,  as  it  was  the  destiny  of  the  pavago  abo- 
riginal, incapable  of  civilization,  and  with  no  law  of  progress  ingrafted 
upon  his  nature,  to  fade  away  before  the  steady  advances  of  European 
arms  and  policy,  so  the  Anglo-Saxon  element  of  America,  by  its  flexi- 
bility and  its  power,  by  the  new  elements  which  it  has  taken  to  itself  in 
the  trying,  yet  triumphant  scenes  through  which  it  has  passed,  Avill  and 
must,  in  the  inevitable  course  of  events,  preside  over  the  destinies  of  the 
continent  of  America,  aiding  and  directing  them,  adding  life  and  vitality, 
rousing  dormant  and  sleeping  energies,  and  developing  upon  the  theater 
of  the  world,  movements  in  comparison  with  which  all  tliat  history  can 
furnish  before  the  deluge,  before  the  era  of  Christ,  and  since,  shall  dwindle 
into  insignificance  !  It  needs  no  ardent  temperament  to  draw  a  stronger 
picture. 

American  Commerce  in  the  Seventeenth  Century. — Tlie  early  colonists 
were  exposed  for  a  fearful  probation  to  the  most  extraordinary-  vicissitudes 
and  necessities.  With  the  axe  in  one  hand  they  reduced  the  sturdy  for- 
ests into  the  farm-yard,  and  with  the  knife  in  the  other  they  resisted  the 
approaches  of  the  stealthy  and  sanguinary  savage.  A  meager  subsist- 
ence rewarded  the  toils  that  knew  no  rest,  and  the  cliarities  of  the  mother 
country  were  invoked  for  men  whose  determined  wills  grew  stronger  as 
they  suffered.  This  period  had  its  different  limits.  Fifteen  years  after 
the  landing  of  William  Sale,  we  find  the  proprietary  government  in  En- 
gland comj)laining  to  the  Carolinas,  "we  must  be  silly  indeed  to  main- 
tain idle  men."  Thirty-three  years  after  the  landing  of  Bienville,  in 
Louisiana,  the  Western  Company  threw  up  their  charter  in  utter  hope- 
lessness and  despair.  New  England's  rugged  soil  yielded  a  too  reluctant 
tribute  to  the  industry  of  her  sons.  They  went  out  early  upon  the  ocean 
by  which  they  wore  girt  in  search  of  bread  that  the  plow  yicMed  not. 
To  this  hard}''  and  daring  people  the  boons  of  Nature  were  to  be  found  in 
her  apparent  denial  of  them  all.  The  seventeenth  century  aflbrds  u<:, 
however,  but  a  few  parti("ulars  of  the  trade  which  had  been  start^nl  in  the 
colonies.  That  it  was  limited  can  be  readily  imagined ;  that  it  should 
be  worthy  of  any  regard  at  all,  is  the  only  source  of  surprise.  The  ma- 
terials of  this  portion  of  our  history  arc  meager.  It  is  suflicient  that,  in 
1G47,  a  trade  had  been  opened  from  the  northern  ports  to  IJarbadoos, 
and  others  of  the  West  Indies;  that  a  collector  of  the  customs  was  ajv 
pointed  at  Charleston,  in  1085,  and  that  the  hardy  enterprises  of  the 
Nantucket  whalemen  received  their  first  impulse  in  1G90. 

American  Commerce  from  ]  700  to  the  Revolution. — In  the  year  1731 
wo  find  a  ])etition  rea<l  in  Parliament  from  the  Aujerican  colonies  that 
the  African  trade  bo  thenceforward  laid  open  to  them.  In  the  same  Par- 
liament it  was  conceded  that  the  whole  gain  of  the  mother  country  from 
the  trade  of  Virginia  and  Marylainl  alone  amounted  annually  to  XKSO,000. 
The  Pennsylvanians  were  exporting  corn  to  Spain  and  to  Portugal,  and 
with  the  procceils  of  their  shijis  and  cargoes  selecting  out  merchandise  in 
the  English  markets.  To  the  Dutch  alone  they  soM  5,000  pistoles  an- 
nually in  liquor  and  provisions.  They  had  their  invoices  to  Surinam, 
and  llispaniola,  the  West  Indies,  Canaries,  Newfoundland,  and  the  other 
colonies,  and  .€150,000  from  the  proceeds  to  traflic  in  Hritiin.  "  Now 
York,"  says  a  chronicle  of  this  epoch,  "  sends  fewer  ships  to  England 


56  Progress  of  American  Commerce.  1S1 

tlian  soine  other  colonies  do,  but  those  they  do  send  are  richer,  as  deal- 
ing!: more  in  furs  and  skins  with  the  Indians,  and  they  are  at  least  of 
equal  advantage  to  England  with  those  of  Pennsylvania,  The  soil  of 
New  England  is  not  unlike  that  of  J3ritain.  It  employs  about  40,000 
tons  of  shipping,  and  about  GOO  sail  of  ships,  sloops,  etc.,  about  half 
which  shij)ping  sails  to  Europe,"  Now  began  the  parent's  jealousy  of 
her  oft"spriiig.  Nothing,  it  was  said  in  Parliament,  nothing  is  more  pre- 
judicial, and  in  prospect  more  dangerous  to  any  mother  kingdom  than 
the  increase  of  shipping  in  her  colonies.  The  only  use  of  colonies,  added 
Lord  ShetBeld,  is  the  monopoly  of  their  consumption  and  the  carriage  of 
their  produce.  In  1V80  the  Commons  of  England  struck  an  inefiectual 
blow  at  the  American  trade  with  the  French  and  Dutch  colonies,  it  hav- 
ing been  represented  to  them  as  greatly  detrimental  to  England  and  her 
colonies. 

In  1782  a  writer  gravely  announced  that  the  convenience  of  the  Amer- 
icans from  the  plenty  of  beavers,  hare,  coney  wool,  and  many  other  furs, 
gave  them  such  advantages  that,  unless  restrained,  they  would  soon  sup- 
ply all  the  world  with  hats.  The  Board  of  Trade  of  the  same  year  report 
that  there  are  more  trades  earned  on  and  manufactures  set  up  in  the 
provinces  on  the  continent  of  America,  northward  of  Virginia,  prejudicial 
to  the  trade  and  manufactures  of  Great  Britain  than  in  any  other  of  the 
British  colonies.  In  1750  the  Americans  were  forbidden  to  work  in 
iron,  and  Lord  Chatham  declared  not  long  after,  in  Parliament,  that  the 
colonies  of  North  America  had  not  even  the  right  of  manufacturing  a 
nail.     So  stringent  had  become  the  protective  policy. 

In  1764  was  imposed  an  onerous  burden  upon  American  commerce  by 
the  mother  country,  grown  jealous  of  its  too  gTeat  extension.  This  com- 
merce had  greatly  enriched  the  home  as  well  as  the  colonial  government, 
but  the  former  was  too  much  blinded  by  erroneous  policy  to  perceive  it. 
She  heeded  not  the  annual  purchases  made  in  her  markets  with  the 
avails  of  lumber,  beef,  fish,  pork,  butter,  horses,  poultry,  live  stock,  to- 
bacco, corn,  flour,  bread,  cider,  apples,  cabbages,  onions,  etc.,  disposed 
of  by  our  traders  to  the  eager  West  India  planters  ;  and  Lord  Sheflaeld, 
in  his  observations  on  the  commerce  of  the  American  States,  tells  us 
that  at  this  time  the  Carolinians,  of  their  exports  to  Kingston,  Jamaica, 
took  back  one  half  in  the  produce  of  that  country,  the  middle  provinces 
one  fourth,  New  England  one  tenth,  and  the  balance  in  specie  dollars. 
The  trade  of  Britain  with  the  American  colonies  employed  in  1769, 
1,078  ships,  and  '28,910  seamen.  The  value  of  her  imports  from  them 
for  that  year  amounted  to  £3,370,000,  and  of  their  imports  from  her  to 
£3,724,006,  showing  a  large  difference  in  favor  of  the  parent  country. 

In  1770  the  imports  of  Carolina  were  £535,714,  those  of  New  En- 
gland £564,034,  of  Maryland  and  Virginia  £851,140,  the  exports  of  Vir- 
ginia at  the  same  time  being  double  the  value  of  those  of  either  of  the 
others  named.  Mr.  Burke  triumphantly  announced  in  the  House  of 
Commons,  "  Our  trade  with  America  is  scarcely  less  than  that  Ave  car- 
ried on  at  the  beginning  of  the  century  with  the  whole  world  !  In  the 
six  years  ending  with  l774  there  was  an  average  import  from  the  col- 
onies into  England  of  £1,752,142,  and  an  average  export  to  them  in  turn 
of  £2,732,036.  Crippled  as  our  energies  were,  they  could  not  be  re- 
pressed.    It  was  a  vain  effort  to  confine  the  enterprise  of  a  people  whose 


788  Progress  of  American  Commerce.  57 

views  embraced  the  world  itself,  into  the  narrow  compass  afforded  by 
EngHsh  ports,  and  by  portions  of  Europe  southward  of  Cape  Finisterre, 
When  the  day  of  reckoning  came,  as  it  did  at  hist,  for  these  reckless 
abuses  of  power,  and  they  were  proclaimed  in  the  bill  of  rights,  not  the 
least  of  the  usurpations  for  which  retribution  was  demanded  is  to  be 
found  in  the  clause  :  '  She  has  cut  off  our  trade  with  all  parts  of  the 
world;  " 

Commerce  of  the  United  States  under  the  Articles  of  Federation. — 
During  the  Revolution  all  foreign  enterprise  was  of  necessity  suspended, 
and  in  struggling  for  liberty,  men  taught  themselves  to  forget  and  de- 
spise every  mere  physical  want.  Leagued  together  for  common  defense, 
the  States  were  able  to  resist  every  device  of  power,  and  sustain  a  long 
and  bloody  contest.  But  when  that  contest  was  ended,  and  liberty  won, 
the  confederation  exhibited  at  once  its  nervelessness  for  peace,  and  for 
the  arts,  and  policy,  and  duties  of  peace.  The  fabric  which  could  resist 
the  storm  crumbled  away  when  the  sunshine  succeeded.  So  true  is  it, 
that  the  necessities  of  men  are  the  only  durable  bond  of  their  union,  and 
that  without  this  union  there  is  no  strength. 

From  the  close  of  the  war  until  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution, 
there  may  be  considered  to  have  been  no  great  regulating  head  in 
America.  No  uniformity  or  system  prevailed  among  the  States,  and 
their  commerce  was  consequently  exposed  to  the  utmost  uncertainty, 
fluctuation,  and  loss.  Tonnage  duties  were  levied  in  different  ports,  as 
it  suited  the  caprices  of  the  several  governments,  and  as  they  were  more 
or  less  desirous  of  encouraging  particular  branches  of  navigation  and 
trade  at  the  expense  of  others.  By  a  policy  more  astute  than  that  of 
her  neighbors.  New  York  managed  in  this  way  soon  to  increase  largely 
her  foreign  trade,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  the  empire  she  now  main- 
tains. From  1784  to  1790  our  commerce  exhibited  the  most  remark- 
able results.  For  seven  years  consecutively,  the  imports  into  American 
cities  from  Britain  were  never  otherwise  than  twice  the  amount  of  the 
exports  to  her,  and  for  several  years  were  three,  and  even  five  times 
their  value.  A  drain  of  specie  is  said  to  have  been  the  consequence,  a 
very  natural,  though  not  necessary  one,  and  gi'eat  commercial  embar- 
rassment and  distress. 

The  following  table,  made  up  from  records  of  the  English  custom- 
house, will  be  found  of  interest : 


Yeare. 

Exports,  America 
to  Britain. 

Imports,  America 
from  Britain. 

1784,  . 

1785,  . 

£749,345 
893,594 

£3,079,467 
2,308,023 

1786,  . 

1787,  . 

443,119 
893,637 

1,603,465 
2,009,111 

1788,  . 

1789,  . 

1,023,784 
1,050,198 

1,886,142 
2,525,298 

1790,  . 

1,191,071 

3,431,778 

Commerce  of  the  United  States  under  the  Constitution,  and  until 
1812. — In  this  crisis  the  attention  of  thinking  men  and  patriots  in  all 
parts  of  the  nation  was  aroused,  and  there  was  perhaps  nothing  which 
contributed  so  niuc^li  in  urging  the  States  into  a  general  convention,  and 
into  the  adoption  of  a  constitutional  government  and  union,  calculated 


58  Progress  of  American  Commerce.  789 

to  preserve  their  liberties,  their  fortunes,  and  their  glory  in  all  the  future. 
One  of  the  first  grants  of  power  conceded  to  Congress  under  this  Con- 
stitution was  that  of  "  regulating  commerce  with  foreign  nations,  among 
tlie  several  States,  and  with  the  Indians."  Referring  to  the  state  of 
things  which  existed  under  the  articles  of  federation,  an  able  writer 
ol>serves,  "  Interfering  regulations  of  trade  and  interfering  claims  of  ter- 
ritory were  dissolving  the  attachments  and  the  sense  of  the  common 
interest  which  had  cemented  and  sustained  the  Union  during  the  arduous 
struggles  of  the  Ivevolution.  Symptoms  of  distress  and  marks  of  humilia- 
tion were  rapidly  accumulating.  The  finances  of  the  nation  were  an- 
nihilated. In  short,  to  use  the  language  of  the  authors  of  the  Federalist, 
each  State,  yielding  to  the  voice  of  immediate  interest  or  convenience, 
successively  withdrew  its  support  from  the  confederation,  till  the  frail 
and  tottering  edifice  was  ready  to  fall  upon  our  heads,  and  to  crush  us 
beneath  its  ruins.  Most  of  the  federal  constitutions  of  the  world  have 
degenerated  in  the  same  way,  and  by  the  same  means." — Kent,  vol.  i., 
p.  217. 

No  more,  said  a  memorial  from  Charleston,  on  the  adoption  of  this 
constitution — no  more  shall  we  lament  our  trade,  almost  wholly  in  the 
possession  of  foreigners,  our  vessels  excluded  from  the  ports  of  some 
nations,  and  fettered  with  restrictions  in  others ;  our  materials,  the  pro- 
duce of  our  own  country,  which  should  be  retained  for  our  own  use, 
exported  and  increasing  the  maritime  consequence  of  other  powers. 
With  this  memorial  before  them,  and  others  of  a  similar  character.  Con- 
gress, at  its  first  session,  appointed  a  committee  to  report  upon  "  the  ex- 
pediency of  increasing  the  duty  upon  foreign  tonnage  carrying  American 
produce  to  places  in  America  not  admitting  American  vessels;  and  to 
frame  a  bill  placing  the  same  restraints  upon  the  commerce  of  foreign 
American  States  that  they  place  upon  us." 

By  the  report  of  Alexantler  Hamilton  in  1790,  it  appears  that  the 
total  tounage  of  the  United  States  at  that  time  was  as  follows  : 

American  vessels  in  foreign  trade,     363,093  tons. 

Coasters  above  twenty  tons,  .        .  103,181    " 

In  the  fishcriea,      ....     26,252    "     — 502,526  tons. 

Total  foreign  tonnage, 262,913     " 

United  States  and  British,     ....  312     " 

United  States  and  other  foreign,     .        .         .  338     " 


Total, '766,089  tons. 

The  tariff  of  1789  was  specific  and  ad  valorem^  and  discriminated  10 
per  cent,  in  favor  of  the  trade  conducted  by  our  own  shipping.  In  this 
we  but  imitated  the  navigation  acts  of  European  States,  by  means  of 
which  it  has  been  supposed  the  enormous  maritime  consequence  of  some 
of  them  was  principally  secured.  We  shall  not  pause  to  argue  a  point 
in  political  economy  so  long  mooted  among  writers  of  the  greatest 
ability.  The  jealousies  of  nations  have  gone,  and  still  go,  very  far. 
Even  the  philosophicil  Voltaire  thought  that  their  gain  could  not  other- 
wise accrue  than  with  each  other's  loss.  England  long  imposed  the 
most  onerous  restrictions  upon  all  other  commerce  than  her  own,  and 
her  advances  in   consequence,  or  notwithstanding,  have   been  unpre- 


790  Progress  of  American  Commerce.  59 

cedented.  Her  tonnage,  when  she  commenced  this  system,  was  less 
than  that  of  the  United  States  at  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution. 

There  was  one  department  of  our  maritime  industry  which  de- 
manded the  earliest  attention  of  government,  and  we  think  its  general 
interest  will  he  suflBcient  apology  for  any  space  we  may  allot  to  its  con- 
sideration— THE  FISHERIES.  Mr.  Jefferson,  in  1791,  then  Secretary  of 
State,  furnished  an  admirable  report  upon  the  subject,  which  we  proceed 
to  analyze.  As  early  as  1520  there  were  fifty  ships  upon  the  Nev.-- 
,foundland  coasts  at  a  time  for  cod.  In  1577  the  French  had  150  vessels 
there,  the  Spaniards  100,  Portuguese  50,  the  English  15.  The  French 
fisheries  began  early  to  decline.  In  1768  the  Americans  took  but  little 
less  than  the  English,  and  the  French  took  least  of  all.  In  1798  England 
obtained  double  the  quantity  of  America  and  France  together.  During 
the  Revolution  the  American  fisheries  Avere  almost  entirely  abandoned, 
and  Mr.  Jefierson  left  it  to  the  wisdom  of  Congress  to  decide  whether 
they  should  not  be  restored,  by  opposing  prohibitions  to  prohibitions 
'  and  high  duties  to  high  duties,  on  the  fish  of  other  nations. 

The  whale  fisheries  were  prosecuted  by  the  Biscayans  as  early  as  the 
fifteenth  century.  The  British  began  its  encouragement  in  1672  by 
bounties.  The  Americans  opened  their  enterprises  in  1715.  They  suc- 
ceeded early  in  the  discovery  in  the  Southern  seas  of  the  spermaceti 
whale,  which  they  attacked  instead  of  the  Greenland,  hitherto  known 
to  navigators.  In  1771  we  had  204  whalers.  During  the  war  Enofland 
held  out  the  largest  bounties  to  the  trade,  and  so  irresistible  were  these 
in  the  depressed  condition  of  our  fishermen,  that  it  is  said  many  of  them 
were  on  the  eve  of  removing  to  Halifax,  to  prosecute  the  business  there, 
and  were  only  deterred  by  a  letter  from  Lafayette,  declaring  that  France 
would  abate  her  duties  upon  oil.  The  little  island  of  Nantucket  is  the 
great  heart  of  these  fisheries.  A  sandbar,  said  Mr.  Jefierson,  fifteen  miles 
long  and  three  broad,  capable  by  its  agriculture  of  maintaining  twenty 
families,  employed  in  these  fisheries,  before  the  Revolution,  between  five 
and  six  thousand  men  and  boys,  and  contained  in  its  only  harbor,  one 
hundred  and  forty  vessels.  In  agriculture,  then,  they  have  no  resource, 
and  if  that  of  their  fisheries  can  not  be  pursued  from  their  own  habita- 
tions, it  is  natural  they  should  seek  others  from  which  it  can  be  followoJ, 
and  principally  those  whore  they  will  find  a  sameness  of  language,  re- 
ligion, laws,  habits,  and  kindred. 

In  1803,  Mr.  lluger  stated  to  Congress  in  his  report,  that  it  would 
seem  the  cod  fislieries  had  gained  ground  since  the  Revolution,  but  tliat 
the  whale  fisheries,  on  the  contrary,  had  been  for  some  tinie  past  on  the 
decline.  The  war  of  1812  was  most  disastrous  to  the  tisliermen,  but  they 
soon  afterward  recovered  their  prosperity,  and  on  the  1st  of  January, 
1844,  we  had  644  vessels  engaged  at  sea,  of  the  value,  including  catch- 
ings,  of  $27,784,000.  On  the  1st  of  January,  1846,  there  were  680 
ships,  34  brigs,  21  schooners,  and  1  sloop;  tonnage  233,149;  manned 
by  about  20,000  seamen  and  ofiicers,  consuming  over  three  million  do'- 
lars  annually  of  American  produce.  Proceeds  of  whale  fisheries 
$9,000,000  per  annum,  of  which  only  $2,000,000  are  re-exported. 

In  1844,  Mr.  Grinnell  stated  in  Congress: 

"This  fleet  of  whaliiii^  ships  is  larger  than  ever  pursued  tho  business  boforo. 
Commercial  history  furuidhos  uo  accouut  of  any  parallol.     The  voyages  of  those  on- 


60  Progress  of  American  Commerce.  V9] 

gaged  in  tlie  sperm  fishery  average  three  and  a  half  years ;  they  search  every  sea, 
and  often  cruise  tlireo  or  tour  months  with  a  man  at  each  mast-liead  on  the  look-out, 
without  the  cheering  sight  of  a  whale.  They  ai-e  hardy,  honest,  and  patriotic,  and 
will,  ;i,s  tluy  did  in  the  last  war,  stand  by  their  country  when  in  danger;  they  will 
man  our  ships,  and  light  our  battles  on  the  ocean." 

Mr.  Clayton  remarked  in  February,  1846  : 

"We  have  at  this  time  a  commerce  of  2,41*7,000  tons  of  shipping.  England  has 
2,420.000  tons;  so  that  wc  arc  nearly,  nay,  it  is  my  opinion,  we  are  completely  on 
a  par  with  her.  I  doubt,  sir,  whether  England  has  a  greater  commercial  marine  or 
greater  interests  to  protect.  We  have  more  than  700  whale  ships  in  the  Pacific,  an 
extensive  Indian  commerce,  and  a  great  and  daily  growing  commerce  with  China." 
— Browne's  Whaling  Cruise  and  History  of  the  W!iale  I\shery,  1846,  p.  539. 

At  the  close  of  the  last  century  there  were  many  causes  which  tended 
to  acid  a  vast  importance  to  the  commerce  of  the  United  States,  For 
several  years  this  commerce  enjoyed  unparalleled  and  almost  unmeasured 
prosperity.  Scarcely  admitted  into  the  family  of  nations,  we  found  the 
whole  civilized  world  engaged  in  the  fiercest  and  most  sanguinary  con- 
flict. A  wise  and  indeed  "  masterly"  neutrality  was  of  course  the  true 
policy  of  the  nation.  The  carrying  trade  of  the  world  fell  at  once  into 
our  hands.  We  supplied  the  mother  countries  with  the  products  of 
their  own  colonies.  The  East  and  West  Indies  alike  were  opened  to  our 
shipping.  Their  rich  products  filled  our  warehouses,  supplying  consump- 
tion and  re-export.  Prosperity  such  as  this,  however,  was  fated  to  be 
brief.  The  conflicting  powers  sacrificed  every  thing  to  their  mutual 
hatred,  and  minded  little  the  rights  of  a  nation  they  had  not  even  learned 
to  respect.  Protestation  ended  in  war,  and  the  rights  of  our  sailors 
were  established  on  every  sea.  With  the  return  of  peace  in  Europe,  the 
carrying  trade  departed  rapidly  from  us. 

In  1791  the  king  and  council  of  England  admitted  American  unmanu- 
factured goods,  except  fish,  oil,  blubber,  whale  fins,  certain  naval  stores, 
etc.,  into  Britain  at  the  same  duties  as  British  American  produce.  The 
treaty  of  commerce  of  1794  between  the  two  governments  was  a  reci- 
procity one,  both  parties  binding  themselves  to  impose  no  greater  restric- 
tions upon  each  other  than  they  imposed  upon  others.  This  treaty 
regulated  our  East  India  commerce,  then  newly  opened  and  promising 
a  great  extension. 

From  1790  until  1797  Pennsylvania  continued  largely  the  greatest 
exporter  in  the  Union.  In  1791  South  Carolina  occupied  the  third 
rank.  In  1797,  New  York  for  the  first  time  took  a  leading  position, 
which  she  has  ever  since  maintained.  The  first  exports  of  Tennessee 
and  Mississippi  date  from  1801  ;  those  of  Kentucky  and  Indiana  from 
1802  ;  of  Michigan,  18U;J ;  Orleans  Terrritory,  1804  ;  and  Ohio,  1806.  This 
we  shall  see  more  particularly  hereafter.  It  is  sufficient  now  to  indulge 
the  reflections  which  the  facts  before  us  so  naturally  awaken.  Mysterious 
have  been  the  changes.  Old  age  and  premature  decay  have  fallen  upon 
cities  once  famous  for  their  trade  ;  and  the  quays,  where  the  flags  of 
all  nations  floated,  have  come  at  last  to  be  comparatively  deserted. 
We  look  around,  and  there  have  started  up  others  like  mature  creations, 
full  of  vigor  and  stalwart  even  in  their  infancy.  How  hardly  can  rea- 
son realize  that  these  wondrous  changes  are  not  all  the  pictures  of  a 


Y92  Progress  of  America?i  Commerce.  61 

fertile  imagination  ?  Where  is  placed  Virginia  now,  that  mother  of 
States,  who  in  1769  exported  to  foreign  lands  four  times  as  much  as 
New  York?  and  where  is  Carolina,  whose  exports  at  the  same  time 
doubled  those  of  New  York  and  Pennsylvania  together,  and  were  equal 
to  five  times  those  of  all  New  England  ?  If  trade  grows  to  colossal 
stature,  its  proud  empire  hastens  also  to  swift  decay. 

The  difficulties  which  beset  our  commerce  in  the  early  part  of  the  pres- 
ent century,  when  the  rival  hostile  powers  of  Europe,  jealous  of  our 
.prosperous  neutrality,  strained  every  nerve  to  involve  us  in  their  disputes, 
■will  be  called  to  mind  by  every  one  familiar  with  history.  We  were 
made  the  victims  of  the  policy  and  arts  of  these  nations,  and  even  as 
early  as  1793,  their  depredations  upon  our  commerce  were  considerable. 
In  five  months  alone  of  that  year  it  was  stated  in  the  House  of  Peers, 
that  six  hundred  American  vessels  were  seized  or  detained  in  British 
ports  for  alleged  \'iolations  of  orders  and  decrees,  claimed  as  principles 
under  the  law  of  nations.  These  aggressions  upon  our  rights  were  long 
and  extensively  practiced,  as  the  following  table  will  exhibit : 

SEIZURE  OF  AMEEICAN  VESSELS  FROM  1803  TO  1812, 

By  the  British, 917 

By  the  French, 558 

By  the  Neapolitans, 47 

By  the  Danish  tribunals, 70 


Total  vessels, 1,592 

And  this  at  a  time  when  we  were  at  peace  with  all  the  nations  on 
earth  !  Indemnity  for  these  spoliations  has  been  the  subject  of  numerous 
treaties;  among  others,  that  of  England,  in  1794,  France,  1803,  and 
Spain,  in  the  Florida  treaty,  of  1819.  But  this  whole  period,  so  inter- 
esting in  our  annals,  deserves  a  minute  survey. 

On  the  conquest  of  Prussia,  in  1800,  Bonaparte  conceived  the  idea  of 
'I  crushing  the  maritime  power  of  Britain,  by  prohibiting  all  the  world,  in 
his  famous  Berlin  Decree,  from  conducting  any  trade  with  her  or  her 
numerous  dependencies.  The  retaliatory  British  Orders  in  Council  fol- 
lowed at  once,  and  all  countries  in  the  world  connected  in  any  way  with 
France,  or  opposed  to  England,  were  declared  to  be  under  precisely  the 
same  restraints  as  if  actually  invested  in  strict  blockade  by  British  forces. 
Incensed  by  so  unexpected  and  ruinous  a  measure.  Napoleon  issued  the 
memorable  Milan  Decree,  making  lawful  prize  of  all  vessels  submitting 
at  any  time  or  in  any  way  to  British  search  or  taxation.  It  was  natural 
that  these  illegal  and  unauthorized  proceedings  should  excite  the  utmost 
interest  and  concern  of  the  United  States  so  materially  and  even  vitally 
affected  by  them.  We  protested  in  vain.  The  administration  recom- 
mended as  the  sole  remaining  alternative  of  peace  an  embargo,  which 
Congress  adopted  in  1807.  This  measure  the  commercial  interests 
warmly  opposed  as  ruinous  to  them,  and  memorials  were  forwarded  from 
many  quarters  praying  for  its  repeal.  To  these  it  was  replied  by  govern- 
ment, "  The  embargo,  by  teaching  foreign  nations  the  value  of  American 
commerce  and  productions,  will  inspire  them  with  a  disposition  to  prac- 
tice justice.  They  depend  upon  this  country  for  articles  of  first  necessity, 
and  for  raw  materials  to  supply  their  manufactures."     Such  a  view  of 


62  Progress  of  American  Comtnerce.  793 

the  matter,  however,  did  not  occur  to  the  mind  of  Napoleon,  who  re- 
garded the  embargo  as  greatly  favorable  to  France,  and  aiding  him  in 
his  warfare  against  English  commerce.  "To  submit,"  said  he  to  Mr. 
Livingston,  "  to  pay  England  tlie  tiibute  she  demands,  would  be  for 
America  to  aid  her  against  him,  and  a  just  ground  of  war." 

In  1809,  a  non-intercourse  with  Britain  and  France  was  substituted 
for  the  embargo,  which  the  latter  power  regarded  as  such  an  evidence  of 
hostility  as  to  justify  her  in  proceeding  at  once  to  condemn  millions  of 
American  property  as  lawful  prize. 

The  Congress  of  1810  determined  upon  the  admission  of  the  commer- 
cial vessels  of  the  powers  above-named,  if  the  act  were  preceded  by  a 
revocation  of  their  hostile  and  arrogant  decrees.  The  French  govern- 
ment pretended  to  close  in  at  once  with  the  proposal,  but  it  was  neaiJy 
one  year  later  before  her  repealing  ordinance  was  officially  promulgated, 
evidencing  a  disposition  on  the  jjart  of  Napoleon  to  play  with  us  in  bad 
faith,  and  to  turn  the  game  at  any  time  to  his  advantage — so  humiliating 
to  our  pride  are  the  events  of  this  entire  era.  With  England  it  was  long 
doubtful  what  relationship  we  might  expect  to  sustain.  Hostile  and 
peaceable  alternately,  according  to  her  caprices  or  her  interests,  she  had 
provoked  in  American  minds  a  resentment  too  deep  to  be  subdued,  and 
forbearance  longer  was  regarded  a  crime.  The  Orders  of  Council 
remaining  in  force,  and  the  aggressions  increasing  daily,  a  non-intercourse 
act  of  sixty  days  was  resorted  to,  the  prelude  only  to  a  solemn  declara- 
tion of  war.  Then  was  the  hour  of  severe  retribution,  and  then  was  the 
national  honor  and  dignity  of  America  triumphantly  vindicated  ! 

Commerce  of  the  United  States  since  1812. — This  has  been  an  era  of 
prosperity  and  rapid  advance,  and  the  great  powers  of  the  civilized 
world  seem  to  have  realized  tor  once  the  rich  benefits  of  a  prolonged 
armistice,  or,  if  another  expression  be  preferred,  a  protracted,  and  we 
hope  permanent  peace.  In  commercial  rank,  the  United  States  of  Amer- 
ica, subordinate  to  Britain  only,  and  having  outstripped  all  the  world  | 
else,  is  prepared  to  share  a  divided  scepter,  until  that  scepter  can  be 
wielded  alone  by  her  hand,  and  the  empire  of  the  seas  be  transferred  to 
her  keeping. 

The  history  of  our  trade  for  the  last  forty  years  has  material  enougli 
for  many  more  pages  than  we  can  allot  to  it,  even  with  the  greatest  con- 
densation. The  period  has  been  celebrated  by  an  approach  to  a  more 
liberal  internalionality,  and  a  reciprocity  something  else  than  in  name. 
The  progress  in  the  last  ten  yeais  has  been  most  strongly  marked 
toward  that  ultimatum,  in  the  minds  of  every  lover  of  truth  and  human 
advancement,  perceived  first  by  Lord  Bacon,  and  ably,  though  imper- 
fectly, presented  by  his  followers:  commerce  unfettered  as  the  winds 
that  waft  it ;  free  religion,  free  government,  free  press,  free  traffic — free- 
dom everywhere,  and  in  every  rigiiteous  thing  throughout  all  the  world  ! 
When  shall  nations  sacrifice  their  foolish  jealousies,  and  meet  each  other 
on  this  high,  broad,  and  Cliristian  ground  ?  We  are  no  partisan  here, 
but  a  cosmopolite.  We  advocate  a  policy  as  wide  as  the  earth,  and  as 
generous.  No  single  nation  can  afford  to  act  alone ;  the  movement,  if 
made  at  all,  must  be  universal. 

The  condition  of  Europe  now,  however,  argues  little  for  the  early  tri- 
umph of  those  principles  to  which  we  have  been  referring.     The  latest 


V94  Progress  of  American  Commerce.  63 

British,  French,  and  Austrian  tariffs  have  been  less  restrictive,  and  in 
the  case  of  the  first-named  nation  her  policy  would  appear  about  to  bo 
radically  changed.  The  German  States  maintain  the  exclusive  policy,  as 
do  also  the  Spaniards  and  Portuguese.  Russia  was  the  latest  in  adopt- 
ing the  restrictive  system,  but  we  see  by  her  last  tariff  some  evidences  of 
improvement,  which  neither  Sweden  nor  Denmark  furnishes.  The  duties 
of  the  Italian  States  have  been  generally  moderate,  except  for  Rome  and 
Naples,  and  we  recognize  a  great  improvement  in  these  in  the  tariff  of 
his  Holiness  the  Pope.  The  commercial  system  of  Holland  is  the  most 
hberal  in  all  Europe,  but  the  South  American  States  appear  to  be  gov- 
erned by  the  same  spirit  as  that  which  dictated  the  policy  of  Spain. 

In  1824,  Great  Britain  seemed  desirous  of  removing  in  some  degree 
her  restrictions  upon  the  navigation  of  other  powers.  She  entered  into 
reciprocity  treaties  with  many  of  them,  and  in  this  was  soon  after  imi- 
tated by  the  United  States,  in  the  treaties  of  1825-6-8-9  with  Central 
America,  Denmark,  Sweden,  Hanse  Towns,  Prussia,  Brazil,  Austria,  Hun- 
gary and  Bohemia,  Mexico,  Russia,  Venezuela,  Greece,  Sardinia,  Nether- 
lands, Hanover,  and  Portugal.  We  also  entered  into  similar  but  limited 
reciprocity  treaties  with  France  in  1822,  continued  afterward,  and  with 
England  in  1821,  1825,  and  1833,  and  a  full  reciprocity  treaty  with 
Canada  in  1854.  These  treaties  were  arranged  by  Mr.  Kennedy,  chair- 
man of  the  Committee  of  Commerce,  into  three  classes. 

1.  Those  securing  mutual  privileges  of  export  and  import  of  produce, 
the  growth,  produce,  or  manufacture  of  the  stipulating  powers,  trans- 
ported in  their  own  vessels,  without  discrimination  on  tonnage. 

2.  Those  providing  for  a  levy  of  duties  not  less  favorable  upon  the 
tonnage  of  either  than  are  levied  upon  the  tonnage  of  other  powers. 

3.  Those  requiring  equality  of  port  charges. 

The  progress  in  the  commerce  of  the  United  States  since  1820  is  fully 
illustrated  in  the  following  Tables:  and  there  is  just  ground  for  a  belief 
that  this  increase  is  still  going  on,  and  that  the  next  ten  or  twenty  years 
will  develop  even  more  rapid  strides  in  the  foreign  and  domestic  com- 
merce of  the  Union.  The  Custom-House  duties  have  increased  from 
$13,004,000  in  1821  to  $64,022,000  in  1856,  and  the  aggregate  imports 
and  exports  during  the  same  period  from  Sl25,000,00o"to  8040,000,000 
in  value;  and  the  tonnage  from  1,298,000  to  4,871,000  tons.  The 
general  tariff  of  1824  worked  well  for  the  country,  but  was  largely 
modified  in  May,  1828.  The  compromise  tariff  of  1833  induced  excess- 
ive importations  (from  101,000,000  in  1832  to  189,000,000  in  1836), 
which  contributed  to  the  financial  distress  of  the  years  1837-8.  The 
too  frequent  changes  of  the  tarift"  between  1832  and  1848  caused  heavy 
losses  in  tlie  manufacture  of  woolen  goods,  iron,  and  other  articles. 
These  changes  occurred  in  September,  1841,  August,  1842,  July,  1846 
March,  1848,  and  January,  1849.  But  the  rapid  development  of  the 
manufacturing  industry  of  the  country  is  an  evidence  that  tl)ese  interests 
will  prosper  in  the  face  of  adverse  and  fickle  legislation.  The  produc- 
tion of  gold  in  California  to  the  extent  of  nearly  four  hundred  millions 
within  the  past  nine  years  has  created  a  vast  revolution  in  commerce  and 
in  manufactures,  not  only  in  the  United  States,  but  in  Europe ;  and  will 
no  doubt  accomplish  equally  grand  results  in  the  next  few  years. 


64 


Foreign  Commerce  of  the  United  States. 


79r. 


GENERAL  STATEMENT  OF  THE  ANNUAL  FOREIGN  COMMERCE 

AND  NAVIGATION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


EXPORTS. 

IMPOETS. 

Whereof  there  wa-s 
in  Bullion  ond  Specie. 

TONNAGE  C;L'D. 

DOMESTia 

FoP.KlCiX.   1        TOTAU 

Total. 
$62,535,724 

Export. 

Import. 

Amer. 

Fob. 

1S21 

'      |4.S,C71.S!t4 

.t2 1 ,302,488  i    $04,974,382 

$10,478,a59 

$8,064,890 

804,947 

83.078 

1822 

4y,874,it79 

22,286,202 

1      72,160,281 

83,241  ,.541 

10,810,180 

3,369,846 

S13.74S 

97,490 

I'^-iiJ 

47.1.55,40s 

27,.543,622 

74,699,030 

77,579,267 

6,372,987 

5,097,896 

810,761 

119,740 

1S24 

50,fi40..5(i0 

25..3;57,157 

75,986,657 

80,5-19.007 

7.014..5.52 

8,379,835 

919,278 

102,552 

lHi5 

66,944.745 

32,.590,64:5 

99,5:55..3SS 

96,;540.0"5 

8,932.0:34 

6.150,705 

960,866 

95,080 

IS-.'fi 

5;J,0.-)5,710 

24,5:39,612 

77.595.322 

84,974.477 

4,704,5:!:5 

6,8S0.966 

953,012 

99,417 

IS'iT 

58,9^1.691 

2;5.40;5,136 

82,-324,827 

79,484,068 

8.014,830 

8,1.51,180 

980,542 

181.2,50 

lt.23 

60,669,609 

21,595,017 

72,264,686 

88,51 19. S24 

8,243.476 

7,489,741 

897,404 

151,o;30 

1829 

65,700,193 

16,658,473 

72,858,6711 

74,492.524 

4,924,020 

7,408,612 

944,799 

1:33,006 

1880 
Tot. 

69,462,029 

14,387,479 

73,849,5081 

70,876,920 

2,178,773 

8,155,964 

971,760 

133,436 

$536,104,918 

229,643,884 

765,748,752 

798,6:33,427 

71,673,494 

69,144,645 

9,050,617 

1,146,074 

1S:J1 

61.277.057 

20.033,526 

81.310,,5S3 

103,191.124 

9.014,981 

7,305.945 

972,504 

271.994 

I'^Vi 

63,1:57,470 

24.039,473 

87.176,94:5: 

101,029.266 

5,656,340 

5,907.504 

974,865 

887.505 

ls:33 

70,317.693 

19,822,735 

90.140.4:^3 

108,118,311 

2,611,701 

7.070,368 

1,142,160 

497.039 

ls;U 

81,(124.1621  2:5,312,811 

104,386.973' 

126,521.332 

2,076,758 

17,911,6:52 

1,184,020 

577.700 

1  535 

101.1K9,0S2 

20,504,495 

121.693,577 

149,895,742 

6,477,775 

13,181,447 

1,400,517 

630.824 

ISSG 

106.916.680 

21,746  360 

128.663,040; 

189.980,0:35 

4,:324..336 

13,400,881 

1.31.5,523 

674,721 

1S.ST 

95,.564.414 

21,854,902 

n7.419,;576i 

140.9S9.21 7 

5,976,249 

10,516,414 

1,266,622 

756.202 

18:W 

96.033.S21 

12,4.52.795 

1(|-<.4S(),616 

11:3.717,406 

3.508,046 

17,747,116 

1,408,761 

004,166 

1S39 

103,.533.S91 

17,494.525 

rjl.ii'JS.416 

162,092.1:32 

8.776,743 

5.595,176 

1,477,928 

611.8:39 

1S40 
Tot 

113,895,6:J4 

18,190,312 

13i',0&5,940| 

1 

107,141,519 

8,417,014 

8,882,813 

1,647,009 

706,486 

$892,SS9,9(.i9 

199,451,994 

l,092,841,903j 

1,302,676,084 

56,839,893 

107,469,296 

12,739,909 

5,713,476 

1S41 

106,382,722 

15,469,081 

121,851,803 

127.946.177 

10,034.882 

4,988,633 

l,ft'54.1-56 

736.849 

1842 

92,969,990 

11, 721. .53'^ 

104,691,5:54' 

100,162.087 

4,813.539 

4,087,010 

1,530,451 

740,497 

1848 

♦      77,793,7.s;J      6,5.V2,697 

84.346,4S0 

64,753,799] 

1,520,791 

22.390,559 

l,26s,083 

52:3.949 

1S44 

99,715.179    11,484.867 

111.200.046 

10S,4:35.035| 

5.454.214 

5,830,429 

2,010,924 

906.814 

1845 

99,299,7761  15,:546,830      114,646.606 

117,2.54.564! 

8,606,495 

4,070,242 

2,053,977 

930,275 

184ti 

102,141,S9:5 

11.346.623 

11'5.4-8.516 

121,691,7971 

8,905,268 

3,777,732 

2,221.023 

968,178 

1.S47 

150,037,464 

8,011,158 

15s.64S.622 

14fi..5-1.5,638l 

1,907,024 

24,121.289 

2,202.893 

1,176,605 

18t8 

1:32.904,121 

21,i:32,:515 

1.54.(j:!0,436 

154,998,928 

15,841.616 

6,360,224 

2,461,280 

1,404,1.59 

1849 

132,660.95.5 

13,088,865 

145,755,SJ0i 

147,s57,4:;9 

5.404.648 

6,651,240 

2,75:3,724    l,075.7o9 

1850 
Tot. 

136,946,912 

14,951,808 

151,898,720] 

178,138,318 

7,522,994 

4,628,792 

2,632,788]  1,728,214 

11,1:51,458,801 

129,106,782 

1,260,564,58:3 

1,267,78:3,782'    65,010,921 

86,906,156 

20,774,804^10,791,249 

1 

18.51 

196,689,718 

21,698,293 

218,388,011 

216.224,982     29,472,752 

5,453,592] 

3,200,519    1,929,535  ! 

1852 

192.368,984 

17,289,382 

209,658,806 

212,94.5,442     42,674,135 

5,505,044! 

8,280,590    2,047,575 

185:3 

213,417.697 

17.558,460 

280.976,1571 

267,978.647     27,4s6.875 

4,201,8s2l 

8,766,789    2,298,790 

la-H 

2.5.3.8')(),870 

24,850,194 

278,241,064] 

804,56J,:;sI 

41,2sl.504 

6,758,587] 

8,911.:592    2.107,802 

18.'>5 

2-l6,708.RV5 

28,448,293 

275,156,846 

261,468,.520 

56,247.848 

8,659,812; 

4,068,979    2,110,822 

1856 

810,586,830 

16,378,578 

826,964,908 

814,639,942 

1 

45,745,485 

4,207,682 

4,538,864   2,462,109 

•  9  months  to  June  SO,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

STEAM  TONNAGE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
"The  u.so  of  steam  tonnage  in  the  commerce  between  the  United  States  and  other 
American  nations,  and  Great  Britain,  France,  and  other  commercial  nation.s,  ma}^,  and 
it  Is  thought  by  some  will,  considerably  reduce  tiie  .sail  tonnage  used  in  commerce,  and 
that  cheaper  capital  in  Groat  Britain  will  give  to  that  nation  an  advantage  over  the  United 
States  in  steam  tonnage,  and  tlio  carrying  trade  of  our  own  and  other  countries,  and  they 
attribute  the  reduction  of  our  tonnage  to  that  cause.  This  may  be  so,  to  .some  extent,  but 
no  continued  reduction  of  our  commercial  tonnage  is  apprehended ;  nor  is  it  apprehended 
there  i.s  any  just  reason  to  suppose  our  enterprising  ship-builders  and  merchants  will 
surrender  the  navigation  of  the  seas  to  Great  Britain,  and  place  that  nation  in  posses- 
sion of  the  carrying  business  of  the  world ;  j-ct  the  subject  is  one  of  interest,  and  calls 
for  a  careful  examination  of  our  tonnage  law.s,  and  the  removal  of  all  impediments  to  an 
wiual  and  fair  competition  for  our  foreign  trade  and  the  trade  of  other  nations." — United 
States  Treasury  Report,  December,  1856. 


American  and  Foreign  Tonnage. 


65 


COMPARATIVE  EMPLOYMENT  OF  AMERICAN  AND  FOREIGN 

TONNAGE,  AS  SHOWN  IN  THE  IMPORTS  OF  THE 

UNITED  STATES,  IN  1831,  1841,  AND  1851. 


STATES,  ETC. 

1831. 

1841. 

1851. 

In 

American 

vessels. 

In 
Foreisjn 

vessels. 

In 

American 

vessels. 

In 

Foreign 

vessels. 

In 

American 
vessels. 

In 

Foreign 
vessels. 

143,320 

180,573 
405,066 
21,656 
110.196 
236,293 

5,969,622 

832,303 

4,518,897 

13,982,768 

27,299 

146,205 

58,617,63.3 

186,802 

153 

11,628,584 
562,161 
853,171 

166,266 
883,797 

81,115 
12,982 

5,514 
163,642 

8,797,67i 
109,104 
812,680 

286,238 

3,460,334 

9,554 

464 

500,499 

884',992 
104^725 

410,358 

53.863 

298,221 

1,188 

116,712 

299,977 

8,14l',6s8 
574,664 

5,848,866 

18,835,492 

137,608 

88,875 

61,535 

1,919 

66,683,750 

214,731 

9,563 

9,840,3.54 

338,929 

1,217,955 

7,523 

246,739 
851,917 

120,461 

2.3,466 

2,768 

2,088 

28,469 

149,080 

2,115,262 
126,297 
752,447 

1,482,511 
192 

12,116 

896 

9,024,676 

5,629 

1.755 

506,844 

5,663 

839,476 

25,320 

43,786 

4,462,700 

80,527 

820,858 

88,875 

404,477 

8.609 

1,754 

!         213,576 

10,134,465 

968,061 

5,662,066 

23,117,884 

182,146 

845 

622,039 

44,682 

106,56S',685 

125,973 

580,460 

11,541,212 

295,209 

1,646,915 

64,761 

62,745 

691,268 

227,339 

103,500 

869,710 

"286 
22,136 

56,i22 

817,070 

1,048 

2,89.3",995 
20S,.529 
983,579 

9,597,498 

1.3.846 

1,111 

34,9n,908 

8n,9.>8 

99,871 

2,627,549 

15.421 

484,397 

8l',976 

825,594 

Columbia,  District  of. 

riorida 

M-issachusetts 

New  Hampshiro 

New  Yoik 

North  Carolina 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode  Island 

South  Carolina 

Texas 

Oregon  Territory 

Total 

93,902,110 

9,229,014 

113,221,877 

14,724,800 

108,216,272 

52,568,083 

TONNAGE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

"When  our  navigation  laws  were  first  enacted  in  1789,  the  registered  tonnage  of 
the  United  States  was  secured  against  the  protectin.g  navigation  laws  of  other  na- 
tions, by  countervailing  or  protecting  provisions.  Such  provisions  were,  from  time 
to  time,  extended,  so  a,s  to  countervail  the  prohibitory  enactments  of  the  commercial 
nations  with  which  we  had  intercourse.  These  commercial  restrictions  have  gradu- 
ally yielded  to  the  more  liberal  principles  of  free  trade  in  the  transportation  of  freight 
and  passengers,  until  in  that  business  we  have  free  trade  with  ahnost  all  the  nations 
of  the  earth,  only  marred  by  the  charge  of  light  money  to  our  vessels,  where  we 
charge  none.  The  removal  of  restriction!?,  in  our  commercial  intercourse  with  other 
nations,  in  the  carrying  business,  has  not  been  prejudicial  to  our  foreign  commercial 
marine.  The  burden  of  light  money,  to  which  our  tonnage,  in  tho  ports  of  Great 
Britain  and  other  commercial  nations,  is  subject,  should  bo  removed  bj'  mutual 
agreement,  or  countervailing  legislation  on  our  part,  and  tho  tonnage  duty  now 
charged  on  our  vessels,  in  the  ports  of  Franco  and  some  other  countries,  and  on 
their  vessels  in  our  ports,  should,  by  like  mutual  agreement,  be  taken  off,  and  port 
charges  equalized.  The  coasting  trade  of  the  United  States  has,  from  the  begin- 
ning, been  strictly  reserved  for  vessels  built  within  tho  United  States,  and  owned 
by  citizens  of  the  U.  S.,  to  tho  exclusion  of  foreign-built  and  foreign-owned  vessels. 
The  American  tonnage  engaged  in  foreign  trade,  and  in  the  coasting  trade,  haa 
been  American-built,  and  has  had  the  absolute  protection  of  our  laws,  and  the 
licensed  tonnage  absolute  protection,  in  tho  carrying  trade  on  our  coast  and  in  our 
waters." — Treasury  Report,  December,  1856. 


66 


Foreign  Commercial  Statistics. 


797 


BELOroM. 

IMPORTATIONS  AND  EXP0RTATI0N9  OF  THE  TEAR  1854. 

r.<)iintry. 

I 

niporta.     Francs. 

E.xporta.     Francs. 

Russia,    . 

13,053,000 

1,375.000 

Sweden  and  Norway, 

1,863,000 

1,436,000 

Denmark, 

1,905,000 

1,438,000 

Gorman  Confederation, 

31,544,000 

38,320,000 

Mecklonburg-Schworin, 

18,000 

968,000 

Ilanso  Towns, 

1,345,000 

11,072,000 

Ilanovcr  and  Oldenburg, 

241,000 

157,000 

Netherlands, 

50,494,000 

60,890,000 

Great  Britain, 

55,515,000 

109,386,000 

France,  . 

50,068,000 

113,801,000 

Portugal, 

2,124,000 

6,000 

Spain, 

3,320,000 

1,523,000 

Sardiiiia  and  Piedmont, 

441,000 

7,136,000 

Switzerland, 

1,267,000 

635,000 

Austriii,  . 

843,000 

3,923,000 

Parma,  Modena,  etc., 

453,000 

1,508,000 

Two  Sicilies,    . 

1,685,000 

1,618,000 

Greece,  . 

168,000 

29,000 

Turkey,  . 

1,967,000 

9,222,000 

Egypt  and  other  parts  of/ 

LfricA, 

1,342,000 

358,000 

East  Indies,  Singapore,  ( 

[Ihina, 

Java,   Sumatra,  Philip 

pines. 

Ocean  ica,  and  Australi 

a,       . 

16,945,000 

1,716,000 

United  States, 

35,981,000 

28,820,000 

Mexico  and  Guatemala, 

37,000 

1,417,000 

Cuba  and  Porto  Rico, 

13,965,000 

3,506,000 

British  Colonies, 

.... 

3,202,000 

llayti  and  Venezuela, 

4,031,000 

125,000 

Brazil  and  Colombia, 

8,031,000 

4,547,000 

Rio  do  la  Plata, 

7,447,000 

3,431,000 

Chili  and  Peru 

10,952,000 

4,909,000 

Total  (permanent  v 

alue), 

323,045,000 

410,473,000 

ARRI 

VALS  AND 

CLEARANCES  OF  THE  YEAR  ISM. 

KNTERBD 

CLKARKD. 

Country. 

Vessels. 

Tonnage.          Ciirgo. 

Vessels. 

Tonnage.         Cargo. 

Russia, 

8 

1,415 

1,415 

7 

1,207               159 

Sweden  and  Norway, 

145 

24,262 

24,262 

155 

27,057           5,749 

Denmark,  . 

135 

14,518 

14,468 

146 

14,546           7,327 

Prussia, 

40 

8,022 

8,538 

43 

9,082           3,313 

Mecklenburg,     . 

67 

12,415 

12,384 

69 

15,130           6,790 

Hanscatic  Towns, 

86 

22,315 

22,175 

92 

23,446           8,836 

Hanover  and  Oldcnbg. 

134 

13,191 

13,134 

156 

16,036           7,562 

The  Netherlands, 

166 

22,512 

22,435 

166 

19,750         10,550 

Great  Britain,     . 

844 

137,991 

87,103 

842 

137,127         69,533 

Prance, 

129 

10,915 

9,803 

136 

11,735           7,995 

Portugal,    . 

2 

351 

297 

2 

351              297 

Spain, 

45 

8,736 

8,309 

45 

8,278          3,307 

Sardiuio,    . 

9 

1,594 

1,577 

13 

2,641           1,914 

Austria, 

24 

8,158 

7,478 

24 

8,450           6,126 

Tuscany,    . 

2 

439 

439 

Sicily, 

19 

3,013 

3,013 

17 

2,661           2,456 

Greece, 

2 

512 

512 

1 

238              103 

Turkey, 

1 

92 

92 

America  (U.  States), 

80 

56,506 

50,873 

73 

49,846         19,658 

Brazil, 

1 

178 

178 

1 

178 

Buenos  Ayres,    . 

2 

384 

384 

1 

208 

Belgium,     . 

.     472 
2,393 

87,230 

72,896 
861,770 

467 
2,446 

84,398         43,064 

Total,. 

435,4 

L16 

432,371       203,739 

796 


JSelgium. 


67 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
WITH  BELGIUM, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Yeabs 

ENDING 

Bept. 
80. 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS 

Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullion  &  Specie. 

TON'QE  CL'D. 

Domestic.  |Fori 

SIGN. 

Total. 

TOTAU 

EXPOET. 

Impokt. 

Amkb. 

For. 

1821 

1822 

182.3 

1N24 

1S20 

1S26 

1827 

.... 

1K28 

1829 

ISJiO 
Total, 

.... 

18.31 

.... 

18;i2 

is;« 

1S.3J 

$.'')8.';',.S42 

$873,300 

|1,4.')8,642 

$185,079 

|12",(J47 

ll",32i 

4',7i6 

ItviT) 

008,680 

1 44,542 

748,222 

341,967 

200 

5,015 

4,937 

18:56 

1,586,925 

697,135 

2,284,060 

48- 1,009 

1,219 

10,471 

18,295 

1837 

716,618 

393,969 

),11(|,.')S7 

549,009 

25,000 

4,995 

8.211 

1.8.38 

1,34<),9.I0 

274,151 

1,614,9,)1 

2:!9,923 

9,700 

18,!M4 

6,044 

1839 

Ml.Wl 

66,269 

607,910 

465,701 

2,211 

8,782 

l&W 
Total, 

1,834,229 

486,426 

2,820,655 

274,867 
2,537,160 

5,417 

19,507 

7,667 

17,209,335 

2,935,692 

10,145,027 

53,58:3 

67,064 

43,652 

1841 

1,678,726 

1.50,156 

1,82:3,882 

374,838 

2,044 

14,627 

8,8.')6 

1842 

1,434,038 

176,646 

1,610,684 

1      619,.'i88 

19,008 

12,949 

12,875 

1843* 

1,674,224 

296,485 

1,970,709 

in, 695 

12,751 

20,708 

8,.V29 

1844 

1,852,571 

15I,2;50 

2,003,801 

634,777 

16,059 

ai4S 

18,.3:39 

1845 

1,495,754 

355,319 

1,851,073 

709,.')62 

7,508 

20,289 

4..'542 

iaj6 

1,632,607 

749,207 

2,:581,S14 

836,372 

28,375 

6,527 

1847 

2,874,367 

348,190 

8,222,557 

948,325 

8.3,171 

26,617 

18,7.V2 

lats 

1,989,764 

200,171 

2.1S9,9;« 

1,32.'),(;01 

12.3,876 

7,515 

19,S70 

6,267 

1849 

2,44-3,0(>4 

28^,243 

2,731,307 

1,N44,293 

500 

1,840 

27,862 

6,196 

1850 
Total, 

2,168,357 

375,403 

2,543,760 

2,4<M,954 

2,500 

21,428 

4,068 

119,238,472 

3,091.050 

22,329,522 

9,869,465 

24,370 

102,897 

195,878 

89,951 

m^i 

2,709,393 

142,619 

2,S.''>2,012 

2,377,6:30 

6,600 

17,6.54 

8,819 

1852 

8,202,767 

1,(01,0(13 

4,213.770  ! 

2,o.'>4,043 

7,998 

»J,705 

6.910 

1K5.3 

2,301,038 

907,495 

3.20>..'):t!  ' 

2,7.32.108 

2.MW 

4.192 

1S:)4 

8,84S,890 

1,15S,(H)4 

.'«,006,^94 

.3,4»i2.241 

2,806 

42,.%i2 

11,171 

1855 

2,376,8M 

l,.V>0,.st<6 

3,927,240 

3,;i;»s,«;9o 

87.790 

4,963 

1856 

6,815,886 

1,155,237 

0,.'jO' 1,623 

3,100,511 

67,114 

8,710 

*  9  months  to  Juno  80,  and  tho  fiscal  year  ft-om  this  time  begins  Jaly  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORT. 
Antwerp  (Flom.  Antwerpen;  Fr.  Anvers),  a  famous  fortified  city  of  Belgium,  and 
tho  center  of  its  forcipn  tr.ido  (capital  and  province  of  tiie  same  name),  on  the 
Scheldt,  GO  miles  from  the  sea,  and  distant  by  railroad  27^  miles  from  Brus-sel.^  .32 
from  Ghent,  IGOJ  fi-om  Oolojjne,  2.')8^  from  Paris,  and  71  from  Ostond.  Lat.  of  Ca- 
Uicdral,  51°  13'  2"  N. ;  lonp.  4°  21'  2"  K.  Population,  90,000.  Its  port  waa 
greatly  improved  by  Napoleon,  who  erected  two  large  basins ;  and  ships  anchor  ia 
the  river  opposite  tho  city  in  from  32  to  40  feet  water  at  ebb  tide.  In  1803,  tho  im- 
provement in  tho  harbor  was  begun,  and  extensive  new  dock.s  and  warehouses  have 
mnco  been  constructed.  Ships  of  tho  largest  burden  como  up  to  the  town,  and  gooda 
destined  for  tho  interior  arc  forwarded  with  tiio  greato-st  facility  by  means  of  canala 
and  railways.  Almost  .all  tho  foreign  trade  of  IJelgium  is  at  present  centered  in  Ant- 
werp, which  has  again  become  a  place  of  much  commercial  imj)ortanco.  There  ia  a 
regular  Btcam  commuoication  between  Antwerp  and  London^  and  Hull  and  Rotter- 
dam. 


68 


Foreign   Commercial  Statistics. 


(99 


GREAT  BRITAIN. 

Foreifjn  Trade — Progress  and  Direction. — For  1855,  the  returns  of 
British  exports  to  difftTont  oountrios  are  not  yet  before  us ;  but  as  this 
was  a  year  of  war,  ami  exceptionable,  the  general  view  will  probably  be 
more  correct  from  exoluJinij^  it.  Its  etfect.s,  too,  which,  in  giving  a  dif- 
ferent direction  to  trade,  have  been  conspicuous,  will  be  better  appre- 
ciated ln-reaftor,  when  one  or  two  years  of  continued  peace  have  demon- 
strated what  are  permanent  and  what  teraporarj'  of  these  eflfects,  and 
have  carried  trade  into  the  channels  in  which  it  is  destined  to  flow. 
The  average  declared  value  of  exports  in  three  years,  1840-42,  and  in 
the  three  yenrs,  1852-54  (except  for  Russia,  of  which  we  have  taken 
the  exports  for  1851-3),  were  as  follows  : 


DECLARED   VALUE   OF  EIPOKTS. — AVERAGE. 


1840-42. 

1S52-W. 

IncreaM 
per  cent 

Decrease 
per  cent. 

Russia,       .... 

.    £1,698,623 

£1,209,011 

29 

Sweden  and  Norway, 

282,406 

577,333 

105 

Denmark, 

195,749 

533,962 

204 

Prussia,     .... 

319,939 

653,302 

105 

Ilanovcr,  .... 

95,731 

358,842 

275 

Ilanso  Towns,  . 

5,611,460 

7,126,924 

27 

Holland,    .... 

3,533,470 

4,378,655 

24 

Java  and  Sumatra,    . 

313,722 

604,747 

93 

Belgium,    .... 

1,015,272 

1,205,082 

26 

France,      .... 

2,824,696 

2,847,635 

1 

Portugal,  .... 

1,031,437 

1,228,409 

19 

Azores  and  Madeira, 

68,505 

116,263 

70 

Spain  and  the  Balearic  Islands, 

380,238 

1,628,380 

328 

Canary  Islands, 

50,054 

76,404 

59 

Cuba,         .... 

491.103 

1,065,473 

117 

Philippine  Islands,     . 

152,300 

284,033 

87 

Sardinia,    .... 

528,189 

1,030,395 

95 

Au.stria,     .... 

445,529 

049,235 

46 

Tuscany,    .... 

656,258 

64.3,131 

7 

Papal  States,     . 

200,287 

181.862 

9 

Two  Sicilies,      . 

714,126 

638,078 

10 

Greece,  Turkey,  "Wallachia,  and 

Moldavia, 

1,303.052 

2,567,080 

97 

Sjrria  and  Palestine,  . 

341,891 

394,889 

15 

Egypt,       .... 

179,517 

998,715 

456 

Morocco 

11,558 

86,819 

651 

United  SUtos  and  California, 

5,303,439 

20,545,511 

287 

Mexico,     .... 

429,573 

529,632 

23 

Ilayti, 

187,672 

126,765 

33 

New  Oranada,  Venezuela,  and 

Ecuador, 

250,142 

097,794 

175 

Brazil 

2,313,071 

3,180,883 

42 

Uruguay,    Monto    Video,    and 

Buenos  Ayros, 

857,733 

1,421,073 

76 

Chili,         .... 

907,809 

1,284,763 

42 

,    . 

Peru,         .... 

67.3,450 

1,073,.342 

59 

China  and  Hong  Kong, 

785,383 

1,418,304 

83 

Western  Africa, 

229,893 

526,123 

130 

Other  countries, 

397,409 

793,434 
62,562,476 

100 
79 

Total  foreign  countries,     . 

34,854,449 

.  . 

798 


England. 


69 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

WITH  ENGLAND, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Yeabs 

ENDING 

EXP0ET8. 

IMPORTS 

Whereof  tlicre  was 
ia  Bullion  &  Specie. 

TON'GE  CL'D.    1 

Sept. 
80. 

DovEsna 

FoEEiON.j    Total. 

Total. 

Export.  1  Ivpobt. 

Aher. 

For.     1 

1821 

|lfl,3-'?9,l()9'|2.125,ft94  ^ilS.fC4,7(iS 

*23,lso,862 

♦  1,9:W,6C5,   $64.5,.529 

12';.729 

19,516  ! 

1822 

21,072.895 

1,029,224    22.101,019  1  .•i2.IOs,947 

790,218'       99,920 

1.51.030 

8<i,288  ' 

1828 

1^9Gs,lS5 

97s,474i   19.940,6,59 

20,31  il. 270 

865,632  i      2.82.822 

132,042 

50,784 

1S24 

18,2I8,'<4I 

l,2Cs,2S2;  i;i,4s7,12:! 

20,047.922 

812,112       149,164 

140,125 

4'2,810  1 

1825 

82,09t>,:?9il 

2,031, ISO.  34.127.570 

:i4,271.510 

8f)8,266        82,888 

172,409 

89,242  , 

1826 

19,00.5,18,', 

1,509.023    2ii.0:!4.2i)S 

24,302.203 

69s,077       122.216 

147,455 

41,801  1 

1S27 

28,.514,421 

9l>4,.590;  '.'4.419.017 

2s,o.5:i.'-s:f 

200.1011       84,111 

202,976 

6.3.706  1 

182S 

18,787,001 

2.900.2611  'J1,097.9J2 

:{0.470,139 

2,852,209)       20,972 

138,858 

75,588 

1829 

21,2S1,:«4 

1,707,457'  23,(i-ls,7;)l 

23,s92,76.3 

673,8:};t        89,826 

179,843 

«»,723 

1830 
Total, 

28,778,020 

820,940 1  24,599,966 

22,755,04(1 

112,2'29      144,231 

192,714 

68,589 

|218,066,M1 

15,461,043'22?,527,584 

272,650,589 

S,247,842J  1,621,679 

1,580,676 

482,521 

1831 

28,841,4.00 

2,867,439 

81,208,869 

41,854,323 

1,615,643      130,880 

23.5,345 

88,461 

1S.32 

20.635,70h 

2,87.5,187 

29,510,905 

84,849,096 

1,112,298        63,689 

189,579 

96,615 

ls:« 

29,582,073 

],45'2,76s:  81,<l.'«,441 

8fl,668,H15 

244        81,908 

188,92s 

87,602 

ls84 

3'^,673,G94 

•2,974,720    41,64s,.J2<i 

4.5,506.005 

27ol  5,805,618 

216,256 

89,8.36 

183.5 

47,»90,5;32 

945,st(9    4-'',930.*n 

.59,m30,9s9 

89,a37    1.3a3,43s 

21,5,810 

69.582 

1836 

63,302,4s3 

1,874,7371  &5,177,'220 

7.5,701,713 

2.5(Ht    2.322,920 

'.>:«,sl7 

78.450 

ls.17 

46,2.35,102 

4,S'U,76S1  5I.119.s7o 

4;!.,540,7.57 

l,S33,o7oi      110,299 

26s,(i0- 

67.125 

18.38 

4  8, 899, 'is '■ 

1  .M.-.  Is-     Ml  i.i.Mi-.-.      4-(.19I,S.')l 

10,ls5    9,009.a»6 

814,616 

70.663 

1889 

W,C15,32:                                                   -(W,7ie 

8.16:1,490    1,420,092 

269.466 

92,685 

1840 
Total, 

61,951,77-                                                   !  14,138 

4,.3S8,7S6       803,306 

883,512 

129,218 

$426,72S,675'27,a7u,00.i 

4W,o6y,2.JT   479,482,958 

12,160,527  21,027,886 

2,548,807 

871,287 

1841 

44,184,357 

8,371,220 

47..565,,577     4.5,730,007 

8,018,187       6ft0..5,3O 

272,631 

180,768 

1S42 

8fi,Gsl,808 

2,932,140 

.39,013.948  1  33,440,499 

l,70'.',74s       20,5.919 

2'y^.479 

in9,(V54 

lS+{* 

87,149,095 

1,106,064 

88.25,5,1,59  ,   26,141,11s 

400  14,30.5,714 

.S29.9;i5 

168,174 

1844 

45,sl4,942 

1,125,214 

46,940.1.'.0|    41,47fi.osl 

a5,700    1,131,9.59 

311.741 

192,588 

IM.-) 

41,Ms.9;M 

4,707,244j   40,2sO,17sl    44,0-7,<.9 

.3,673,1371      lso,s2s 

:i74,>v|0 

19S.921 

1846 

42,781,019 

1,758.489    44.>Mo,liis!    4.'1.s44.100 

973.110*      4^2.711 

304.149 

ls;t,;t42 

18-17 

70,223,777 

83-»,921,   71,o.5>,r,9-     O.\17o.:;74 

8,(ir«.5  19,312,93(1 

457..'.9- 

,So(i..555 

1*48 

62,92s,024 

8,9*24,291 !  71.'-.52..'115l    59.7C;i,5o2 

9,818,6.38    1,916,9.52 

476,54.s 

•2.5s,210 

1849 

69,161,992 

l,ssO,87s    71,oli.',s7(i'|  5-.-ls..(j5 

764,097:  2,071,792 

570,01. ■. 

.•M9,9O0 

1850 
ToUl, 

64,086,959 

4,210,2711  C»,S97,2:W  |  72,lls,971 

2,584,185;     627,266 

440.582 

209,078 

1015,181,507 

30,910,732  540,042,239  491,196,996 

22,07S,'208  ^41,316,601 

8,889,527 

2,186,185 

IWt 

in.5.121,921 

8,1.51,266  118.27.3.1S7\  90,6I2,23S 

17,099,0';r  1.098,667 

621,506 

274,388 

l'%'>2 

107,7---',057 

4/>;«.lv5  112,324.M2      ss.iu».s.'.9    .34.3icJ,iS4     l,4^7,4s4i 

672,4SS 

»o0.iil7 

1M.\S 

112,77s,!J.59 

.•l.209,2t>4  11.5,9s7,023    12.'..  7  74, •.'32 

is.ftt  1,900       '2s4,799| 

664,s92 

429.174 

ISM 

18.5,111, 7ns 

S.-'^-S.^U  140,07.'>.)<.I9    14(i,!Wx,7;W 

27.926.263         8.5.16«l 

K5S.970 

4:ls.'.M6 

ISVi 

129,475,967 

0,1.58,17s  i;i,5.0J9,I45    1(I'.',4.16,'.'9  t 

47,s,5S,0l5       107,464 

8:tl,464 

2.'.;!.945 

1856 

152,561,975 

1,517,500  lW,079,535,,lls,ol5,5-J4 

1                   II 

84,161,062,      421,971 

923.017 

339,109 

*  9  montha  to  Juno  80,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  tlmo  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORTS. 

LiVERPOOr-,  the  principal  seaport  of  England,  lit.  53«  25'  N.,  lonp.  2®  59'  W.  It 
i.8  situated  on  the  ea.stom  banlv  of  tho  Mersey  river,  while  on  the  west  pidc  aro  the 
docks,  warehouses,  and  other  commercial  buildinps.  Tiie  area  of  the  wet  docks  is 
about  186  acres,  and  of  tlie  Ary  docks  20  acres,  'i'iio  entrance  of  the  Mersey  Ls  im- 
peded by  shoal."*,  but  at  high  water  m.iy  bo  entered  by  tho  larpe.«t  ships.  The  docks 
aro  tho  llne.st  in  tho  world,  and  in  connection  with  its  situation  and  inland  commu- 
nication, give  it  the  po.sition  it  hold.s,  of  the  first  port  in  P'ngland,  and  h.iving,  next 
to  New  York,  the  largest  commercial  marine. 

London,  the  mast  important  city  in  tho  world,  on  the  Thames,  about  40  miles 
from  its  mouth,  l.it.  (St.  Paul's  Cathedral)  Gl**  30'  48"  N.,  long.  0°  5'  .IS"  W. 

Commerce,  etc. — The  port  of  Ixindon  extends  from  Ix)ndon  bridge  to  a  little  below 
Plackwall,  and  is  divided  into  tho  Voo\,  Limehou.sc  Re.ich.  (Jp'onwich  Roach, 
Hlackw.ill  Reach,  and  Diigsby's  Reach.  The  coasting  trade  of  Ixindon  is  greater 
than  that  of  any  port  in  the  world,  and  gives  it  superiority  over  LiverpooL 


70  Foreign  Comm&rcial  Statistics.  801 

IRELAND, 

One  of  the  largest  of  the  European  islands,  is  situated  to  the  west  of 
Great  Britain,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  narrow  channel  called  the 
L'ish  sea,  and  St.  George's  Channel  on  the  east,  and  is  bounded  on  its 
other  sides  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  through  which  it  can  maintain  a  di- 
rect communication  with  the  continents  of  Europe,  Afnea,  and  America. 
The  advantageous  position,  the  fertiUty  of  the  soil,  and  the  salubrity  of 
the  climate,  have  conferred  upon  Ireland  commercial  faciUties  which  are 
capable  of  being  greatly  increased. 

The  Irish  nation  is  undoubtedly  of  Celtic  origin.  This  much  is  stamped 
in  indelible  characters  in  the  names  of  the  rivers,  towns,  mountains,  and 
other  objects  of  historical  notoriety  throughout  the  island;  it  is  pro- 
claimed by  marks  equally  indelible  in  the  relics  of  antiquity,  the  tumuli, 
the  cairns,  the  cromleach,  and  the  druidical  circles,  the  remains  of  which, 
after  having  triumphed  over  the  ravages  of  time  and  repeated  revolutions, 
are  now  perpetuated  in  the  pages  of  the  antiquary's  researches.  The 
name  of  the  island  itself  confirms  the  assertion.  Eri  or  Erin,  its  most 
ancient  appellation,  and  that  to  which  the  natives  still  cling  with  the  at- 
tachment of  veneration,  is  derived  from  the  Celtic  lar  or  Eir,  which  sig- 
nifies western.  Most  of  its  more  modern  names  may  be  easily  traced  to 
this  soutco. 

The  island  of  Ireland  is  of  a  rhomboidal  shape,  having  its  longer  sides 
nearly  in  the  direction  of  the  meridian,  and  its  shorter  from  south-west 
to  north-east.  It  is  between  the  latitudes  of  51°  26'  and  55°  20'  north, 
and  the  longitude  of  15°  28'  and  10°  28'  west.  In  the  direction  of  its 
greater  diagonal  from  Browhead  in  the  south,  to  Fairhead  in  the  north- 
ejist,  it  measures  306  miles.  Its  extreme  length,  ft-om  its  most  southern 
point,  already  named,  to  Walinhead,  its  more  northern  extremity,  is  290 
miles  ;  its  greatest  length  on  a  meridian,  235  miles.  Its  breadth,  where 
greatest,  measures  from  Eulagh-rash,  in  the  peninsula  of  the  Mullet  to 
Killard  point,  at  the  entrance  of  Strangford  Lough,  is  182  miles ;  but  its 
least  breadth,  from  the  eastern  side  of  Galway  bay  near  Oraumore,  to 
Ringsend  near  Dublin,  is  not  more  than  110  miles.  The  whole  com- 
prises an  area  of  20,499,550  acres,  or  320,312  statute  miles.  Sepa- 
rated from  the  adjacent  island  of  Great  Britain  by  an  arm  of  the  sea  not 
more  tlum  luily-iiiuo  miles  across  at  its  southern  extremity,  and  narrow- 
ing to  twelve  miles  at  the  north,  but  expanding  in  its  intermediate  space 
into  the  Irish  sea,  it  is  washed  on  its  three  other  sides  by  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  whoso  waves  have  indented  its  western  and  southern  shores  with 
many  large  bays  and  inlets,  stretching  far  into  the  country,  so  that  the 
whole  outline  of  the  coast,  including  that  of  the  estuaries  of  the  rivers, 
to  the  boundaries  of  the  tide,  is  estimated  to  measure  upward  of  2,200 
miles. 

Irish  Coast. — This  extended  line  contains  a  great  number  of  fine  har- 
bors and  roadsteads.  The  eastern  coast  has  but  one ;  that  of  Strangford 
or  Lough  Cone,  which  forms  a  very  deep  bay,  with  sufiicient  depth  of 
water  for  every  kind  of  ships.  The  bays  of  Carrickfergus,  Dundalk,  and 
Carlingford,  are  adapted  only  for  vessels  of  lesser  draught.  Dublin  is  so 
defective  as  to  require  the  construction  of  two  safety  harbors ;  one  to  the 
north  at  liowth,  and  the  other  to  the  south  at  Kingstown. 


800 


Ireland. 


11 


FOREIGN  COmiERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
WITH  IRELAND, 

From  Octobeb  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Ybaes 

ENDING 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS 

Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullion  &  Specie. 

TON'GE  CLT). 

Sept. 
80. 

Domestic. 

Foreign. 

Total. 

TOTAU 

EXPOET. 

Impoiit. 

Amer. 

For 

1821 

1889,577 

$4,069 

$893,646 

$686,154 

$193 

$2,683 

12,812 

2,201 

1822 

770,176 

770,176 

806,024 

6,978 

1.3,153 

2,04T 

1823 

714,037 

87,644 

761,681 

547,738 

4,425 

12,932 

2,479 

1824 

913,532 

8,673 

922,205 

431,875 

'238 

20,541 

1,761 

1825 

1,247,550 

20,669 

1,268,219 

612,272 

19,483 

1,321 

1826 

775,137 

6,6S4 

781,821 

672,994 

14,4:36 

1,.359 

1827 

637,120 

6:37,120 

550,129 

8,247 

1,889 

1828 

394,460 

'sio 

395,260 

711,041 

6,626 

8,780 

1829 

327,728 

366 

328,094 

362,511 

4,838 

2,502 

1S30 
Total, 

261,687 

261,687 

381,333 
5,762,071 

4,694 

2,570 

$6,930  994 

78,915 

7,009,909 

4,618 

6,899 

117,667 

21,868 

1S31 

689,941 

5S9.941 

261,564 

7,8.38 

2,80« 

1S.32 

152,913 

^ii5 

157,028 

491,891 

1,791 

1833 

120,482 

120,482 

152,280 

1,406 

1.343 

18.S4 

189,914 

'iSD 

190,103 

274,712 

2,620 

245 

1835 

4(13,604 

40.3,604 

642,890 

4,272 

760 

1836 

843,845 

3,854 

347,699 

608,356 

2,885 

240 

18.37 

9,893 

9.893 

181,776 

651 

184 

1838 

38,5:35 

aS,.5.35 

75,162 

472 

166 

18:39 

830,719 

8.30,719 

150,689 

1,362 

.332 

1840 
Total, 

217,702 

217,762 

98,349 

2,732 

851 

$2,397,608 

8,158 

2,405,766 

2,687,669 

25,929 

6,927 

1841 

60.872 

60,872 

81,921 

1,391 

880 

1842 

49,968 

49,968 

102,700 

631 

1843* 

208,502 

l',i86 

209,682 

43,.5a') 

982 

2,197 

1844 

42,591 

42,591 

88,084 

191 

786 

1845 

10:3,471 

103,471 

104,857 

1,412 

987 

1846 

1,077,008 

6,463 

1,082.471 

85,774 

14,743 

6,804 

1847 

12,397,698 

31,48.8 

12,429,186 

590,240 

$?2',i7i 

124,600 

101,067 

1848 

2,.379,291 

1,803 

2,380,594 

415,923 

116,945 

17,410 

ai.779 

1S49 

3,916,842 

22,526 

3,938,868 

376,793 

5.3,901 

46,165 

1850 
Total 

1,025,031 

42,693 

1,067,7^4 

293,783 

10,014 

22,972 

21,260,774 

104,653 

21,865,427 

2,183,610 

199,116 

225,230 

216,687 

1851 

598,688 

1,200 

599,888 

2;{5,9.33 

8,142 

12.618 

1852 

57:3,230 

100 

573,350 

152,5:33 

4,116 

9.460 

1853 

618,812 

69,272 

673,084 

15.3,118 

3,482 

14.9.'^ 

1854 

1,006,017 

86,485 

1.092,502 

229,335 

9.120 

14.4:52 

1855 

1,209,6:13 

3;K,S51 

],. 542.484 

152,293 

12.9. '7 

25.662 

1856 

4,300,021 

74,709 

4,374,730 

89,032 

85,7:35 

19,089 

*  9  months  to  June  30,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORTS. 

Galway,  the  county  to^vn,  formerly  designated  Iho  "  Liberties  of  Galway,"  and  a 
county  in  itself,  having  an  exclu.sive  local  jurisdiction,  extending  two  miles  on  every 
side  except  the  south.  It  st;mds  on  tlic  northern  Bhore  of  the  Bay  of  tlalway,  Ire- 
land, on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  river  of  the  same  name.  It  is  supposed  by  some  to 
be  the  Nagnata  of  Ptolemy.  It  certainly  was  considered  a  position  of  much  import- 
ance from  the  earliest  period,  as  in  tlio  divisions  of  the  island  into  north  and  soutli, 
at  first  made  by  the  descendants  of  Ilereman,  and  afterward  repeated  by  Conn  and 
Eogan,  it  was  lixed  upon  as  the  eastern  extremity  of  the  lino  of  demarcation,  which 
proceeded  eastward  to  Dublin.  Galway  is  likely  to  become  a  place  of  .some  note, 
being  the  proposed  eastern  terminus  of  the  Submarine  Telegraph  communication 
between  Europe  and  the  United  States. 

Belfast,  a  .seaport  in  Ireland,  at  the  entrance  of  the  river  Logan  into  Carrickfer- 
gus  bay,  lat.  54°  35'  N.,  long.  5°  46'  W.  It  luis  a  commodious  harbor,  and  the  bay 
is  a  spacious  estuiu-y,  aflbrding  safe  anchorage. 


12  Foreign  Commercial  Statistics.  803 

SCOTLAND, 

Tiie  northern  portion  of  Great  liritain,  extends  in  its  mainland  from  lat- 
itudo  54°  38'  to  58°  41'  N.,  and  lunijitude  1^  45'  to  6°  14'  W.,  and,  in- 
cluding its  islands,  to  latitude  00°  50'  N.,  and  longitude  8°  35'  W. 

Scotland  is  separated  from  England  by  a  waving  lino  of  the  Cheviot 
hills  in  the  center,  l>y  the  Tweed,  which  enters  the  sea  at  Berwick,  on  the 
east,  and  by  the  Solway  Firth  on  the  west.  Its  easteni  shores  are  washed 
by  the  North  soa,  and  its  western  by  the  Atlantic.  It  is  of  an  oblong, 
irregular  form,  extending  longitudinally  due  N.  and  S.  280  miles,  and 
varying  in  breadth  from  175  to  100,  50,  and  30  miles.  Area,  31,324 
square  miles,  or  20,047,402  acres,  6-9  acre  to  a  })erson,  92  persons  to  a 
square  mile.  Population,  1801,  1,599,068;  1841,  2,620,184;  1851, 
2,888,742. 

Olasgow. — Of  all  the  branches  of  industry,  belonging  to  Glasgow  and 
its  harbor,  there  is  assuredly  none  of  modern  date  which  has  made  such 
rapid  jirogress  as  that  of  steamboat  building,  and  marine  engine  making. 
Fiom  the''first  start  of  the  little  "  Comet"  in  1812  till  1820,  there  were  at 
the  most  only  one  or  two  river  steamers  launched  yearly,  and  of  a  ton- 
nage so  small  as  to  be  scarcely  worth  notice.  About  that  period  this  manu- 
facture received  a  new  impulse,  and  began  at  once  fairly  to  develop  itself. 

From  1821  to  1830,  there  were  38  steamers  built,  with  a  tonnage  of 
4,200;  from  1831  to  1840,  there  were  94  steamers,  with  a  tonnage  of 
17,623;  from  1841  to  1850,  there  were  167  steamers,  with  a  tonnage 
of  81,447,  while  during  the  three  years  from  1851  to  1853,  there  were 
206  steamers,  with  a  tonnage  of  141,713.  The  present  magnitude  of  this 
industry  may,  however,  be  best  appreciated  from  the  fact,  that  during 
the  years  1853  and  1854,  the  then  32  shipbuilders  on  the  Clyde,  had 
construct*:'d  or  contracted  for  no  fewer  than  266  vessels,  including  both 
steam  and  sailing,  having  an  aggregate  tonnage  of  168,000,  for  which 
also  marine  engines  were  made,  or  in  progress,  of  29,000  horse-power ; 
the  average  of  these  vessels  being  630  tons,  and  involving  the  enormous 
cost  of  nearly  five  millions  sterling. 

The  Clyde. — To  the  progressive  rise  and  present  position  of  the  river 
Clyde  and  its  harbor,  may  be  justly  attributed  the  importance  and  pros- 
perity of  Glasgow.  The  fact  is,  this  city  now  possesses  an  inland  navi- 
gation, and  a  stream  harbor  unequaled  perhaps  in  Europe,  and  which  has 
been  accomplished  first  by  the  intelligence  of  the  corporation,  and  in 
later  years  by  n  trust  formed  partly  of  the  corporation  and  partly  from 
other  bodies  of  the  citizens.  About  the  beginning  of  the  present  century 
the  depth  of  the  Clyde,  at  Glasgow,  was  scarcely  5  feet,  and  there  were 
few  or  no  vessels  at  its  port,  and  these  consisted  of  craft  drawing  merely 
a  few  feet  of  water,  none  certainly  exceeding  30  or  40  tons  burden.  In 
1820,  the  average  available  depth  of  the  Clyde  at  high  water  during  neap 
tides  was  9  feet,  which  admitted  vessels  drawing  8i^  feet.  In  1840,  the 
depth  was  increased  to  14  feet,  whereas,  in  1855,  the  average  depth  at 
high  water  during  neap  tides,  is  19  feet.  To  show  the  greatness  of  the 
improvements  that  have  been  made,  it  may  be  mentioned  that  while 
only  one  vessel  arrived  at  the  harbor  of  (Thusgow  in  1835,  of  300  to  350 
tons  burden,  there  arrived  during  1854,  19  vessels  of  1000  tons  and 
upward. 


802 


Scotland. 


78 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
WITH  SCOTLAND, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  185G. 


Ykars 

KNDINQ 

Bept. 
80 

EXPORTS. 

IMPOETS 

Whereof  thero  was 
in  Bullion  &  Specie. 

TON'GE  CUD. 

Domestic. 

FOBEIGN. 

Total. 

TOTAU 

Export. 

Lhport. 

AUER. 

Fob. 

1821 

|;1,4(I5,44S 

$13.6-<:i 

$1,419,131 

•11,220,092 

4,015 

6,220 

1822 

l,615,r)Co 

lo,9.'57 

l,02e,.'>52 

1,891,310 

2,io6 

7,207 

6,079 

1823 

l,158,49.j 

10,104 

1,168,599 

1,080,1:13 

8,000 

4.517 

8,220 

1824 

1,196,219 

14,632 

1,210,801 

1,008,520 

8,175 

5.836 

1825 

1,699,526 

7,657 

1,707,18.3 

l,N29,4tU 

l,7o6 

7,2.58 

2,932 

1826 

572,894 

2,952 

575,846 

1,090,772 

:      2,850 

2,792 

1827 

1,836,169 

1,836,169 

1,08:5,101 

'soo 

1      7,296 

7,521 

1828 

959,560 

7,927 

967,487 

1,183,081   ' 

I     2.429 

8,002 

1829 

895,815 

19,493 

914,808 

1,024,215  1 

2,609 

7,699 

1830 
Totol, 

1,465,211 

3,488 

1,463,699 

1,:}82,841 

6,918 
48,264 

7,707 
62,008 

$12,804,402 

90,923 

12,895,825 

12,805,535 

.... 

7,800 

1881 

1,185,142 

5,507 

1,190,709 

1,977,8.30 

6,312 

9,102 

1882 

1,125,893 

20,sr4 

1,146,702 

1,580,812 

8,932 

9,410 

1833 

1,186,469 

2i,iir,s 

1,'>07,527 

1.02.\229   i 

■500 

.     2.523 

9,860 

1884 

2,344,785 

28.789 

2,373,.'.74 

1  l,4o-.',o:i0  1 

8,900 

6,6.',5 

18,4S4 

1885 

2,8.}(i,0T9 

lo,8:io 

2,S4ti,'.'29 

1,0:«),<U.8  1 

16,800 

6,890 

9,866 

1836 

2,849,550 

744 

2,35(1,294 

2,37.'5,899  1 

8,860 

4,680 

10,693 

1887 

8,441,211 

12,596 

3,453,807 

1,188,410  : 

4,000 

12,641 

7,934 

1838 

1,685,203 

10,770 

1,695,979 

594,665  , 

.... 

9,457 

6,887 

1839 

],025,a32 

1,256 

1,027,088 

950,18:!  \ 

2,821 

6,408 

1840 
Total, 

2,022,636 

28,304 

2,050,940 

525,217  i 

8,666 

10,799 

10,483 

119,190,805 

140,804 

19,887,609 

18,259,923 

81,560 

1    66,060 

91,983 

1S41 

1,920,506 

15,318 

1,9.35,824 

R50,SR7 

1,812 

1      T,414 

8,717 

1842 

1,522,735 

80,279 

1,60.3,014 

65'),0,'>0 

6,390 

10,046 

1843* 

2,3ft^,3M 

14,057 

2,378,011 

12S840 

12,764 

18,848 

1844 

1,936,591 

16,SS2 

1,9.''.;5,473 

527,239 

7,260 

1      7,^9 

18,418 

1845 

2,611,874 

64,936 

2,660,810 

70S  187 

1    14,732 

20,810 

1846 

1,642,330 

4,'J,416 

l,r»7,740 

1,2:!0,OSO 

1      9,547 

18,788 

1847 

8,645,460 

162,013 

3,K07,473 

l.-^!7,ol4 

'.'.'.'. 

69,565 

;    2.%315 

1.5,6.30 

1849 

2,455,4i6 

3S41S 

2,49.3,  s44 

1,000,094 

.... 

7,210 

14,195 

17,096 

1849 

8,.549,960 

5s,472 

3,CiN,43J 

'   1.9,')9.320 

21,0!}2 

24,940 

1850 
Total, 

3,021,740 

188,679 

8,205,419 

1  2,740,070 

1.5,759 

17,276 

$24,669,976 

670,070 

25,340,046 

12,809,993 

85,817 

134,997 

160,568 

1851 

8,811,003 

261,937 

4,072,940 

2.999.710 

18,608 

22,987 

1853 

2,441,148 

230,635 

2,67l,7^3 

2,3.'>5,947 

19,856 

22,288 

1858 

4,486,825 

154,739 

4,641.564 

4,:«7,990 



27,784 

82,612 

1854 

8,097,662 

190,330 

3,287,998 

■'..■'jo.^ttg  1 

22,019 

28,008 

19M 

2,306,751 

114,4S9 

2,421,240 

3.'.i.M,.'>94  1 

.... 

18,674 

18,103 

1856 

8,380,376 

20,106 

8,906,W2 

4,131,506 

20,235 

24,975 

*  9  months  to  Juno  80,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  Umo  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORT. 
Glasoow.     Tlio  whole  number  and  tonnapc  arriving  .it  tlio  harbor  of  Glasgow 
during  the  years  1 828-1  8.j1,  were  as  follows  : 


Sailino  V'kssels. 


Steam  Vembls. 


Year*. 
1828 
1840 
1850 
1854 


No. 
4,405 
B,n37 

5,857 

r),:i22 


Tonnafio. 
214,315 
271,942 
391,033 
504,003 


No. 

7,100 
11,149 

9,195 
11,880 


TonnoRp. 

481.946 

894,387 

87.3,159 

1,090,804 


Tho  progress  and  present  condition  of  the  river  and  harbor,  however,  arc  probably 
beat  exhibited  by  tho  following  abstract  of  tho  rovenuo  of  the  trust  at  six  diffcrcDt 
periods : 


In  1800,  it  wa.s 

1820,       " 

1830,       " 


£3,319  IG     1 

6,328   18   10 

20,296  18     6 


In  1840,  it  was  . 
"  1850,  "  . 
'^   1854,       "      . 


£46,481  1  9 
64,243  14  11 
86,580     5   11 


^4  Foreign  Commercial  Statistics.  805 

GIBRALTAR, 

A  Biitish  town  and  fortress  in  Andalusia,  the  most  southerly  province 
of  Spain.  It  stands  on  the  extremity  of  a  small  peninsula,  washed  on  the 
east  side  l)y  the  Mediterranean,  and  on  the  west  by  the  Bay  of  Gibraltar. 
This  peninsula  is  connected  with  the  mainland  by  a  low,  sandy  isthmus, 
called  the  "Neutral  Ground,"  which  reaches  from  the  rock  of  Gibraltar 
northward  to  the  ancient  Spanish  lines,  a  distance  of  a  mile  and  a  half; 
its  breadth  is  about  three  fourths  of  a  mile. 

Gibraltar  is  a  free  port ;  and  though  its  trade  and  commerce  have  of 
late  years  declined  considerably,  they  are  still  extensive  and  important. 
It  is  the  great  resort  of  the  contrabandistas  or  smugglers,  who  j)urchase 
nearly  all  the  goods  that  find  their  way  into  the  south  of  Spain.  The 
smuggling  of  tobacco,  which  is  manufactured  in  large  quantities  at  Gib- 
raltar, is  a  source  of  constant  fretting  and  ill-will  between  the  govern- 
ments of  Spain  and  Great  Britain.  The  quantity  of  this  commodity  that 
finds  its  way  into  Spain  without  paying  duty,  is  between  six  and  eight 
millions  of  pounds  annually,  employing  in  its  manufacture  about  2,000 
hands.  The  loss  and  aS'ront  endured  by  the  Spanish  crown,  through  the 
continuance  of  this  trade,  are  all  the  more  keenly  felt,  as  tobacco  is  a 
monopoly  of  the  government,  and  a  considerable  source  of  its  income. 
Inquiry,  however,  has  shown  that  the  success  of  the  smugglers  is  chiefly 
due  to  the  incapacity  or  dishonesty  of  the  Spanish  oflScials,  whose  duty 
it  is  to  put  an  end  to  their  trade.  The  only  chance  that  these  person- 
ages have  of  making  fortunes,  is  to  accept  the  presents  which  procure 
their  connivance.  In  1852,  the  declared  value  of  British  and  Irish  pro- 
duce and  manufactures  exported  from  the  United  Kingdom  to  Gibraltar, 
was  £510,889. 

Gibraltar  was  long  an  ill-managed  and  most  expensive  colony.  It  has 
now  been  thoroughly  refornieil,  and  not  only  defrays  its  own  expenses, 
but  even  pays  over  a  small  surplusage  to  the  home  government.  The 
total  amount  of  the  revenue  is  a  little  above  £30,000 ;  the  expenditure 
is  rather  under  tliat  sum.  The  sources  of  income  are  the  customs,  port, 
and  quarantine  dues,  land  revenue,  rents,  auction  dues,  stamps,  and 
licenses,  etc.  The  outlay  is  caused  by  the  salaries  in  the  civil,  judicial, 
ecclesia.stical,  and  municipal  services,  by  allowances  to  some  of  these  de- 
partment'*, and  by  office  contingencies. 

Gibraltiir  contjiins  a  motley  population  of  from  15,000  to  20,000  (ex- 
clusive of  the  troops  in  garrison),  chielly  English,  Jews,  Spaniards,  and 
Moors.  Stringent  measures  are  adopted  by  government,  to  prevent  any 
increase  in  tlie  number  of  permanent  residents.  No  person  is  allowed  to 
remain  on  the  rock  who  can  not  find  some  one  to  stand  security  for  his 
good  behavior.  Permis  de  sljour  are  issued  by  the  police  mjxgistrate  for 
ten,  fifteen,  or  twenty  days,  at  the  end  of  which  period,  they  are  required 
to  be  renewed.  The  officers  of  the  garrison  have  the  privilege  of  mtro- 
ducing  a  stranger  for  a  month. 

The  climate  of  Gibraltar  is  temperate,  and,  on  the  whole,  healthful, 
the  only  exception  being  in  the  case  of  children  cutting  their  first  teeth. 
To  them  it  seems  to  be  peculiarly  fatal.  In  summer,  the  African  heat  is 
tempered  by  a  refreshing  sea-breeze,  which  blows  from  10  a.m.,  and 
ceases  before  sunset. 


804 


Gibraltar. 


76 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
WITH  GIBRALTAR, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


YBA.R8 
KlfDINO 

Sbpt. 
80. 

EXPORTS 

IMPORTS 

Whereof  thoro  was 
in  Bullion  &,  Specie. 

TON'GE  CL'D. 

Domestic. 

FOREIGU. 

ToTAt. 

Total. 

Export. 

Import. 

^LUER. 

For. 

1821 

$950,111 

$513,6.35 

$1,409,741) 

$1,2.34,26.3 

$;32,190 

$603,360 

20,954 

1322 

52.5,708 

625,074 

l,l.'i(i,7,s2 

49n,37S 

5,000 

5:5,661 

15,.347 

1823 

875,604 

1,02^272 

l,903,.s76 

477,769 

3.804 

181,695 

22,985 

1824 

9:U,402 

9:a,+45 

1,S0S.S47 

6:i3.st4 

2,110 

811,.371 

27,285 

I'.ioa 

1825 

861,733 

941,981 

1,803,714 

74V/46 

146,287 

101,704 

20,363 

5s4 

1826 

692,896 

1,05.'),525 

1,747,921 

C77,.so6 

10,500 

94,688 

24,14S 

921 

182T 

1,040,999 

804,387 

1,905.380 

828,9.^3 

.3,000 

69.278 

26,790 

68 

1828 

899,411 

500,719 

1,406,130 

660,578 

86,000 

87,:r(91 

26,446 

91 

1829 

801,132 

16(1.130 

4<i  1,262 

247,471 

10,572 

68,798 

8,701 

1830 
Total, 

513,248 

870,150 

8S3,398 

90,028 

59,880 

7,860 

13,450 

$7,600,744 

7,000,318 

14,601,062 

6,15.'5,6;j0 

309,.343 

1,539,806 

206,469 

2,766 

1&31 

429,087 

165,786 

594,873 

I.W'IT 

20,000 

8,500 

11,703 

18.32 

42s,S:33 

1S5,074 

61.3,907 

279,s58 

8:3,516 

8,820 

14.989 

'iJi 

\fm 

573,076 

1(H,570 

737,646 

182,508 

800 

2,300 

ls,311 

1,370 

1834 

5<m;,7(i3 

28.3,785 

790,4>>8  1 

200,691 

24,947 

12,993 

590 

1H3.5 

553,582 

265,tK)0 

818,582  ! 

16(1,200 

74,9.38 

4,460 

l.'),194 

400 

1886 

6;i5,19S 

225,177 

S()0,375 

2A9T8 

6,.597 

14,.522 

1,120 

1837 

861,031 

203,870 

564,901 

207,173 

17,034 

'688 

10,387 

1,878 

1838 

609,818 

152,371 

762,189 

25,024 

9,698 

11,496 

1,911 

1839 

902,247 

148,387 

I,o50,6;34 

99,17,S 

9,856 

13,8M 

2,1M 

lilO 
Total, 

64.3,344 

257,110 

900,454 

82,567 

'460 

11,312 

877 

$5,642,919 

2,051,130 

7,694,049 

1,.584,294 

171,4.34 

49,875 

184,771 

10,736 

1841 

1,020.931 

98,989 

1,119,920 

21,079 

17,868 

794 

1842 

4ii6,937 

ll.'>,961 

5^2,S98 

12.268 

15,2  i:i 

12,115 

1,758 

1*48* 

21S.2-.1 

38,197 

256,448 

23,915 

20,878 

6,941 

1,568 

1844 

5<  12,402 

77,421 

579,883 

44,274 

im 

1.3,471 

18,873 

2.418 

1845 

426,11)7 

168,5M 

589,671 

92,118 

47,890 

12,222 

11,691 

1.097 

1846 

403,241 

129,651 

692,892 

27,S06 

44,648 

1847 

865,360 

5.">,026 

42(1,386 

26,969 

2.790 

8'.2i9 

I'.iis 

IfUS 

810,400 

61,545 

871,945  ! 

4,445 

16.920 

9..526 

772 

1849 

723,819 

78,467 

802,286  ' 

1,193 

is,085 

18.1:59 

1,.540 

1S50 
Total, 

186,807 

60,482 

2^16,769 

44,269 

42,085 

7.650 

806 

$4,6»3,S16 

879,803 

5,563,118 

298,886 

196.036 

46,571 

101.022 

12,461 

1851 

177,904 

52,.529 

2.30,4.3:} 

73,604 

.5,530 

8.900 

1,969 

1852 

229,802 

4'.M.57 

278,4.'.9 

105.853 

16,000 

7,578 

1.802 

1858 

169.444 

66,570 

2-36,014 

61.784 

44,.'.00 

6.248 

1.8.30 

1R54 

446.445 

sl.3-.i7 

527,772 

59,673 

12,741 

12.189 

624 

1855 

225.365 

123,379 

848,744 

66,541 

.... 

8,063 

i.Moa 

1856 

872,628 

56,493 

429,016 

88,126 

26^400 

1,376 

10.640 

118 

*  9  months  to  Jano  30,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  timo  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORT. 
GiBRAi-TAR,  a  British  town  and  fortress  in  Andaln.siii,  tho  most  southerly  province 
of  Spain.  It  stands  on  the  cxtri-mity  of  a  small  peninsula,  washed  on  the  e.ist  aide 
by  the  Mediterranean,  and  on  tho  west  by  the  Bay  of  Gibraltar.  This  peninsula  is 
connected  with  the  mainland  hy  a  low,  sandy  isthmus  called  tlio  "  Neutral  Ground," 
which  reaches  from  the  rock  of  (Gibraltar  northward  to  tho  ancient  Spanish  lines,  a 
distance  of  a  mile  ;itid  a  half;  its  breadth  is  about  three  fourths  of  a  mile.  Gilmiltiir 
is  a  free  port ;  and  though  it^  trade  and  commerce  have  of  late  years  de<  lined  con- 
aidorably,  they  are  still  extensive  and  important  It  is  the  preat  resort  of  the  con- 
traJbandistas  or  smugglers,  who  purcha.so  nearly  all  the  goods  that  llnd  their  way  into 
tho  south  of  Spain.  The  smuggling  of  tobacco,  wiiich  is  manufactunni  in  largo 
quantities  at  Gibr.-iltar,  is  .1  source  of  constant  fretting  and  ill-will  between  tho  gov- 
ernments of  Spain  and  Kiigl.and.  Tho  quantity  of  this  commodity  that  finds  its  way 
into  Spain,  without  p.aying  duty,  is  between  six  and  eight  millions  of  pounds  annu- 
ally, employing  in  its  manufacture  about  2,000  hands. 


76  Foreign  Commercial  Statistics.  807 


MALTA. 

Malta,  an  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  belonging  to  the  British,  nearly 
opposite  to  the  southern  extremity  of  Sicily,  from  which  it  is  about  54 
miles  distant. 

Valetta,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  north  coast  of  the  island,  the 
lighthouse  in  the  castle  of  St.  Elmo  being  in  latitude  35°  54'  6"  N., 
longitude  14°  21'  1"  E.  Malta  is  about  20  miles  long,  and  10  or  12 
broad.  The  island  of  Goza,  about  a  fourth  part  of  the  size  of  Malta,  lies 
to  the  north-west  of  the  latter,  at  about  4  miles'  distance ;  and  in  the 
strait  between  them  is  the  small  island  of  Cumino.  In  1847,  the  pop- 
ulation of  Malta  amounted,  excluding  the  garrisou  (except  the  Maltese 
regiment),  to  108,140.  The  population  of  Goza,  at  the  same  period,  was 
15,130.  The  total  population  of  both  islands  making  123,270.  The 
entire  revenue  collected  in  Malta  usually  amounts  to  about  £100,000  a 
year,  of  which  about  £23,000  is  derived  from  the  rent  of  lands. 

Valetta,  the  capital  of  the  island,  is  defended  by  almost  impregnable 
fortifications.  "  These,"  says  Mr,  Brydone,  "  are  indeed,  most  stupendous 
works.  All  the  boasted  catacombs  of  Rome  and  Naples  are  a  trifle  to 
the  immense  excavations  that  have  been  made  in  this  httle  island.  The 
ditches,  of  a  vast  size,  are  all  cut  out  of  the  solid  rock ;  these  extend  for 
a  great  many  miles ;  and  raise  our  astonishment  to  think  that  so  small 
a  State  has  ever  been  able  to  make  them." — (Tour  through  Sicily  and 
Malta,  Letter  15.)  "Since  the  island  came  into  our  possession,  the  forti- 
fications have'  been  considerably  improved ;  so  that  at  present  it  is  a 
place  of  very  great  strength." 

After  the  capture  of  Rhodes  by  the  Turks,  the  emperor  Charles  V, 
made  a  present  of  Malta  to  the  Knights  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  in 
whose  possession  it  remained  till  1 798,  when  it  was  taken  by  the  French. 
It  was  taken  from  the  latter  by  the  English  in  1800,  and  was  definitely 
ceded  to  them  in  1814. 

The  island  consists  mostly  of  a  rock,  very  thinly  covered  with  soil,  a 
good  deal  of  which  has  been  brought,  at  an  immense  expense,  from 
Sicily;  but,  being  cultivated  with  the  utmost  care,  it  produces  excellent 
fruits,  particularly  the  celebrated  Maltese  oranges,  corn,  cotton,  with 
small  quantities  of  indigo,  saffron,  and  sugar.  The  principal  dependence 
of  the  inhabitants  is  on  their  cotton  ;  the  crop  of  which,  amounting  to 
about  4,000,000  lbs.  a  year,  is  partly  exported  raw,  and  partly  man- 
ufactured to  the  value  of  from  £80,000  to  £100,000.  The  corn  raised 
in  the  island  is  not  sufiicient  to  feed  the  inhabitants  for  more  than  five 
or  six  months,  and  at  an  average  about  100,000  quarters  of  foreign 
wheat  are  required  for  their  use.  In  addition  to  corn,  cattle,  provisions 
of  all  sorts,  including  dried  fish,  fruits,  Spanish  peas,  etc.,  are  largely 
imported.  The  other  leading  articles  of  import  comprise  cottons,  and 
most  sorts  of  manufactured  goods ;  sugar,  coffee,  and  other  colonial  pro- 
ducts ;  tobacco,  oil,  wines,  timber,  etc.  The  trade  in  corn  used  to  be 
monopolized  by  government ;  and,  after  the  monopoly  was  abandoned, 
duties  on  importation,  varying,  like  those  in  this  country,  with  the  price, 
were  imposed.  But,  in  1835,  these  duties  were  abolished;  and  the 
fixed  duties  on  corn  entered  for  consumption,  specified  in  the  tariff,  were 
substituted  in  their  stead. 


806 


Malta. 


n*i 


FOREIGN"    COMMERCE    OF    THE    UNITED 
WITH  MALTA, 

From  October  1,  1832,  to  July  1,  185G. 


STATES 


Years 

BNBING 

EXPORTS 

IMPORTS 

Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullion  &  Specie. 

TON'GE  CL'D.    i 

Sept. 
SO. 

Domestic. 

FOEEIGN. 

Total. 

Total. 

1  EXPOET. 

Impoet. 

Amer. 

Foe. 

1888 

150,828 

$50,828 

$81,073 

1884 

37,426 

87,426 

49,523 

1,091 

1885 

109,655 

$121,248 

230,898 

31,867 

$381 

$1,482 

2,126 

1836 

38,817 

139,892 

178,709 

84,890 

781 

761 

1837 

100,805 

178,366 

274.171 

85,961 

1     1,993 

710 

1888 

81.955 

4,078 

86,033 

16,866 

2,470 

1        857 

1889 

65.S70 

34,126 

99,996 

24,918 



1,869 

1840 
Total, 

14.610 

45,386 

59,990 

28,471 

....  ! 

448 

$499,966 

518,091 

1,018,057 

253,094 

SSI 

8,952 

9,165 

1,471 

1841 

27,869 

21,070 

48,939 

1,461 

860 

274 

1842 

11.644 

8,261 

19,905 

7,300 

756 

1S43* 

6.436 

11,471 

17,907 

27 

214 

1844 

9.752 

7,246 

16.998 

15     [ 

611 



I8« 

12,909 

12,909 

22,311     . 

954 

1846 

23,754 

10,927 

84,681 

21.589 

SS2 

1847 

25,096 

22,.541 

47,637 

843 

223 

1848 

33,123 

15,955 

49,083 

3S4 

1,812 

t . . 

1349 

51.23.3 

62,7M 

118.967 

8,405 

8.068 

720 

1850 
Total, 

75,329 

89,051 

114,380 

11,354 

2,665 

456 

$277,150 

199,256 

476,406 

72,846 

12,165 

1,678 

1851 

64,061 

12.238 

76,299 

26,167 

! 

1.097 

746 

1852 

90,:347 

16,975 

118.322 

114,304 

2,442 

45.3 

1853 

165,319 

22,?37 

187,556 

80,053 

2,000 

2,721 

741 

1854 

148,523 

21,245 

169.773 

83,695 

8,197 

802 

1855 

212,397 

72,452 

2S4.S49 

62,616 

4,088 

629 

1856 

281,045 

83.541 

814,586 

44,224 

i 

2,998 

400 

*  9  months  to  June  80,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORT. 
The  central  position,  excellent  port,  and  great  strenglh  of  Malta,  make  it  an 
admirable  naval  station  for  the  repair  and  accommodation  of  the  men-of-war  and 
merchant-ships  frequenting  the  Mediten-anean,  and  render  its  possession  of  material 
importance  to  the  British  empire.  Since  Malta-built  vessels  were  admitted  into  the 
ports  of  the  United  Kingdom  on  the  same  terms  as  those  of  British-built,  the  trade 
of  ship-building  has  materially  increased  on  the  island.  The  Maltese  shipwrights  are 
diligent,  expert  workmen ;  and,  their  wages  being  moderate,  it  is  a  favorable  place 
for  careening.  Owing  to  the  want  of  a  dry -dock,  all  ships  above  the  size  of  a  sloop- 
of-war  that  require  to  have  their  bottoms  examined,  have  to  go  to  England  for  that 
purpose.  This,  surely,*  should  bo  obviated.  Quarantine  is  strictly  enforced  at 
Malta;  but  there  is  every  facility  for  its  performance,  and  the  charges  are  less  than 
at  any  other  port  in  the  Mediterranean.  Malta  is  now  the  center  of  a  very  exten- 
Bive  steam-packet  system  ;  the  steamers  from  England  for  the  Ionian  Islands,  Con- 
stantinople, Alexandria,  and  other  parts  of  the  Levant,  touch  here.  The  French 
steamers  from  these  ports  usually  perform  quarantine  at  Malta.  In  1825,  British 
silver  money  was  introduced  into  Malta ;  the  Spanish  dollar  being  made  legal  tender 
at  the  rate  of  4s.  4d.,  the  Sicilian  dollar  at  4s.  2d.,  and  the  scudo  of  Malta  at  l.s.  8d. 
The  pound  or  rottolo,  commercial  weight  =  30  oncio  —  12-216  English  grains. 
Hence  100  rottoli  (the  cantaro)  =  174^-  lbs.  avoirdupois,  or  TS-M  kilog.  Merchants 
usually  reckon  the  cantnroat  175  lbs.  The  salma  of  com,  stricken  me:usuro  —  8.221 
Winchester  bushels;  heaped  mea.suro  i.s  reckoned  16  per  cent.  more.  The  caffi.so,  or 
measure  for  oil,  contains  5^  Enghsh  gallons  =  20818  litres.  The  barrel  is  double 
the  caffiso.  The  Maltese  foot  —  11  1-Gth  English  inches  =- -2836  meters.  The 
canna  =  8  palmi  =  81-9  FInglish  inches  =  2-079  meters.  Merchants  usually  con- 
vert Malta  measure  into  Enghsh  in  the  proportion  of  3  J  palmi  to  a  yard,  or  2  2-7th 
yards  to  1  canna. 


78  Foreign  Commercial  Statistics,  809 


BRITISH  INDIA. 

Calcutta,  the  principal  city  of  the  province  of  Bengal,  the  capital  of 
the  British  (.lominioiis  in  India,  and,  witli  the  exception,  periiaps,  of  Can- 
ton, the  (jjreatest  cniporiuin  to  tlie  eastward  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
Its  citadel  is  in  latitude  22°  34'  49"  N.,  longitude  88°  27'  IG"  E.  It  is 
about  100  miles  from  the  sea,  being  situated  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the 
western  branch  of  the  Ganges,  denominated  by  Europeans  the  Ilooghly 
river,  which  is  the  only  arm  of  the  Ganges  navigable  to  any  considera- 
ble distance  by  large  ships.  At  high  water  the  river  opposite  to  the 
town  is  about  a  mile  in  breadth ;  but  during  the  ebb  the  side  opposite  to 
Calcutta,  exposes  a  long  range  of  dry  8;md-banks.  Owing  to  the  length 
and  intricacy  of  the  navigation  from  the  sea,  it  can  not  be  undertaken 
without  a  pilot;  so  that,  even  if  it  did  not  exceed  our  limits,  it  would  be 
useless  to  attempt  any  description  of  it  in  this  place. 

The  principal  merchants  and  traders  consist  of  British  and  other  Euro- 
peans, Portuguese,  born  in  India,  Armenians,  Jews,  Persians,  from  the 
coast  of  the  Persian  Gulf,  commotdy  called  Parsees,  Moguls,  Mohammed- 
ans of  Ilindostan,  and  Hindoos ;  the  latter  usually  either  of  the  Brah- 
minical  or  mercantile  castes,  and  natives  of  Bengal.  The  native  Portu- 
guese and  Armenian  merchants  have  of  late  greatly  declined  in  wealth 
and  importance.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Persian  merchants  have  in- 
creased in  numbers  and  wealth,  several  of  them  being  worth  £250,000 
sterling.  The  large  fortunes  of  the  Hindoo  merchants  have  been  much 
broken  down  of  late  years  by  litigation  in  the  courts,  and  naturally 
through  the  law  of  equal  coparcenary  among  brothers.  To  counterbal- 
ance this,  there  has  been,  since  the  opening  of  the  free  trade  in  1814, 
a  vast  augmentation  of  the  number  of  inferior  merchants,  worth  from 
£20,000  to  £50,000  sterling.  There  are  but  few  Hindoo  merchants  at 
present  whose  wealth  exceeds  £200,000  sterling. 

ABSTRACT  VIEW  OF  THE  EXTERNAL  COMMERCE  OF  BENGAL. 


IMPOETB,   1S51-1852. 

EXPOBTS,    1851- 

1852. 

Merchandise 

Treasura 

> 

Total. 

Merchandise. 

Treasure 

Total. 

Great  Britain,  . 

6,.'>D,79,'28-2 

91,74,544 

6,51,53,826 

4,78,20,145 

78,053 

4,78,98,198 

France,     . 

9,:f8,0Hl 

4,25,850 

13,03,881 

48,07,4;U 

4S,07,4;il 

North  America, 

9,9!t,05:! 

2,22,090 

12,21,743 

76,84,224 

76,84,224 

Madras  Coast,  . 

9,24,:i;!S 

18,08,553 

27,32,891 

12,52,090 

1,47,924 

14,00,014 

Ceylon,     .         , 

90,081 

1,80,225 

1,60,906 

1,50,240 

57,100 

2,07,340 

Maldives  and  Lac-  I 
cadive«,                 f 

1,36,292 

1,36,292 

60,032 

60,032 

Malabar  Coast, 

17,75,800 

3,47,380 

21,23,180 

20,71,501 

20,71,501 

Arabian  and  Persian  1 
(Julfs,                    (■ 

7,29,20.5 

1,80,722 

9,09,027 

12,51,597 

12,61,597 

SinRaporo, 

14,G9,43l 

16,2.'5,031 

30,94,462 

44,04,137 

540 

4-1,04,677 

I'enan;;  and  Malacca, 

6,12,029 

1,34,631 

7,47,260 

5,44,79.) 

7,148 

5,51,907 

China, 

16,00,846 

89,12,398 

l,a5, 13,244 

3,22,17,277 

3,22,17,277 

New  Holland,   . 

12,6:5,2W 

10,4,V2 

12,82,707 

3,16,544 

3,16,644 

Java  and  Sumatra    . 

37,15i 

2,407 

39,649 

68,971 

68,971 

I'egu, 

5,:(4,t'63 

3,51,063 

8,66,0-'6 

14,43,883 

15,96;i74 

80,40,057 

Mauritius. 

22,323 

8,01,993 

8,84,316 

15,95,297 

56,370 

16,61,667 

Bourbon,  . 

20,(>r>-l 

7,8t,9a5 

7,5:^,903 

6,06,865 

6,06,866 

Cape  and  St.  Helen*, 

3.'>,67f> 

35,850 

71,5:5 

2,08,585 

2,566 

2,71,086 

Hamburg, 

1.49,014 

1,49,014 

2,27,950 

2,27,960 

Cadiz, 

1,18,996 

1,18,096 

Amsterdam, 

1,568 

1,563 

Trieste,     . 

83,063 

83;663 

Genoa, 

ss/j.-ie 

3.%956 

4,21,833 

4,21,888 

Other  places,    . 

<)6,602 

96,602 

2,66,278 

2,66,278 

Total,  Company's  1 
rupees.     J 

6,76,14,750 

2,49,63,184 

9,24,77,934 

10,84,63  897 

19.45,809 

11,04,09,706 

808 


British  East  Indies. 


n 


FOREIGN  COMI^IERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WITH  THE 

BRITISU  EAST  INDIES, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Yeabs 

KNDINO 

EXPOKTS. 

IMPORTS 

Whereof  there  was 
In  Bullion  &  Specie. 

TON'GE  CLD. 

Sbpt. 
80. 

1821 

Domestic. 

Foreign.  1    Total. 

Total. 

ExroRT. 
$1,884,949 

Import. 

Amer. 

For. 

132,089 

$1  934,19o'$l,9f>6.279 

$1,530,799 

8,027 

1822 

67,979 

1,968.365 

2,03(1.:!44 

1^.272,217 

1,930.376 

8,347 

1823 

10,642 

307,738 

31S.3S0 

3!265!961 

283,052 

895 

1824 

34,354 

927,716 

962,070 

441. S67 

782,386 

2,920 

1825 

206,450 

784,629 

991,079 

1,756,484 

665,523 

4,124 

1826 

24,226 

418,042 

442.-."(13 

2.510.606 

3,54,5.57 

2,030 

1827 

82,717 

1,018.733 

1,05T.4.'J0 

569.050 

872.183 

2,430 

1828 

54,199 

795.0S'i 

S49,8S1 

1.M2.736 

650,080 

8,441 

1829 

69,070 

477.629 

546,699 

1.229.569 

297,301 

8,a50 

1880 
Total, 

93,731 

553,126 

646,857 

1,373,297 

160,641 

$500 

4,029 

$625,457 

9,185,850 

9,811,807 

17,492,592 

7,881,048 

500 

29,293 

1831 

182,442 

675,890 

807,832 

;  1.544,273 

486,027 

82 

0,481 

1882 

18^,218 

839.2;55 

52S.4.')3 

2.538,988 

212,886 

11,000 

6,916 

1833 

136,156 

188,843 

824.999 

1.832,059 

80,910 

2,700 

6,736 

1884 

199,602 

206,941 

406.54^5 

2,293,012 

147,825 

872 

5,655 

1835 

364,417 

389,641 

754.058 

1,697.893 

529,123 

10,389 

1836 

289,315 

435,461 

724.77e 

2,954.476 

&51,925 

10,520 

188T 

120,591 

82,907 

203.55S 

3,041.842 

18,8.'>0 

l',296 

8,487 

1888 

820,505 

258,402 

578,907 

!      675.531 

279,921 

8,884 

1839 

246,845 

337.597 

684,442 

2.135,152 

891.725 

10,557 

1840 
Total, 

230,404 

851,791 

6:32,195 

1.952,461 

815,007 

1,597 

6,742 

$2,279,495 

3,266,268 

5.545,763 

20,665,637 

2,758,699 

17,511 

73,816 

1841 

532,334 

430,867 

963.201 

1.236.641 

378,650 

40 

12,647 

1842 

899,979 

283,825 

6S.3.S04' 

1,530,364 

202,5t)0 

2,951 

9.079 

]',i29 

1843* 

237,576 

140,136 

877.712 

689,777 

87.839 

6,415 

1844 

888,413 

837,5,')3 

675,966 

882,792 

274,107 

"so 

10,479 

1845 

297,3;n 

134.067 

431,398 

,  1.276.534 

76.168 

10,814 

1846 

270,600 

99,772 

370,372 

1.861,345 

73.920 

1.479 

10.979 

"706 

1847 

237,783 

135,4->4 

373.237 

1,646.457 

100,132 

2,300 

12.294 

1848 

610.284 

150.715 

666.999 

2.069.632 

56,2;ta 

l.^.S-H 

642 

1849 

8-'!2,962 

70.562 

409.524 

2.036.2.M 

249 

21,020 

827 

1850 
Total, 

502,613 

156,840 

659,469 

2,685,016 

85,400 

29,.389 

2,133 

$3,659,875 

1,951,797 

5,611,072 

15,414,812 

1,235,323 

6,820 

136,970 

4,943 

1861 

512,906 

175,484 

688.390 

8.336.835 

80,671 

49.216 

2,964 

1852 

666.188 

89,860 

604.498 

4.22.5.041 

.\50 

j 

52,763 

7,730 

1858 

603.856 

6:^.542 

5';7.39S 

8.581.726 

4.5.727 

] 

60,461 

0,8n9 

1854 

567,193 

69,219 

636.412 

5,378.;52t 

29.721 

.... 

46,812 

585 

1855 

714,119 

193,141 

912,263 

5..4.'.7.37S 

6.').424 



80.729 

4,742 

1868 

691,998 

75,631 

767,629 

7,005,911 

80,700 

.... 

63,265 

9,483 

*  9  months  to  Juno  SO,  and  tbo  llscal  year  from  this  tlmo  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORTS. 

Bombay,  a  seaport  on  the  western  coa.'st  of  British  India,  lut.  18°  50'  N.,  and  long. 
72°  67'  K.  It  is  situated  at  tlio  sonth-oasterly  extremity  of  a  small  island,  of  same 
name,  separated  from  the  main  land  by  an  arm  of  the  .sea,  forminp,  with  tlio  contig- 
uous i.sland.s  of  Colabah,  Salsettc,  Butchers',  and  Curaigah,  ono  of  tlio  best  iiarbora 
in  India.  Tho  entrance  is  nearly  throe  miles  wide,  and  has  a  depth  of  Ironi  35  to 
40  feet. 

Maura 8,  tho  second  British  India  presidency,  and  principal  port  on  the  western 
coast  of  tho  bay  of  Bengal.  It  i.s  without  port  or  harbor,  lying  close  to  an  open 
roadstead,  and  the  shore  having  a  constant  surf  A  rapid  current  runs  along  tho 
coast,  and  typhoons  are  common.  Large  ships  anchor  about  two  miles  from  shore, 
in  the  roads,  in  from  40  to  GO  feet  of  water,  and  lighters  are  used  to  load  and  unload 
freight. 

SiNQAPORK,  a  British  settlement,  on  an  island  of  same  name,  at  tho  eastora  ex« 
tromity  of  Malacca,  lat.  1°  17'  22"  N.,  long.  103°  51'  45"  E. 


80  Foreign  Commercial  Statistics.  811 

CAPE  OF  GOOD  HOPE, 

An  important  colony  of  Great  Britain,  occupying  the  south  part  of  the 
peninsula  of  Africii,  bet%Yeeu  latitude  29"  41'  and  34°  51'  S,,  and  longi- 
tude 17"  10'  and  21"  32'  E. ;  bounded  on  the  south  and  east  by  the  In- 
dian Ocean,  and  ou  the  west  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  on  the  north  by  the 
countries  of  the  Namaqua*;,  (Jriquiis,  and  other  Hottentot  tribes,  and  ou 
the  north-east  by  13ritisn  Kafraria.  Length,  west  to  east  (Cape  peninsula 
to  Keiskanima  river),  550  miles;  average  breadth,  250  miles.  Area,  es- 
timated at  110,000  square  miles.  Poi»ulation  in  1850,  261,430,  mostly 
Africans,  Dutch,  negroes,  and  a  small  number  of  Hottentots.  The  coun- 
try is  i'onned  of  a  series  of  territories  rising  in  successive  stages  from  south 
to  north.  Bays,  Helena,  Table,  False  (the  west  part  of  which  forms 
Simon's  bay),  St.  Sebastian,  Mossel,  Plettenberg,  and  Algoa.  Streams 
are  numerous,  but  rapid,  mostly  dry  in  summer,  and  unfit  for  navigation  ; 
the  chief  are,  on  the  east  and  south  coast,  Keiskanima,  Great  Fish,  Bush- 
man, Sunday,  Camtoos,  and  Broedo;  on  the  west.  Berg  and  Elephant,  or 
Oliphant ;  and  ou  the  north,  several  small  streams  tributary  to  the  Orange. 
The  climate  is  mild  and  healthy,  but  very  dry ;  rains  irregular,  often  fall- 
ing in  torrents  on  the  coast,  but  rare  in  the  plains  of  the  interior. 

The  commerce  of  the  colony  is  extensive ;  the  ports  are  Cape  Town 
and  Simon's  Town,  in  the  west,  and  fort  Elizabeth  in  the  east.  Total 
value  of  exports  in  1844,  £350,735,  of  which  £246,217  were  to  the 
United  Kingdom.  Imports  same  year,  £1,123,061.^  In  1845,  35  ships 
(3,713  tons)  and  307  men  belonged  to  .the  colony;  and  in  1847,  791 
ships  (209,426  tons)  entered,  and  782  ships  (205,618  tons)  cleared  from 
its  ports.  The  colony  consists  of  an  east  and  a  west  province,  and  these 
are  divided  into  14  districts;  viz..  Cape  Division  and  Stelleubosch,  in  the 
south-west;  Zwellendam,  George,  Uitenhage,  and  Albany,  on  the  south 
coast;  Cianwilliam  on  the  north-west;  Worcester  and  Beaufort,  Graaf 
Keynet,  and  Somerset,  in  the  interior ;  Colesberg,  on  the  north-east ; 
Cradock  and  Victoria,  on  the  east.  The  capitals  have  the  same  names 
as  the  districts,  except  Graham's  Town,  which  is  the  capital  of  Albany, 
and  Fredericsburg,  of  Victoria  district.  Stellenbosch  is  the  chief  wine, 
and  Zwellendam,  the  principal  corn-growing  district ;  the  others  are 
mostly  appropriated  to  grazing.  Government  is  administered  by  a  Par- 
liament, conjj)Oscd  of  the  governor,  legislative  council,  of  16  members, 
and  a  House  of  Assembly  of  46  members,  elected  for  a  term  of  five  years. 
(Salary  of  governor  and  commander-in-chief,  £5,000.)  The  Dutch 
founded  a  colony  at  the  Cape,  in  1648,  which  was  taken  by  the  British 
in  1795.  European  grains,  and  the  fruits  of  temperate  and  tropical 
Temons,  have  been  successfully  introduced.  Corn  is  raised  more  than 
requisite  fur  consumption,  and  the  cultivation  of  the  vine  is  an  important 
source  of  wealth  ;  a  good  white  wine  is  produced  in  the  interior,  but  only 
the  small  vineyard  at  the  foot  of  Table  Mountain  produces  the  celebrated 
liqueur  called  Constantia.  Cattle-rearing  is  the  chief  branch  of  rural  in- 
dustry ;  and  the  introduction  of  the  Merino  sheep  has  rendered  the  rural 
trade  of  the  colony  important.  The  value  of  produce  of  the  colony  ex- 
ported in  1840  amounted  to  £359,517.  The  coasts  abound  with  mack- 
erel and  herrings,  and  in  1842  the  whale  and  seal  fishing  employed  144 
boats. 


810 


Cape  of  Good  Hope. 


81 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WITH  THE 

CAPE  OF  GOOD  HOPE  AND  BRITISH  SOUTH 

AMERICAN  POSSESSIONS, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  Jclt  1,  1856. 


Years 

ENDI.VCI 

Seit. 
80. 

KXPORTS. 

IMPORTS 

Wlicreof  there  was 
in  Bullion  &  Specie. 

TON'GE  CL'D. 

DoMESTia  jFOKEION. 

TOTAU 

Total. 
$68,875 

46',659 
6,186 

ExroRT. 

blPOBT. 

Amkb. 

Fob. 

1«!21 
1SJ2 
IS-.'.-J 
lrt24 
1S25 
1S2G 
1827 
1.S28 
1N29 
18.30 

$0,150 
2l",i54 

.... 
$6',i33 

$6',i56 
27,587 

$3',566 

'188 
800 

4.32 
425 

Total, 

18.31 
1882 
18.33 

isat 

1S86 
1886 
1887 
1883 
1889 
1840 

$27,804 

7,562 

60',565 
86,218 
23,898 
22,718 
88,879 
85,816 

6,433 

2,521 
4,517 

6,626 
197 

88,787 

7,.'562 
2,621 
60,.565 
90,7&5 
28,898 
22,718 
9.3,399 
86,018 

115,020 

18,766 

41,750 
28,7.35 
98,799 
12,0.34 
43.0.'>9 
82,824 

$5,626 

8,500 
'756 

1,295 

"267 
1,600 

716 
1,650 

455 
1,004 
2,278 

650 

189 
166 

Total, 

1841 

1842 

1!M8* 

1844 

1S45 

1.8-16 

1847 

1848 

1849 

1850 

$830,156 
61,.324 

8o',n,'i.5 

82,988 
83,743 
23,713 
100,172 
100,3.38 
94,422 
148,219 

12,255 
19,0.39 

842,411 

51,.324 

80,055 
82.938 
.33,74;? 
2.3,713 
106,172 
120,277 
94,422 
143,219 

1    205,401 

17,1.W 
2.3,815 
31,192 
29.100 
26,439 
8I,a80 
86,041 
60.481 
71.298 
72,206 

5,020 

4,666 

15,589 

76« 
919 

8,420 

968 

■466 
1,689 
498 
2,296 
2.287 
1.670 
2,728 
1.912 

299 
153 

Total, 

1861 
1863 
185.3 
1854 
1855 
1856 

$005,924 

101,891 
224,2.36 
867,281 
292,628 
448,476 
896,780 

19,939 

ijis 

8,141 

7,.380 

8,837 

21,471 

685,803 

101.891 
225.9.M 
870,372 
299.958 
452.312 
413,251 

449,429 

'    12.3,223 
190,790 

'    802,303 
44.8.908 
418..VW 
483,594 

19,689 

919 

1,800 

37,169 

ll",58i 

14,444 

2,.V)1 
4,848 
4,705 
a869 
&,65« 
7,078 

153 

9?7 
613 
988 
881 
6M 
303 

*  9  months  to  Juno  80,  and  tbo  fiscal  year  ft-um  this  time  begins  Jaly  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORTS. 

C.vi'E  Tows,  tho  capital  of  tho  BritLsh  territory  in  Soutli  Africa,  nt  the  bottom  of 
Tablo  bay,  alx)Ut  32  niilea  north  from  tho  Cajx)  of  Good  Hope,  and  on  tho  western 
side  of  the  territory  to  whicli  it  pivcs  it-s  name,  lat  3.1°  55'  5G"  S.,  lonp.  1S°  21'  E. 
Tho  town  wa.s  founded  by  tlio  Dutch  in  1050,  and  remained,  with  tho  territory  sub- 
ject to  it,  in  their  poa.<»es.sion,  till  it  was  t.'ikcn  by  tlio  British  in  nO.").  It  wa.«  re- 
stored to  tho  Dutch  by  tho  treaty  of  Amieu.'^ ;  but  beinp  apain  captured  by  tho  Brit- 
ish in  180G,  it  wa."  finally  ceiled  to  them  in  1815.  Tablo  biiy  is  capable  of  eontaininff 
any  number  of  ships;  but  it  is  exposed  to  tho  westerly  winds,  which,  durinj?  tho 
months  of  .Tune,  July,  and  August,  throw  in  a  heavy  swell,  that  has  been  productive 
of  many  distrcssintc  accidents.  Thi.s,  in  fact,  is  the  preat  drawback  upon  Capo  Town, 
which  in  all  other  respects  is  most  admirably  lilted  for  a  commorci.ol  station. 

Sald.vnha  b.\y,  lat.  33°  6'  S.,  long.  17°  58'  15",  50  miles  north  of  Cajx)  Town. 


82  Foreign  Commercial  Statistics.  818 

AUSTRALIA,  OR  NEW  HOLLAND, 

The  largest  island  on  the  globe,  is  situated  in  the  southern  hemisphere  ; 
and,  jvs  des(Mil>od  by  writers  generally,  forms  the  main  land  around 
which  arc  olustored  tliose  groups  of  islands  which,  in  modern  geography, 
constitute  the  fifth  great  division  of  the  earth's  surface.  Wilson  Prom- 
ontory, its  most  southern  angle,  is  in  latitude  39"  11'  S.,  and  Capo 
York,  its  northernmost  headlAnd,  in  latitude  10°  43'  S.  Its  greatest 
breadth,  .from  north  to  south,  is  thus  1,708  geographical  miles,  or  1,965 
Htatute  miles.  Cape  Byron,  tlie  ea.storn  limit,  is  in  longitude  153°  37'  E., 
and  Cajie  Inscription,  in  112°  55'  E.,  forms  its  westernmost  point;  mak- 
ing the  extreme  length  of  the  island  from  east  to  west  about  2,603  Brit- 
ish miles,  by  an  average  breadth  of  1,200  miles — a  tract  of  land  well 
entitled  to  be  called  acontinent,  by  which  name  it  is  frequently  desig- 
nated by  geographers.  Its  superficies  approximates  to  2,690,810  square 
miles.  That  of  the  continent  of  Europe  being  3,084,841  square  miles 
we  can  form  some  idea  of  its  extent  by  comparison. 

The  nomenclature  and  geographical  subdivisions  of  this  island-conti- 
nent have  undergone  many  alterations  from  time  to  time,  as  the  territory 
has  Ix'coine  colonized.  Before  any  settlement  had  been  cliected  by  the 
British  government  upon  its  shores,  the  entire  island  was  designated  New 
Holland,  not  only  by  the  Dutch — from  whom  it  received  its  name — but 
on  our  own  charts  and  maps.  The  east  coast,  first  discovered  and  ex- 
plored by  Captain  Cook,  in  1770,  was  named  by  him  New  South  Wales, 
Tlio  middle  portion  of  the  north  coast  bore  the  name  of  Arnhem  Land, 
after  the  ship  of  its  discoverer,  Zcachen,  in  1618.  The  west  and  southwest 
coasts  were  named  in  like  manner  by  their  discoverers,  the  Dutch  navi- 
gators, in  the  seventeenth  century,  De  Witt's  Land,  Endraght's  Land, 
Edel's  L:md,  Leeuwin's  Land,  and  Nuyl's  Laud.  That  of  Van  Diemen's 
Land  was  given  byTasmau  to  what  he  supposed  was  the  southern  penin- 
sula of  New  Holland,  but  which  was  afterward  discovered  by  Bass  to  be 
an  island. 

Since  this  great  territory  has  become  the  undisputed  possession  of 
Brit.'iin,  other  names,  with  the  exception  just  mentioned,  have,  according 
to  the  law  of  nations,  been  substituted  for  the  old  Dutch  titles.  New 
South  Wales  is  only  applied  now  to  about  one  half  the  oast  coast  terri- 
tory. The  name  of  the  entire  island  also  is  changed  from  New  Holland  to 
the  more  appropriate  designation  of  Australia,  by  which  it  is  now  uni- 
versally recognized  and  described.  The  subdivisions  South,  North,  and 
Western  Australia  would  be  equally  proper  if  their  boundaries  were  de- 
fined according  to  the  ordinary  rules  of  geographical  dissection.  But 
while  the  first  section.  South  Australia,  is  only  the  middle  portion  of  tho 
Bouth  coast,  trending  inland  to  the  central  region ;  and  the  second,  North 
Australia,  embraces  all  to  tho  north  of  New  South  Wales ;  the  third  sec- 
tion. Western  Australia,  nearly  bisects  the  island,  leaving  a  small  tract  of 
land  between  it  and  South  Australia,  with  no  name  at  all  A  better  di- 
vision would  be  to  draw  a  line  right  across  from  east  to  west  in  latitude 
20°  S.;  thus  bisecting  the  island  near  its  intertropical  parallel;  for  al- 
tliough  this  line  would  be  3i  degrees  south  of  the  tropic  of  Capricorn, 
still  tho  influence  of  the  tropical  ruins  and  winds  ascend  even  higher 
than  this  parallel. 


812 


Atiatralia. 


88 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
WITH  AUSTRALIA, 
From  Octobek  1,  1837,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Trass 

EXDINO 

Beit. 
30. 

EXPORTS. 

IMPOETS 

1 

Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullion  &,  ijpccle. 

TON'GE  CL'D. 

Domsna 

FOKEIUN. 

TOTAU 

TOTAU 

$3(),r)38 
58,344 
122,141 

Export. 

Impobt. 

Ams. 

Fob. 

1888 
1889 
1840 

ToUl, 

1841 

1842 

184S« 

1844 

1846 

1846 

1847 

1848 

1S49 

1850 

Total, 

1861 
1862 
1853 
ISM 
1865 
1866 

$38,546 

6,790 

84,847 

$816 
6,022 

$*»,3r,2 

0,790 

90,869 

620 
1,068 
1,868 

$125,183 

63,784 
62,661 
67,305 
29,667 
69,.'521 
48,788 
»),289 

6,838 

112,557 

ll",232 

790 

132,021 

176,341 
62,651 
69,a'J7 
29,667 
70,311 
48,783 
8:3,289 

211,023 

86,706 

28,693 

44,910 

122 

$101,621 
6,720 

$37,126 

8,041 

1,787 
690 
416 

$365,600 

196,654 
4,14S,82S 
2.999,635 
2,703,048 
4,909,925 

124,579 

11,713 
13S,174 
149,444 
820,506 
125,047 

4S0,079 

20S,2G7 
4,2S7,(MI2 
8,149,079 
3,023,549 
6,034,972 

160,481 

214,202 
22:1,693 
134,452 

'    108,841 

7,498 
8,ii2 

87,125 
197',58i 

io',9o6 

8.TW 

9^818 
66,944 
89,421 
43.8.58 
42,866 

n.oio 

18.0.84 
4,9S9 
2.479 
4,722 

♦  9  months  to  June  80,  and  tho  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORT.S. 

Melbourne,  the  capital  of  the  Urili.^h  colony  of  Victoria,  Au.stralia,  on  tho  Yarra- 
Yarra,  near  its  mouth  in  Port  Philip,  lat.  37°  48'  G"  S.,  long.  144°  57'  7"  E.  Pop- 
ulation in  1850,  20,000.  It  was  founded  in  1837,  and  now  extends  for  two  miles, 
with  a  breadth  of  one  mile,  along  the  river,  wliich  i.s  navigable  to  tho  town  for  ves- 
8el.s  of  200  tons.  It  i.s  tho  chief  seat  of  the  trade  of  Victoria,  though  large  .«hipa 
arriving  at  its  port  are  obliged  to  lie  opposite  Williainstown,  about  four  miles  diatant 
Site  low,  and  frequently  flooded.  Streets  regtilar ;  houses  cliiefly  of  brick,  many  of 
tho  public  buildings  of  stone,  and,  alt/jgothcr,  it  has  tho  a.spoctof  an  Knglish  country 
town.  Vahio  of  e.vporta  from  Victoria,  mostly  from  Melbourne  and  Geclong,  in  1849, 
£737,007,  of  which  £574,504  stood  for  wool ;  imports,  £479,831.  Melbourne  com- 
niuiiic.'itcs  d.'iily  by  steamers  with  Geelong  on  the  west  side  of  the  bay.  and  at  ."Stated 
jxTJods  with  Sydney,  L;iunce8ton,  and  Ilobart  Town,  in  Tasmania  (Van  Pieman's 
Land).  Around  it  are  many  tiiriving  f;irms  and  coinitry  residences  of  its  more 
wealthy  inhabitants. — MiUwurne  island,  Pacific  ocean,  fomi.Sj  with  Iledford  and 
Minto  island.s,  a  group  of  tho  Dangerous  Archipelago,  and  was  discovered  by  Lord 
E.  Uu.s.soll  in  1837. 

AnKi.AiDK,  a  city  of  South  Australia,  soven  miles  S.E.  (Vom  its  port,  on  an  inlet,  and 
on  tho  E.  of  the  Gulf  of  St  Vincent  Ut  34°  57'  S. ;  long.  138°  38'  E.  The  inlet 
of  the  sea  forming  tho  harlwr,  opjwsitetho  entrance  to  which  a  light-vessel  is  moonxl, 
ptretciiea  from  the  gulf,  tVom  which  it  is  separated  by  a  narrow  nock  of  land,  for  about 
8  miles  southward,  surrounding  Torrens  island.  At  its  entrance  is  a  sand-bar,  with 
8  feet  of  water  at  ebb,  and  10  feet  at  (lootl  tide. 

SYnXKV,  cipital  of  Now  Sotith  Wales,  in  lat  33°  55'  a,  long.  150o  10'  V..  Syd- 
ney is  situated  on  a  cove  on  the  south  side  of  Port  Jackson,  nl>oul  seven  miles  fVom 
its  mouth.  Tiio  water  is  sufllcient  to  allow  tho  largest  ships  to  oorao  clof«t>  to  llio 
shore.  The  inlet  or  harbor,  called  Port  Jackson,  is  one  of  the  finest  natural  luisiui! 
in  the  world;  it  stretches  about  15  miles  into  tho  country,  and  has  numerous  crocks 
and  baya  Tho  anchorage  is  everywhere  goo^i,  and  phips  are  protected  ttom  all 
winda 


84  Foreign   Commercial  Statistics.  815 

HONDURAS, 

Republic  of  Central  Ameiioa,  lalitudc  13°  to  10°  N.,  longitude  85°  40' 
to  89""  5'  W.  Bounded  X.  and  E.  by  tlio  Caribbean  sea  and  Mosquita ; 
W.  by  Guatemala ;  S.  by  Salvador,  and  the  Bay  of  Conchagua,  on  the 
Pacific  ;  S.E.  by  Mosquita  and  Nicaragua.  Area,  G4,G80  geographical 
square  miles,  and  is  divided  in  Y  departments,  viz. : 


PEPAIITMKNTS. 

Coinayagua,  . 
Cholutaca, 
G  facias, 
Yoro,    . 

Tot;il,     . 

Population. 
85,000 
.•!8,000 
19,000 
31,000 

RKPAKTMEMS. 

Tejucigalpa,     . 
Olancho, 
Santa  Barbara, 

Population 
45,000 
45,000 
35,000 

.      308,000 

Of  the  vegetable  productions  of  Honduras,  the  mahogany-treo  stands 
first  in  importance,  and,  from  its  vast  size  and  magnificent  foliage,  is  de- 
servedly entitled,  "king  of  the  forest."  It  is  to  be  found  in  nearly  all 
parts  of  Honduras,  in  the  valleys  of  the  various  streams.  It  is,  however, 
most  abundant  upon  the  lower  valleys  of  the  rivers  flowing  into  the  Bay 
of  Honduras,  where  the  cartes  (cuttings)  are  chiefly  carried  on  by  the 
Spaniards.  A  fi.xed  sum  is  paid  to  the  government  for  each  tree  cut 
down.  Rosewood  is  common  on  the  northern  coast,  where  it  is  begin- 
ning to  form  an  article  uf  conmierce.  Lignumvitie  abounds  in  the  val- 
ley of  the  Ulna,  on  the  river  banks  in  the  jilain  of  Comayagua,  and  in 
other  parts.  Among  the  numerous  dyewoods,  for  which  Honduras  is 
celebrated,  may  be  mentioned  fustic,  Brazil  wood,  yellow  Sanders,  drag- 
on's-blood-tree, Nicaragua  wood  (a  variety  of  Brazil  wood),  and  the 
anotfa.  Among  the  gum  and  medicinal-trees,  are  the  gum-arabic-tree, 
copaiba-tree,  copal-tree,  liquid  amber,  castor-oil,  ipecacuanha,  and  the 
Het'ca  tlustica.  Among  the  more  common  of  the  others,  are  tlie  long- 
leaved  or  pitch-pine,  cedar,  cclba  or  silk-cotton-tree,  live-oak,  mangrove, 
iron-wood,  calabash,  various  kin<ls  of  oak  and  palm,  lime,  lemon,  orange, 
cocoa,  pimento,  citron,  tamarind,  and  guava.  Sarsaparilla  is  obtained  in 
great  abundance,  and  of  superior  qu;ility.  The  sugar-cane  grows  luxu- 
riantly on  the  plains  and  among  the  mountains,  at  elevations  of  3,000  to 
4,000  feet.  Coflee,  indigo,  tobacco,  maize,  wheat,  nee,  and  potatoes,  are 
also  grown. 

The  rivers  of  Honduras  are  numerous,  and  some  of  them  of  great  size. 
The  principal  are  the  Chamelicon,  Ulna,  Aguan  or  Roman,  Tinto  or  lilack 
river,  Patuca,  and  Wanks  or  Segovia,  flowing  into  the  Atlantic  ;  and  the 
Choluteca,  Nacaome,  and  Goascoran,  flowing  into  the  Bay  of  Fonseca. 
The  Chamelicon  rises  in  the  mountains  of  Merendon,  and  jmrsuea  a  gen- 
erally N.E.  course  to  the  Atlantic.  It  is  of  great  length  and  rapid,  but 
iis  it  drains  only  a  small  section  of  countrj-,  its  body  of  water  is  small. 
The  Ulua,  on  the  other  hand,  drains  a  v.ust  expanse  of  territory,  compre- 
hending nearly  one  third  of  the  entire  Slate,  and  is  the  largest  river  in 
Central  America,  the  Wanks  perhaps,  excepted.  The  principal  tributa- 
ries are  the  Santiago,  Santa  Barbara,  Blanco,  Ilumuya,  and  Sulaco.  It  has 
a  bar  at  the  mouth  with  only  9  feet  of  water,  but  steamers  of  light  d'-;;uj^ht 
may  ascend  to  the  mouth  of  the  Cumuya.  The  Rio  Aguan  or  Roman 
river,  is  a  large  stream  rising  in  the  mountains  of  Sulaco,  and  falling  into 
the  sea  a  little  to  the  east  of  Truxillo,  after  a  course  of  about  120  miles. 


814 


Honduras,  Campeachy,  etc. 


85 


FOREIGN   COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WITU  HON- 
DURAS, CAMPEACUY,  El'C, 

FllOM   OCTOUER   1,    18'.'0,    TO  JULY    1,    18oG. 


TEAB8 
ENDI.NO 

Sept. 
80. 

1821 

,                  EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS 

1  Wliercof  there  WM 
in  Bullion  <b  Specie. 

TON'GE  CL'D. 

DOMMTIC. 

FOHEIGN. 

TOTAU 

TOTAU 

Export. 

iMPOnT. 

For. 

AXEB. 

199,895 

$106,830 

$206,726 

$216,075 

$80,590 

6,009 

308 

1S22 

12.S,115 

127.943 

2.')1,058 

187,664 

6,447 

479 

1923 

211,.'>.83 

100,0.52 

« 11,4.35 

28l",885 

86,169 

7.670 

687 

18W 

157,060 

194.365 

«51,»:;.-, 

217,097 

$6,mio 

51.047 

6,290 

1,280 

1825 

57,2S6 

28,54^3 

80,h29 

243,446 

5,660 

27,a31 

1,201 

1826 

88,188 

17,428 

.... 

1827 

18,26i 

l',573 

14,834 

17,947 

, 

0,575 

1828 

5,950 

2,371 

8,821 

1,760  1 



6(J0 

1829 

12,fi9:{ 

8,229 

20,922 

64,847 

46,117 

1830 
Total, 

25,132 

5,432 

80,564 

1,472 

1,042 

$705,775 

570,388 

1,276,113 

1,131,140 

11,560 

454,693 

26,569 

2,649 

1881 

46,288 

13,732 

59,965 

44,463  1 

20.503 

1,449 

288 

1882 

65.459 

17,397 

S2,h5«; 

84.162 

19,101 

2.677 

97 

1838 

70,622 

28,724 

99.246 

101,615 

63,S12 

1,627 

1884 

56,072 

89,876 

95.448 

149,.599 

43,.V29 

4,041 

'm 

1885 

134,703 

87,561 

172.2W  1 

174,960 

71,7sO 

11,007 

665 

1886 

109,828 

88,015 

145,838  1 

21.\:i92 

39,797 

4.236 

1.818 

1887 

99,694 

12,158 

iii.b52 ; 

202,621 

79,137 

6,0W 

2.158 

1888 

89,896 

19,800 

109,196  I 

201.44S 

114,902 

2,400 

1.506 

1839 

181,861 

29,839 

211,200  . 

164,027  1 

76,421 

1      6,4S4 

2.561 

1840 
ToUI, 

182,095 

68,871 

190,466 

158,353  1 

111,114 

6,048 

l,7l« 

(986,858 

291,973 

1,278,831 

1,446,643 

630,096 

43,910 

11,627 

1841 

141,864 

61,382 

193,246 

282,244 

137,783 

6,409 

1.010 

1*12 

127,.'!89 

36,643 

16;3,987 

202,808 

1,666 

9S,6o7 

5.679 

1M.S* 

92,27  S 

16,304 

108,582 

186,688 

74,608 

7,425 

■71H 

1844 

197,495 

41,524 

289,019 

24-S313 

11,920 

104,139 

7,914 

8*i7 

1845 

188,494 

51,421 

289,915 

204,81  S 

7,.599 

74,577 

3,S69 

663 

1846 

8-25,494 

64,.W8 

890,032  1 

207.997 

2,072 

8<1,458 

9,620 

0<I7 

1847 

2(J],89S 

4<i,519 

8O1.017  1 

197,232 

91,432 

5.946 

6«i7 

1848 

249,64s 

44.1><1 

2ii3,>--.'9 

1S.\6>4 

10,\429 

6,456 

1,'«3 

1849 

191,347 

84.(iJ0 

226,967 

262,417   ; 

109,tK»5 

6,215 

698 

1850 
ToUl, 

1719*1 

16,551 

18s,5;55 

17N690 

6,(Vi6 

46,744 

4,225 

1,952 

$1,947,841 

897,6S8 

2,345,029 

2,IJ56,9S1 

28,191 

922,777 

61,783 

8,490 

1851 

218,806 

23,862 

237,168 

174,526 

15,610 

l.\«02 

8,038 

8,126 

1852 

292,818 

69,259 

862,073 

261,646 

17.*t7 

8\294 

6,020 

2,440 

18M 

81H,8.V> 

63,005 

as  1,360 

26<5.298 

8,000 

22,8S7 

Mil 

8,320 

18M 

803,913 

5S,72H 

262,W1 

-iSWA 

17,1100 

4«i,820 

4,188 

8,537 

1855 

471,433 

5l,.VJfl 

522,9.'.9 

339,974 

4,995 

6,HSa 

4.668 

1856 

850,000 

88,789 

883,739 

382,117 

2,000 

111,828 

4,988 

8,786 

*  9  month*  to  June  80,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORTS. 

Tlio  principal  porta  of  Ilondura-s  on  the  Atlantic  ftro  Puerto  Ciil)allo,  Onio.-v  and 
TrnxiUo.  Puerto  Caballo,  the  first  i)ort  c.«tal)li.<l)cd  by  the  Ppnniard.s  on  the  north- 
ern const,  Is  in  lat.  15°  49'  N.,  long.  87°  6T  W.  Cortoz,  in  hi.s  cxpcnlition  into 
Ilondunm,  founded  a  Hotllement  hero  for  tho  puqioi^o  of  m-aking  it  the  grand  entrepot 
of  New  Spain.  For  upward  of  two  centuries  it  w.ia  tho  principal  catablisliment  on 
the  coafct ;  but  during  tho  time  of  the  buccaneers  it  was  reniove<l  to  (hnoa,  because 
of  the  largo  nizo  of  tho  bay,  which  could  not  bo  jtroperly  defended.  This  bay  w  not 
less  than  nine  miles  in  eireumferenco,  of  ample  dejUh — two  thirds  of  it  l>ei:ig  from  six 
to  twelve  fathom.'^ — and  h.is  secure  holding-ground.  It  Ls  |x>rfeclly  protected  from 
tho  N.N.K.  and  N.W.  wind-s  which  are  those  that  prevail  on  thi.'»  awt. 

The  port  of  Omoa,  in  lat  15°  47'  N.,  long.  88°  A'  W.,  is  small  but  stK-uro,  and  ia 
defended  by  a  strong  fort     Tho  anchorage  is  pood,  in  from  two  to  six  fatlioms. 

Truxiuai  is  situated  on  tho  western  shore  of  a  noble  bav,  in  lat  15°  65'  N,  long. 
86°  W.     Population  in  18-12,  2,500:   1,000  whites  and  Ladinos  and  1,600  Cariba. 


86  Foreign  Commercial  Statistics.  865 


BRITISH  GUIANA. 

British  Guiana,  tho  most  westerly  of  the  three  colonies,  is  bounded  on 
the  E.  and  N.E.  by  the  Atlantic,  E.  by  Dutch  Guiana,  from  which  it  is  sep- 
arated by  tho  river  Corentyn,  S.  by  lirazil,  and  W.  by  Venezuela.  It  lies 
between  0°  40'  and  8°  40'  N,  latitude,  and  57°  61'  W.  longitude,  and  has 
an  estimated  area  of  76,000  square  miles ;  but  the  possession  of  much 
of  this  has  been  disputed  by  Brazil  and  Venezuela.  It  is  divided  into 
three  counties,  Demerara,  Essequibo,  and  Berbice,  so  named  from  the 
three  principal  rivers  which  drain  them.  Demerara,  situated  between 
the  other  two,  occupies  tho  center  of  the  seaboard  for  nearly  90  miles. 
To  the  N.W,,  the  county  of  Essequibo  stretches  along  the  coast  toward 
the  swamps  and  forests  of  the  Avestem  frontier ;  and  to  the  S,  E.  lies  the 
county  of  Berbice. 

The  entire  coast  of  British  Guiana  is  low,  and  generally  bordered  with 
a  sandy  flat,  extending  far  out  to  sea,  so  that  vessels  drawing  more  than 
12  feet  of  water  can  not  approach  within  2  or  3  miles  of  land.  The 
rivers,  too,  deposit  at  their  mouths  large  quantities  of  mud  and  sand,  and 
are  thus  inaccessible  to  vessels  of  large  size.  Extending  from  low  water- 
mark to  a  distance  of  5  or  6  miles,  is  a  tract  of  rich  alluvial  soil  of 
recent  formation.  This  is  succeeded  by  a  flat  narrow  reef  of  sand  run- 
ning exactly  parallel  with  the  present  hue  of  coast.  Here  remains  of 
stranded  vessels,  and  anchors  eaten  through  with  rust,  have  been  found, 
indicating,  that  within  a  comparatively  recent  period,  it  had  been  washed 
by  the  waves  of  the  Atlantic.  Running  parallel  to  this  reef,  at  irregular 
distances,  varying  from  10  to  20  miles,  is  a  second  and  higher  range, 
composed  of  coarse  white  sand ;  and  which,  at  a  period  more  remote, 
probably  formed  tho  sea  limit. 

The  principal  river  of  British  Guiana  is  the  Essequibo,  which  rises  in 
Sierra  Acarai,  and  after  a  course  of  at  least  600  miles,  discharges  itself 
into  the  ocean  by  an  estuary  20  miles  in  width,  in  N.  latitude  7°,  W. 
longitude  58""  40'.  In  the  estuary  of  the  Essequibo  are  a  group  of 
beautiful  ishinds,  partially  cultivated,  tho  principal  of  which  are  Varken, 
or  Hog  Island,  about  21  miles  in  length,  by  3  in  breadth  ;  Wakenaam 
and  Leguan,  each  about  1 2  miles  by  3,  and  Tiger  Island  about  half  that 
size.  The  entrance  is  difficult  and  dangerous,  even  for  vessels  of  small 
size,  on  account  of  the  banks  of  mud  and  sand.  Its  course  lies  through 
forests  of  tho  most  gigantic  vegetation. 

The  staple  productions  of  the  colony  are  sugar,  coffee,  and  cotton. 
Fron>an  official  table  of  the  exports  of  British  Guiana,  from  1826  to 
1851,  wo  find  that  in  1827,  15,904  bales  of  cotton  were  exported;  but 
from  that  period  this  cultivation  gradually  gave  place  to  sugar,  and  in 
1844  cea-ses  to  appear  in  the  table  as  an  article  of  export.  Since  1851, 
however,  it  seems  to  have  received  more  attention,  for  among  the  ex- 
ports from  British  Guiana  into  the  United  Kingdom  in  1854,  wo  find 
1093  cwt.  of  cotton.  Coffee,  from  upward  of  9,500,000  lbs.  in  1830, 
gradually  fell  ofl"  to  only  3,198  lbs.  in  1851.  As  to  sugar,  making  a 
due  allowance  for  the  diflference  of  seasons,  the  quantity  exported  re- 
mained pretty  steady  from  1826  to  1837,  tho  year  preceding  the  termi- 
nation of  the  apprenticeships,  averaging  about  66,000  hogsheads.  lu 
1851  there  were  exported  43,034  hogsheads. 


864 


British  Ghiiana. 


87 


FOREIGN    COmiERCE    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES  WITn 
BRITISH  GUIANA, 

From  October  1,  1833,  to  July  1,  1830. 


Yeabs 

ESDINO 

Sept. 
80. 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS 

1 

Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullion  <k  Specie. 

TOJTGE  CL'D. 

DOSIESTIO. 

FOEEION. 

Total. 

Total. 

EXPOBT. 

Import. 

Axes. 

Fob. 

1S8-1 

$105,214 

$105,214 

$.31,424 

$460  ' 

18:3.5 

64,243 

64,24;} 

6,.595 

193 

8,9.'!3 

5:J0 

1S:36 

105,075 

105,075 

92,019 



1,110 

6,611 

749 

1S3T 

42.SS5 

42,8S5 

6,244 

6,08$ 

4.113 

493 

1S38 

14.5,532 

$522 

146,0.54 

86,043 

21,200 

6,992 

1,763 

1889 

W,9U6 

218 

8.5,124 

14,215 

8,715 

4,892 

278 

1840 
ToUl, 

118,896 

5.'J8 

119,484 

10,978 

10,100  i 

6,:}49 

1,233 

$616,751 

1,278 

618,029 

196,513 

41,811 

81,890 

5,046 

1841 

881,832 

1,269 

882,601 

18,223 

10,767 

8,82T 

1,613 

1842 

115,991 

2,462 

118,4M 

15,004 

12,205  ] 

6,834 

8.945 

1S4.3* 

116,145 

695 

110.MO 

48,(>12 

41.816 

6,145 

2,094 

1344 

807,052 

2,1  S4 

809,2.36 

9,885 

7,.50:} 

10,470 

2,868 

184.'5 

416,867 

1,'isl 

41\748 

7,957 

2,800 

4,900  i 

12,.325 

2,801 

1346 

651,668 

1,654 

^5:{,.3l»2 

12,661 

1,475  ; 

17,701 

8..5« 

184T 

621,908 

1,816 

623,719 

19.125 

18,025 

13,492 

1.8*5 

1*1S 

695.114 

l,3ti5 

696.479 

24,2.54 

12,203 

16.141 

1,22.5 

l'<49 

662.815 

.3,759 

606,074 

25,520 

4,679 

15,0M 

1,578 

ISOO 
Total, 

602,776 

22,60;} 

6'A439 

14,591 

20,000 

600 

11,M2 

2,537 

$4,271,163 

89,728 

4,810,891 

189,667 

22,800 

108,678 

117,181 

24,063 

1851 

640,.554 

8,784 

644,283 

44,213 

2-1,824 

12,001 

4.220 

1862 

742,286 

18,881 

760,667 

43.94.3 

M.770 

23,000 

12,123 

8,713 

1853 

798,841 

88,863 

837,704 

64,53:$     ' 

82,500 

14,426 

3.1  SI 

1854 

718,096 

1,153 

719,249 

47,4s9     j 

1,974 

12.181 

8,161 

1855 

824,119 

818 

824.932 

107,180     i 



68,447 

1.3..511 

1,933 

1856 

871,766 

8,497 

375,203 

151,574     1 

1       .... 

2,000 

13,571 

8,328 

*  9  monttu  to  June  80,  and  the  facaX  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORT. 

Gkoroetown  (formerly  Stabrook),  tlie  capifcil  of  British  Guiana,  ia  situated  on  the 
east  bank  of  the  Dcmcrara,  at  its  mouth,  which  is  tiiero  about  three  miles  wide,  in 
lat.  6°  49'  30  '  N.,  lonp.  08°  11'  30  '  W.  The  town  itaclf  is  one  of  the  prettiest  in 
the  "West  Indies,  and  its  streets  are  wide  and  straipht,  intersectinjf  each  other  at 
rij^ht  angles.  Tho  hoascs  are  of  wood,  with  open  verandah.^  in  front,  and  neatly 
painted  in  cool  and  quiet  colors;  they  are  ph.ided  and  almost  hiilden  by  tn'cs  and 
shrubs,  and  look  more  like  a  collection  of  \\\\aa  than  a  town.  Tho  street  alum;  tho 
river  side — where  all  tho  stores  and  shops  arc  situated,  and  where  business  is  chiefly 
transacted — forms,  however,  an  exception;  there  every  thinjr  is  plain,  bare,  and 
busine.ss-Iike.  The  ships  lie  alongside  the  wharves  or  at  a  short  dL-^tanco  in  tho 
stream,  which  is  also  crowded  with  numerous  smaller  vessels  engaged  in  the  isliitid 
trade,  or  in  bringing  produce  from  tho  more  distant  estates.  Tho  hall  of  tlie  Ic^'isla- 
tive  council,  courts  of  justice,  custom-house,  treasury,  and  all  tho  other  puMii*  otlice^ 
are  in  one  building  of  considerable  extent  and  arcliitectural  be.iuty,  with  .shady  jwrl- 
icoes  and  marble-paved  galleries  or  venuidalis  supported  on  cast-iron  columns.  Tho 
chief  of  tho  other  public  edifices  are  the  cathedral  and  churches,  several  liberally- 
maintained  hospitals,  barrack.s,  market-place,  and  ice-hou.se.  Below  tho  town  is  tho 
"Fort,"  as  it  is  called,  but  wliich  looks  more  like  a  green  field,  with  a  few  piroi 
pointing  toward  tho  sea,  and  a  house  or  two  for  a  single  ofliccr  and  a  dozen  artillery- 
men.    Population  in  1851,  25,503. 

Tho  following  table  will  show  the  comparative  importonco  of  tho  trado  of  tho 
three  Guianas  with  tho  United  States  during  tho  year  ending  Juno  30,  1856 : 

n.itARiiD  rsoM  r.  a. 
Vo.Mcl.i.  Ton*. 

23  3,328 

3  C65 


KJfTKRKD    INTO   V.   «. 

Vo«»cls.           Ton*. 

British  Guiana, 

.       9              1,21G 

Dutch         "      . 

.       4                 702 

French       " 

.        1                 102 

88  Foreign  Commercial  Statistics.  867 


JAMAICA. 

Jamaica  is  the  largest  of  the  British  islands.  It  lies  90  miles  west  of 
S;into  Domingo,  the  same  distance  south  of  Cuba,  and  135  miles  north 
of  Carthageua,  in  Nueva  Grenada.  Its  longtli  is  about  150  miles,  and  its 
breadth  55  miles,  with  an  area  of  some  0,250  square  miles.  Capital, 
Kingston.     The  total  population  of  the  island  is  about  388,000. 

West  ludies. — 1.  Jamaica;  2.  Windward  Islands,  including Barbadoes, 
St.  Vincent,  (Irenada,  Tobago,  St.  Lucia,  and  Trinidad;  3.  Leeward  Isl- 
ands, including  Antigua,  St.  Kitt's  Angnilla,  Montsenat,  Nevis,  Dominica, 
and  Virgin  Islands;  4.  Bahamas;  S.Bermudas;  C.British  Guiana;  7. 
llonduras ;  8.  Falkland  Islands.  Aggregate  population,  980,535  ;  area, 
167,384  square  miles. 

From  papers  recently  laid  before  the  British  Parliament,  it  appears 
that  since  the  emancipation  of  the  slaves,  more  than  GOO  estates  in  the 
inland  have  been  abandoned.  These  once  gave  employment  to  50,000 
Iji borers.  The  number  of  estates  abandoned,  or  partially  abandoned  from 
Ji.iiuaiy,  1852,  to  January,  1853,  was  as  follows  : 

Sugar  Estatca  Coflfce  Estates.  Pens  or  Country  Scats.    Total  acrca 
Abandoned        .        .         128                      96  30  ^ 

Partially  abandoned,  .71  CG  22  I 

—  f     391,187. 

Total,  .         .         199  162  52  J 

The  language  of  the  late  Governor-general,  Sir  Charles  Gray,  on  the 
condition  of  this  island,  is  instructive  :  "  The  fertility  of  its  soil,  and  fitness 
for  both  tillage  and  pasturage,  the  richness  and  variety  of  its  vegetable 
products  the  altcruation  of  mountain  and  valley,  the  numerous  hot  springs 
and  medical  waters,  the  known  existence  of  various  and  valuable  minerals, 
the  timber  and  ornamental  woods  of  its  forests,  the  abundance  and  variety 
of  fish  on  its  coasts  and  neighboring  reefs,  indicate  peculiar  facilities  for 
the  promotion  of  the  future  welfare  and  prosperity  of  its  inhabitants,  and 
warrant  the  hope  that,  low  as  it  has  now  fallen,  it  will  not  be  permitted 
to  relapse  into  utter  barbarism."  Every  thing,  however,  indicates  that 
such  must  be  the  fate  of  this  beautiful  and  fertile  island,  unless  its  social 
elements  be  speedily  changed.  The  process  of  its  downfall  is  being  ac- 
celerated year  by  year. 

Bahama,  or  Lucayas,  a  chain  of  i.slands  stretching  in  a  north-westerly 
direction  from  the  north  coast  of  St.  Domingo,  to  that  of  East  Florida, 
and  lying  between  latitude  21°  and  27"  30'  N.,  and  longitude  70°  30' 
and  79''  5'  W.  The  group  is  composed  of  about  twenty  inhabited  isl- 
ands, and  an  immense  number  of  islets  and  rocks.  The  principal  islands 
in  this  gr<jup  are  New  Providence,  containing  the  capital,  Nassau ;  Har- 
bor Isl:md,  Abaco,  Eleuthera,  Ileneagua  or  Inagua,  Mayaguana,  St  Salva- 
dor, Andros  Island,  (Jreat  liahama.  Bagged  Island,  Rum  Cay,  Rxuma, 
Long  Island,  Crooked  Island,  Long  Cay,  Watling's  Island,  the  Caicos, 
the  Turks,  and  the  Barry  Lsland.s. 

Most  of  these  islands  are  situated  on  those  remarkable  flats  called  the 
Great  and  Little  Bahama  Banks,  and  some  out  of  soundings  in  the  ocean. 

The  Great  Bahama  Bank  is  about  300  miles  in  length  from  north- 
west to  south-east,  and  100  in  breadth  ;  and  the  Little  Bahama  is  about 
130  miles  long. 


866 


Uritish  West  Ifidies. 


80 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WITH  THE 

BRITISH  WEST  INDIES, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  185G. 


Years 

O-DINO 

Bbpt. 
80 

1821 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS 

]  Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullion  &  Specie. 

TOITGE  CLT). 

Domestic. 

Foreign. 

Total. 

TOTAU 

Export. 

In  PORT. 

Ambb. 

Fob. 

|2C4,C32 

$470 

$265,102 

$927,346 

$801,139 

2-',088 

1822 

44'.i,r.iii 

2,540 

452,141 

8;;5,537 

|2;20O 

174,362 

28.720 

.... 

1823 

l,617,f>45 

1(1,122 

1,627,907 

1,814,931 

7.319 

520.7.30 

6-!,.3.50 

8.654 

1824 

1,T.'5;1,T08 

2n,3ii5 

1.771,003 

2,75-<,067 

12,1.50 

823,199 

91,6-37 

:m~ 

1325 

1,6*'>,.")74 

11,472 

l,647,fi46 

2,437,122 

4S0 

0-3\210 

9.3.967 

6.S07 

1826 

2,078,871 

31.981 

2,110,302 

2,204,412 

7,343 

613,.Vi9 

99.7-32 

8,120 

132T 

6*),  Kir. 

7,470 

0'.M),575 

b9.5,2(l7 

818,336 

26,796 

7,758 

1828 

26,1-19 

2,7o0 

28,S.Vi 

12.3,291 

2,655 

34.351 

7,974 

182^ 

1,463 

5.1158 

«..'>21 

24<l,224 

4.878 

79,490 

6,418 

1830 
Total, 

140 

1,701 

1,901 

163,579 

1,701 

66,736 

2,395 

$S,5O3,0S;j 

9li,!i:i5 

8,001,918 

11,934,716 

89,291    4,076,162 

447,072 

38,901 

1881 

1,417,291 

28,962 

1,441,2.58 

1,.308,.301 

1.660 

429.4-16 

40,922 

17,908 

1883 

l,655,4-t3 

3:),8-.'S 

1,689,276 

1,422,237 

10.S79 

411,324 

6*3,769 

19,357 

1833 

1,754,3(15 

69,760 

1  814,065 

1,353,239 

4.215 

3S0,491 

64,659 

21,776 

1S?4 

1,532,100 

64,4:}9 

l,596,^39 

1,I63,.509  ! 

8,:W6 

432,-334  ' 

61,329 

18,288 

1835 

1,755,4S7 

S2.S 10 

1,838,327 

1, 151,-347  1 

7,740 

408.972 

69.-544 

15.134 

1886 

1,748.855 

97.6.31 

1.846,486 

1.2S5,2S7 

12.062 

2<X>,226 

56,295 

16.276 

1887 

2,074,T&S 

4:i,»m     2.118,664 

1  1.451.302 

5,350 

661,(^15  ; 

6.3.6-.7 

16,0S« 

1883 

2,0%,634 

1211,213 

2.20(».352 

'  I,ft}5,3-I3 

81,947 

1,256.795  i 

66.709 

11,245 

1839 

2,472,838 

90,642 

2.503.475 

941.699 

80,731 

273,295 

76,749 

11,268 

1840 
Total, 

2,907,534 

58,000 

2.96.5,.5S4 

1,048,165 

5,350 

562.001 

78,224 

18,8M 

|19,31>9,335 

675,186 

20,074,521 

12,760,934 

213,740 

5,001,479 

614,947 

160,688 

1341 

8.191,683 

40,311 

3.231,994 

a5.5.122 

6.131 

271,-306 

91.587 

18,683 

1W2 

3,204.346 

2.S,3G7      3.227,713  1 

826,481 

2,816 

894,390  i 

86.691 

16,670 

l84;j» 

2.;}32,809 

2.5,071 

2,3.57,930 

8.37,3:36 

1,780 

647,407  ; 

75.962 

14,33s 

1844 

4,114,218 

21,S-.'S 

4,l:iG,046 

637,906 

1,412 

84,5,294  I 

123,501 

26.S54 

1845 

4,0s7,500 

86.720 

4,124.220 

752,530 

22.-345 

249,740 

129,.504 

28.122 

1846 

4,915,08:1 

32,474 

4,047,5:>7 

6:«,f.73 

4,000 

8:;2,«i81 

124,135 

2S,.^2 

1347 

3,973,252 

20,140 

3.993,392 

947,932 

474,167 

91,900 

21.172 

1848 

4,344.536 

4o,;j47 

4,334,333 

1,153,563 

78,tl33 

403,251  1 

lU.-MS 

24,416 

1849 

8.9:15.834 

20;l,(l97 

4,l:i3,931 

997,365 

212.s-a 

229,204 

101,704 

84.147 

1850 
Total, 

8,(;12,SU2 

173,644 

3,791,440 

1,126,9<W 

119,911 

»s9,182 

9.3,838 

89,071 

$37,711,5C8 

622,599    3.s,:;34,162 

9,024,931 

4-13,962  :3,M1,825 

1,033,716 

246,814 

1851 

8.94-1,560 

1.')9,9I9      4.10.S,.'>09 

1,00.3,371 

694,9a3        76,575 

ss^.s.<^ 

42,487 

1853 

8,512,133 

79,9.'.rt      :!,.'.92.o';0 

l.(».30,.-.37 

62..')<n.'        96,161 

99.470 

.3^,097 

1853 

4,056,527 

lOC.lisl    !  4.162.60-' 

1.0M.26* 

2.300        5s.:W2 

101.803 

A424 

1854 

4.756,893 

l.V),277      4.909,075 

1,126,417 

2.52.1.56         56,740 

97.339 

89.678 

1865 

4,7S8.15I 

2:Vi.H9-i     5,0.'1.14;J 

1.513.670 

Irt6.:fo0        96.731 

92,0,30 

82,292 

1856 

4.483,008 

51,614      4,434,652 

2,235,243  ; 

84,000         46,5»i 

61.139 

29,480 

*  9  months  to  Juno  80,  and  the  fiscal  year  (Vx»in  this  tiino  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  ISLANDS. 
Bermudas,  or  .Som-n.s's  Isi-ani>s,  a  ohistcr  of  small  island-s  in  the  Atlantio  Ocean, 
about  four  liumlrod  in  number,  but  for  tlio  prcater  p.irt  so  small  and  barren  that  they 
posacs-s  neitlier  iuhabitinUs  nor  name.  Tlio  north  part  of  tlieae  islands  is  situ.alod  in 
lonp.  G20  28'  W.,  lat.  32°  31'  N.  Their  di.scovcry  resulted  from  tiio  shipwrook  of 
Juan  UerniudivJ,  a  Spaniard  (whoso  name  they  now  be.ir),  when  on  a  voyapc  from 
Old  Spain  to  Culm  with  a  carg:o  of  hop^  about  the  vear  1522.  The  value  of  imports 
in  1840  amounted  to  £132,733;  in  1850,  to  £130,.')6l  ;  of  the,30  tlio  larppr  proportion 
was  from  the  United  State.s.  The  exports  for  1819  amounted  to  £15.316;  for  1850, 
to  £i;),tt(!0.  The  jwpul.ation  in  October,  1843,  waa  9,934;  on  the  IhI  January. 
1851,  11,092 — consisting  of  ■1,GG9  whites;  mnle.s  1.9G5,  female.s,  2.704.  The  colored 
population  amounted  to  0,-123  ;  m.ale.s,  2,832,  fem.iles,  3,.'i91.  The  increa.sc  of  white 
population  since  1813,  h.is  boon  at  the  rate  of  one  eighth  per  annum  ;  Uio  incrraAo 
of  the  oolored  population  at  two  eijrliths.  Tho  disproportion  between  males  and  fe- 
males among  tho  whiles,  is  attributed  to  the  mcrcasing  emigration  of  Uio  young  men. 


90  Foreign   Commercial  Statistics.  869 

CANADA. 

This  extensive  tract  of  country,  and  most  important  colony  of  England, 
may  be  described  as  a  great  belt  of  territory  stretching  from  the  center 
of  Noi-th  America  to  the  shores  of  Labrador,  and  from  the  waters  which 
flow  into  the  Northern  Ocean  to  the  parallel  of  Pennsylvania,  in  the 
United  States.  Its  extent,  from  east  to  west,  is  computed  at  about  1,400 
miles,  and  from  north  to  south  at  from  200  to  400  miles.  Its  precise 
geographical  limits  are  between  the  parallels  of  41°  71 '  and  50°  N.  lati- 
tude, and  between  the  meridian  of  57°  50'  and  117°  W.  longitude.  Can- 
ada, lying  diagonally  along  the  frontier  of  the  United  States,  from  north- 
east to  south-west,  and  possessing  an  inland  navigation  along  its  entire 
border,  in  a  scries  of  lakes  and  fivers  unrivaled  for  extent  and  grandeur, 
has,  especially  of  late  years,  been  making  such  rapid  progress,  that  it 
promises  soon  to  become,  in  conjunction  with  its  sister  British  provinces, 
a  power  of  first-class  importance,  commercially  and  politically.  The  en- 
tire surface  of  the  present  territory  of  Canada,  exclusive  of  its  gTeat 
waters,  has  been  estimated  at  196,000,000  acres,  or  between  two  and 
three  times  the  size  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  This  country,  formerly 
divided  into  two  provinces  known  as  Upper  and  Lower  Canada,  Avas,  in 
1841,  by  an  act  of  the  Imperial  Parliament,  constituted  one  province, 
v/ith  one  Legislature.  Although  now  united,  however,  for  legislative  and 
other  pui-poses,  the  country  will  most  probably  continue  to  be  viewed 
and  spoken  of  under  its  formerly  recognized  divisions  of  Upper  and 
Lower  Canada. 

Canada  may  be  said  to  comprise  one  vast  valley,  through  which  the 
great  river  St.  Lawrence  takes  its  course,  issuing  from  Lake  Superior  and 
flowing  successively  through  lakes  Huron,  Erie,  and  Ontario,  until  it  falls 
into  the  ocean,  after  a  course  of  2,000  miles.  This  immense  valley  is  on 
each  side  encompassed  by  difl'erent  mountain  ranges,  sometimes  nearly 
approaching  the  water,  and  at  other  times  receding  into  the  interior,  and 
thus  forming  extensive  plains,  for  the  most  part  alluvial,  and  suitable  for 
nearly  evesy  description  of  produce. 


TOWKS. 

IMPORTS. 

1853. 

1S54. 

1855. 

Quebec, 

£1,141,595 

£1,754,320 

£732,556 

Montreal, 

3,381,510 

3,816,082 

3,064,061 

Toronto, 

1,165,056 

1,362,706 
EXPORTS. 

1,401,454 

Quebec, 

£2,243,453 

£2,511,767 

£1,658.702 

Montreal, 

1,883,723 

572,514 

475,650 

Toronto, 

221,490 

273,040 
DUTIES   COLLECTED. 

404,105 

Quebec, 

£123,454 

£179,139 

£74,307 

Montreal, 

449,102 

478,603 

310,219 

Toronto, 

156,033 

172,576 

152,586 

The  Canadian  pound  is  equal  to  four  dollars  United  States  currency ; 
the  shillings  being  equal  to  twenty  cents.  Formerly,  all  the  importa- 
tions into  Canada  were  made  via  Quebec,  but  the  opening  of  the  Atlantic 
and  St.  Lawrence  Railroad,  between  Portland  and  Montreal,  has  devel- 
oped a  large  and  increasing  import  and  export  trade  with  Montreal  direct. 


1168  Canada. 

FOREIGN   COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
WITH  CANADA,* 

FnoM  July  1,  1848,  to  July  1,  1856. 


91 


Tbabs 

EXDING 

8kit. 
80. 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS 

1  Whereof  there  was 
jiu  Bullion  &  Specie. 

TON'GE  CL*D. 

Domestic. 

Foreign. 

TOTAI„ 

Total. 

E.xpoRT.  j  Import. 

Ameb. 

Fob. 

1849 
1850 

Total, 

1851 
1862 
1853 
1854 
1855 
1856 

|2..320,327 
4,641,451 

11,914.401 
1.289,370 

$4,234,723 
5,930,821 

$1,4S1,0S2 
4,285,470 

5,760,552 

4,956,471 
4,589,969 
5,278,116 
6,721..W9 
12,182,314 
17,488,197 

$181,500,    $417.3S0 
....  1     426,309 

890,204 
919,515 

56.3,910 
456,527 

6,961,773 

6,8S5,8.'54 
4,004,963 
4,005,512 

10,510,373 
9,950,7(H 

15,194,788 

3,203,771 

2.093,300 
2.712,097 
3,S23,5S7 
(!.79o,:«3 
8,769,580 
5,688,458 

10,165,549 

7.929,140 

6,717,064 

7,829,099 

17,300,706 

16,720,;M4 

20,883,241 

181,500 

234,801 
16G.S50 
517,0119 
444,477 

848,749 

1,365.727 

5*3,959 

9S4,219 

75,000' 

1,809,719 

927.013 
76.5,945 

1.062,086 
880,941 
890,017 

1,113,734 

1,020,437 

516,883 
589,-345 
734,029 
648,239 
903,502 
1,212,698 

•  The  commerce  of  Canada  prior  to  1849  -will  bo  found  under  the  head  of  Brili.->h  American 
Colonies. 

TRINCIPAL  rORTS. 

Quebec,  the  capital  of  Canada.,  on  the  north-west  bank  of  the  river  St.  Lawrence, 
about  340  miles  from  its  mouth,  in  lat.  4G°  48'  49"  N.,  long.  71°  10'  45''  W.  The 
navigation  at  Quebec  closes  about  the  end  of  November,  and  opens  in  April.  The 
harbor  or  basin  lies  between  the  town  and  the  island  of  Orleans.  It  is  safe  and  com- 
modious. The  water  is  about  150  feet  deep,  with  a  tide  of  from  17  to  18  feet. 
There  is  steam  comruuniaition  to  Amherstburg,  a  remote  settlement  in  Upper  Can- 
ada, a  distance  of  1,200  miles. 

Montreal,  Canada,  is  built  at  the  south-east  end  of  an  island  in  the  St.  LawTence 
(hero  about  two  miles  wide),  and  180  miles  above  Quebec,  lat.  45°  30'  N.,  and  long. 
73°  35'  W.  It  is  the  largest  city  and  second  commercial  port  of  British  America. 
Railroads  connect  it  with  every  large  city  of  either  Canada  or  the  United  States,  and 
being  situated  at  the  head  of  ordinary  navigation,  and  at  the  foot  of  the  chain  of  ca- 
nals, which  connect  the  lakes  with  the  ocean,  its  commercial  advantages  are  un- 
equaled.  Its  quays  are  unsuq^assed  by  tho.se  of  any  city  in  America.  Among  its 
manufactures  are  machinery,  iron-ware,  spirits,  tloor-cloth,  carriages,  etc.  ilontreal 
is  also  the  chief  depot  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company.  In  even,-  respect  it  is  a  great 
commercial  city,  with  u  large  banking  business,  and  with  regard  to  its  general  con- 
veniences and  public  in.stitutions,  is  a  highly  distinguished  place.  Ita  schools,  col- 
leges, libraries,  ami  literary  institutions  are  ample,  and  among  its  churclies  there  aro 
aover.'J  of  high  architectural  merit.  Tiie  Roman  Catliolic  cathedral  will  accommo- 
date 12,000  worshipers.  Population  70,000.  Tlio  tubular  iron  bridge  now  being 
built  over  the  St.  Lawrence  will  be  two  miles  long,  and  when  completed  will  be  tlio 
greatest  triumph  of  engineering  in  the  world. 

Summary  of  the  liegulatiou-s  in  force  at  the  different  Ports  in  Canada. —  Mcrchandiso 
shall  not  bo  unladen,  except  after  duo  entry,  at  places  designated  for  that  pur- 
pose, under  penalty  of  forl'eiture.  Merchandise  sliall  not  be  brought  or  imported 
into  the  province,  whetiier  by  sea,  land,  coastwise,  or  by  inland  navigation,  whether 
dutiable  or  not,  except  into  some  port  or  place  at  which  a  cu.stom-liou.so  is  or  may 
bo  established,  under  penalty  of  forfeiture  of  vessel  and  good.s,  if  under  the  value  of 
$1000;  if  above  that  sum.  tlien  the  ves.sel  and  goods  shall  bo  ret.iined  n.s  .stvurity 
for  the  payment  of  that  amount.  This  applies,  mutatis  mutandis,  to  goods  brought 
into  the  province,  by  l.md,  in  carria}];es  or  other  vchiclea  Otlier  regulations  liuvo 
roforencp,  principally,  lo  frontier  smugpUng,  and  to  the  duties  and  powers  of  iho 
officers  cliarged  witii  its  pa'veution.  Thoy  convey  no  general  commircial  infonna- 
tion,  and  are,  therefore,  omitted.  Mast  of  the  articles  on  wliich  a  di.sorimination  in 
favor  of  importations  fmrn  (Jreat  Britain  exists,  aro  embraced  in  tlio  tliinl  articlo 
("schedule"')  of  the  Reciprocity  Treaty.  The  foregoing  regulations,  etc.,  apply,  with 
some  slight  moditkations,  to  all  tlio  other  colonial  possessions  of  Great  Britain  in 
North  Ajnerica.    They  will  not,  therefore,  bo  again  referred  to. 


92  Foreign  Cominercial  Statistics.  871 


BRITISH  COLONIES. 

North  America. — 1,  Nova  Scotia  and  Cape  Breton  ;  2.  New  Bruns- 
wick ;  3.  Prince  Edward's  Island ;  4.  Vancouver ;  5,  Newfoundland. 
Aggregate  population,  2,503,666  ;    area,  455,493  square  miles. 

"Province  of  Nova  Scotia,  43°  20'  and  47°  5'  N.  latitude,  and 
59°  38'  and  66°  20'  W.  longitude  ;  area,  18,746  square  miles  ;  length, 
about  240  miles,  and  breadth,  50  to  104  miles. 

The  Province  of  Nova  Scotia  compi'ises  the  peninsula  of  Nova  Scotia, 
the  island  of  Cape  Breton,  and  Sable  Island,    Capital,  Halifax. 

The  number  of  vessels  owned  and  registered  in  Nova  Scotia  on  the 
31st  December,  1850,  was  2,791,  and  the  aggregate  measurement 
thereof  168,392  tons.  The  principal  exports,  the  produce,  growth,  and 
manufacture  of  Nova  Scotia  consist  of  coals,  fish,  gypsum,  hides,  skins, 
wood  and  bark,  free-stone,  etc.  The  chief  imports  consist  of  pork  and 
beef,  books  and  stationery,  bread  and  biscuit,  corn,  corn-meal,  cordage, 
cotton  manufactures,  flour,  hardware,  tobacco,  wheat  and  other  grains, 
and  cargoes  of  assorted  merchandise.  The  quantity  of  fish  and  fish-oil 
exported  from  Halifax  alone  in  1851  were  as  follows  :  dried  fish,  191,802 
quintals ;  mackerel,  96,650  barrels  ;  herrings,  43,559  barrels ;  alewives, 
4,227  barrels;  salmon,  340  tierces  and  6,412  barrels;  preserved  fish, 
238  boxes;  smoked  herrings,  3,234  boxes;  pickled  cod,  78  barrels; 
and  fish  oil,  3,493  barrels,  and  36,028  gallons.  The  entrances  and 
values  of  imports  into  the  same  port  in  1850  were — 1,194  vessels  of 
176,406  tons,  and  imports,  $4,080,400  ;  viz.,  from  Great  Britain  and 
colonies,  12,703,410,  and  from  foreign  countries,  $1,376,990.  The 
clearances  and  values  of  exports  from  Halifax  in  the  same  year  were — 
1,062  vessels  of  161,079  tons,  and  exports,  $1,663,615  ;  viz.,  to  Great 
Britain  and  colonies,  $1,006,655,  and  to  foreign  countries,  $656,960. 

Cape  Breton,  an  island  of  British  America,  to  the  north  of  Nova 
Scotia,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Strait  of  Canso.  It  lies  be- 
tween 45°  27'  and  47°  5'  N.  latitude,  and  between  59°  40'  and  61°  40' 
W.  longitude.  It  has  an  area  of  about  2,500,000  acres,  of  which  about 
one-third  consists  of  swamps  and  barren  wastes.  It  is  deeply  indented 
in  all  directions  by  arms  of  the  sea,  the  largest  of  which,  the  great  Bras 
d'Or,  nearly  divides  the  island  in  two,  and  being  deep  enough  for  the 
largest  vessels,  affords  the  greatest  facilities  for  commerce.  The  coal 
mines  are  wrought  in  the  neighborhood  of  Sydney,  and  in  1851  yielded 
53,000  chaldrons.  In  the  same  year,  the  consumption  of  limestone 
was  4,421  casks.  Gypsum  is  exported,  although  in  very  small  quan- 
tity, to  the  United  States.  The  fisheries,  which  employ  nearly  1,300 
men,  consist  chiefly  of  salmon,  cod,  mackerel,  herrings,  shad,  and  white 
fish,  of  which  large  quantities  are  cured  and  exported. 

Province  of  New  Brunswick,  45°  5'  and  48°  4'  30"  N.  latitude, 
and  63°  47'  30"  and  67°  47'  W.  longitude;  area,  27,704  square 
miles.  Length,  N.  and  S.,  about  200  miles,  and  breadth,  E.  and  W., 
about  180  miles.  This  province  is  situated  between  Canada  and  Nova 
Scotia,  and  abuts  on  the  north-eastern  boundary  of  the  United  States. 
Capital,  Fredericton. 

The  following  Table  includes  "Canada"  to  July  1,  1848.  For  com- 
merce of  Canada  from  1848  to  1856,  see  Canada, 


1^ 


870 


British  North  American  Colonies. 


9.3 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WITH  THE 
BRITISH  NORTH  AMERICAN  COLONIES  * 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Teaks 

ENDINO 

Sept. 
80. 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS 

Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullion  &  Specie. 

TON'GE  CL'D. 

Domestic. 

Foreign. 

Total,    j 

Total. 

EXPOKT. 

Import. 

Amer. 

For. 

1821 

$2,021,449 

$2,812 

$2,024,261  1 

$491,623 

$89,417 

113,097 

1822 

1,381,273 

16,236 

1,397,559 

526,317 

158,225 

90,977 

1823 

1,818,113 

3,:347 

1,821,460 

46:3,374 

219,749 

52,776 

12,62:3 

1824 

1,778,107 

2,617 

1,775,724  ! 

705,931 

298,840 

53,951 

9,1:30 

1825 

2,5:38,224 

1,740 

2,5:39,964  ' 

610,783 

218,896 

61,520 

10,139 

1826 

2,564,165 

24,:384 

2,5SS,.549  I 

650,315 

$462',  250 

221,994 

76,191 

10,103 

182T 

2,797,014 

8:3,660 

2,330,674 

445,118 

1,021,291 

154.507 

60,378 

11,145 

1S28 

1,618,288 

56,336 

1,674,674  1 

447,669 

126,772 

179,944 

63,801 

10,653 

1829 

2,724,104 

40,805 

2,764,91)9 

577,542 

626,2.53 

241,237 

9:3,645 

10,569 

1830 

3,650,031 

136,342 

3,736,373 

650,303 

123,321 

252,279 

117,171 

14,267 

Total, 

$28,335,703 

313,379 

23,704,147 

5,569,485 

2,864,.8S7 

2,035,088 

783,507 

83,039 

1831 

4,026,392 

85,446 

4,061,838 

864,909 

25.900 

277,197 

79,864 

94,776 

1832 

3,569,302 

45,033 

;3,614,335  ! 

1,229.526 

16,961 

542,745 

65,056 

146,292 

1333 

4,390,081 

81,003 

4,471,084 

1,793,393 

14,704 

817,880 

219.403 

245,719 

1334 

3,477,709 

57,567 

3,5M.5,276 

1,543,733 

400,500 

652,253 

19,5,939 

.32:3,120 

18;35 

8,900,545 

147,:34;3 

4,047,838 

1.4:35,168 

638,7a3 

197,400 

363,532 

415.406 

1&36 

2,456,415 

194,851 

2,651,266  1 

2;427,571 

32,233 

546,474 

291,931 

423,191 

1837 

2,922,474 

296,512 

8,218,986  1 

2,359,263 

160,000 

448,602 

882,2:34 

440,002 

1838 

2,484,937 

2:38.504 

2,723,491  j 

1,.555,570 

4.30,203 

450,712 

261,236 

333,156 

1839 

8,418,770 

144,634 

3,503,454  1 

2,155,146 

15,300 

4:31,782 

385,506 

373,772 

1840 

5,839,215 

204,035 

6,093,250 

2,007,767 

11,500 

780,171 

357,073 

401,805 

Total, 

$36,536,890 

1,445,023 

37,930,918  ! 

17,377,046 

1,746,144 

.5,145,216 

2,601,:374 

3,252,299 

1841 

6,292.290 

364.273 

6,056.563  t 

1.95.3.187 

193,100 

475,891 

404,472 

447,936 

1342 

5,950,14:3 

240,166 

6,190,309 

1,762,001 

59,076 

768,069 

.328.315 

417,409 

1843t 

2,617,005 

107,417 

2,724,422 

857,696  ' 

86,:3:34 

403,545 

202.607 

233,092 

1844 

5,361,186 

1,354,717 

6.715,903 

1,465.715  ; 

711.244 

445.995 

696,865 

516,231 

1845 

4,844,966 

1,209,260 

6,0."'>4,226 

2,020,065  ; 

489,095 

914;461 

677,935 

512,004 

1846 

6,042,066 

1,36:^,767 

7,406.433 

1,937,717  ; 

251,900 

62:3,043 

863.563 

573,673 

1847 

5,819,667 

2,165,876 

7,935,543 

2,343,927 

430,275 

86:3,451 

657,.595 

528,515 

1848 

6,399,959 

1,982,696 

8,832,655 

3,646,467 

555,900 

960,143 

859.791 

8:31,271 

1849 

3,611,733 

257,760 

:3.869,54:3 

1,845,793 

47,.530 

122,641 

409,377 

1850 

8,116,340 

501,374 

3,618,214 

1,:353,992 

33,044 

38,593 

75,293 

521,112 

Total, 

$50,056,505 

9,547,:306 

59,603,311 

18,706,565 

2,864,963 

5,540,726 

4,884,077 

4,990,020 

1851 

3,224,553 

861,2:30 

4,085.783 

1,730,651 

80 

44,677 

10:3,235 

592,507 

1852 

2.650.1:34 

1,141,822 

3.791,956 

1.520,:330 

112,553 

56,895 

122,809 

544,518 

1853 

8,:39S,575 

1,912,963 

.5,311,543 

2,272,602 

200,521 

38,940 

266,431 

58:3,465 

1854 

4,698,771 

2,572,383 

7,266,154 

2,206.021 

48,975 

68,148 

295.781 

537,309 

1855 

5,355,878 

:3,229,798 

9.085,676  : 

2.954,420 

64,212 

18,413 

276,6:3:5 

493,822 

1856 

7,519,909 

626,199 

8,146,108 

3,822,224  j 

4,000 

33,807 

326,647 

471,871 

*  Including  Canada  to  June  30, 1848. 


t  9  months  to  June  30. 


PRINCIPAL  PORTS. 

Halifax,  in  Nova  Scotia,  on  the  south-east  coast  of  the  province,  lat  44°  36'  N., 
long.  63°  28'  "W.  It  is  situated  on  a  peninsula,  on  the  west  side  of  Chebucto  bay, 
and  has  one  of  the  finest  harbors  in  America.  Ships  usually  anchor  abreast  of  the 
town,  where  the  harbor  is  more  than  a  mile  in  width.  After  gradually  narrowing  to 
a  quarter  of  a  mile,  it  suddenly  expands  into  a  noble  land-locked  harbor  called  Bed- 
ford basin,  with  deep  water  tliroughout.  The  harbor  is  accessible  at  all  times,  and 
is  rarely  impeded  by  ice. 

Saint  John,  city  and  seaport  of  the  province  of  New  Brunswick,  situated  on  a 
rocky  peninsula,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  river  St.  John,  at  its  entrance  into  the  bay 
of  Fundy.  Lat.  of  hghthouse  on  Partridge  island,  at  the  entrance  of  the  harbor, 
450  14'  6"  N.,  long.  66°  3'  30"  W.  The  harbor  of  St.  John  is  commodious,  safe, 
and  never  obstructed  by  ice.  On  Partridge  island  is  a  battery  and  lighthouse;  and 
on  a  shoal,  dry  at  low  water,  is  a  lighted  beacon.  The  river  St.  John,  at  its  entrance 
into  the  harbor,  passes  through  a  tissure  in  the  solid  rock. 


94  Foreign   Commercial  Statistics.  873 

SIERRA  LEONE, 

A  colonial  settlement  of  West  Africn,  belongine^  to  Great  Britain,  and 
consisting  of  a  peninsula,  18  miles  iu  length,  by  12  miles  in  breadth,  on 
the  coast  of  Senegarabia.  Latitude  of  Cape  Sierra  Leone  8°  30'  N., 
longitude  13°  18'  W.  It  consists  of  a  tract  of  territory  along  the  Sierra 
Leone  river,  having  an  area  of  about  300  square  miles.  Population 
1850,  45,472. 

Principal  exports,  teak  timber,  cam-wood,  palm  oil,  ginger,  and  small 
quantities  of  hides,  ivory,  rice,  pepper,  and  copal.  Lnports  nearly  all 
from  Great  Britain. 

The  trade  between  the  United  States  and  the  whole  of  Afi'ica  is  most 
insignificant  in  comparison  with  that  between  England  and  simply  the 
western  coast ;  and  it  is  a  ftict  especially  deserving  of  attention,  with  ref- 
erence to  Liberia,  that  for  some  time  past,  while  the  importations  from 
England  are  increasing,  from  the  United  States  they  are  diminishing,  par- 
ticularly cotton  goods.  It  is  estimated  that  there  are  not  less  than  one 
hundred  ships  regularly  trading  between  the  British  ports  and  the  coast 
of  Africa,  while  a  regular  line  of  steamers  pHes  between  England  and 
Liberia  and  other  settlements  on  the  coast.  In  addition,  it  is  now  pro- 
posed to  send  a  steamer  up  the  Niger  river  each  season  for  the  encour- 
agement of  emigrants,  and  the  protection  of  traders ;  to  secure  a  free 
port  at  Fernando  Po,  by  a  commercial  treaty  with  Spain,  or  in  some 
other  convenient  locality,  as  an  entrepot  for  British  merchant  ships  ;  to 
maintain  the  African  squadron  in  its  former  state  of  efficiency,  and  to 
make  Sierra  Leone  a  free  port.  Tlie  following  tables  show  the  relative 
importance  of  British  and  American  trade  with  Africa : 

THE  TRADE   OF  THE  UNITED   BTATE8   WITH   AFRICA   DURING   THE  SEVEN   TEAES   ENDING 


1849, 

1850, 
1851, 
1852, 
1853, 
1854, 
1855, 

Tlie  following  returns  to  Parliament  (as  published  by  the  London  sliip- 
ping  and  Mercantile  G;izette),  show  the  increase  of  exports  by  Great 
Britain  to  the  West  Coast  of  Africa,  and  of  imports  from  the  same  coast : 


JUNE  3a,  1855. 

Exports. 

Imports. 

Total. 

$708,411 

$495,742 

$1,204,153 

759,266 

524,722 

1,283,988 

1,340,644 

1,163,176 

2,503,820 

1,246,141 

1,057,657 

2,303,798 

1,610,833 

1,202,986 

2.813,819 

1,804,972 

1,386,560 

3;i91,532 

1,375,905 

1,337,527 

2,713,432 

Exports. 

Imports. 

Total. 

1850, 

.     £639,429 

£605.958 

£1,245,387 

1851, 

654,543 

794,810 

1,449,353 

1852, 

533,725 

707,024 

1,240,749 

1853, 

901,402 

749,373 

1,650,775 

1854, 

958,809 

905,634 

1,864,443 

This  is  independent  of  the  British  colonies  of  Sierra  Leone,  the  trade 
of  which  amounted  in  1854  to  $1,421,805,  and  of  the  British  possessions 
on  the  Gold  Coast,  and  the  river  Gambia,  amounting  to  ^1,547,285 
more  ;  and  of  those  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  in  South  Africa, 
swelling  the  amount  $8,383,090  more  ;  making  in  all  an  aggregate  of 
over  $23,000,000  in  1854,  for  the  western  coast  of  Africa  entire. 


8V2 


Other  British  Colonies. 


95 


FOREIGN    COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES   WITH 
OTHER  BRITISH  COLONIES, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  October  1,  1830. 


Tears 

ENDING 

Sept. 
80. 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS 

[  Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullion  «&  Specie. 

TON'GE  CL'D. 

Domestic. 

FOKEIGN. 

Total. 

Total. 

Export. 

Import. 

Amer. 

For. 

1821 
1822 
1823 
1824 
1825 
1826 
1827 
1828 
1829 
1830 

Total, 

$12,113 
4,850 
26,232 
20,463 
23,612 
84,378 

$2,357 

463 
2,311 

2,025 
500 

$14,470 
4,S50 
26,695 
22,774 
2,1,637 
34,878 

$924 
106,593 
84,977 
36,101 
41.255 
23,807 
11,910 

l",263 

$93,751 
7.859 
5,529 
2,370 
3,820 

874 
1,805 
543 
444 
863 
526 
219 
175 

'179 

■■76 

$121,643 

7,656 

129,304 

306,830 

113,329 

5,158 

70    ! 

PRINCIPAL  ISLANDS. 

Port  Louis,  or  Northwest  Port,  the  capital  of  the  Mauritius,  at  the  bottom  of 
a  triangular  bay,  the  entrance  to  which  is  ratlier  difTicult,  in  lat.  20°  0'  56"  S.,  long. 
57°  28'  41"  E.  Every  vessel  approaching  tiie  harbor  must  hoist  her  flag  and  fire 
two  guns ;  if  in  the  night  a  light  must  be  shown,  when  a  pilot  comes  on  board,  and 
steers  the  ship  to  the  entrance  of  the  port.  It  is  a  very  convenient  port  for  careen- 
ing and  repairing ;  but  provisions  of  all  sorts  are  dear.  In  the  hurricane  months, 
the  anchorage  in  Port  Louis  is  not  good ;  and  it  can  then  only  accommodate  a  very 
few  vessels.  The  houses  are  low,  and  principally  built  of  wood.  The  town  and 
harbor  are  pretty  strongly  fortified.  Almost  aU  the  foreign  trade  of  the  island  is 
carried  on  here. 

S.VINT  Helena,  an  island  in  the  South  Atlantic  ocean,  belonging  to  Great  Britain, 
about  800  miles  south-east  of  Ascension,  and  nearly  1,200  miles  from  the  coast  of 
Lower  Guinea.  Lat.  of  observatory  15°  55'  S.,  long.  5°  41:'  E.  Area,  30,300  acres. 
Population  in  1850,  7,000,  of  whom  nearly  a  half  were  whites.  It  is  of  volcanic 
origin,  and  consists  of  ragged  mountains,  interspersed  with  numerous  ravines,  in 
one  of  which,  on  its  N.  W.  shore,  is  James  Town,  the  residence  of  the  principal 
authorities.  Its  center  is  a  table  land,  with  an  elevation  of  1,500  feet,  but  from 
which  several  mountains  rise  to  a  greater  elevation,  Diana's  Peak  being  2,700 
feet.  Climate  mild.  Mean  temperature  of  year,  61°. 3  ;  winter,  58°.4;  summer, 
63°.8.  Tiio  island  is  watered  by  numerous  brooks,  and  about  l-5th  part  of  its  sur- 
face is  fertile,  yielding  the  products  both  of  European  and  tropical  countries.  Goats 
are  plentiful  in  the  uplands ;  but  supplies  of  provisions  are  mostly  procured  from 
abroad,  the  island  lying  in  the  homeward  track  of  ships  returning"  from  India.  St. 
Helena  is  chiefly  noted  as  the  place  of  exile  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  whose  residence, 
Longwood,  was  on  the  elevated  plateau  of  the  interior. 

Falkland  Islands. — These  consist  of  202  islands,  situated  in  the  southern  At- 
lantic, two  of  which  only  are  large,  comprishig  together  about  13,000  square  miles, 
and  containing  a  population  of  6,000  souls.  They  are  in  the  possession  of  Great 
Britain,  but  are  equally  claimed  by  the  Argentine  republic.  Except  as  commercial 
and  military  stations,  they  possess  no  importance.  There  is  no  tonnage  duty  levied 
on  vessels  entering  the  ports  of  these  islands ;  nor,  indeed,  any  charges,  except  for 
storage,  which  is  elfeeted  in  bulk,  and  for  which  there  is  a  charge  of  irom  $5  to  $10 
per  day. 

The  only  imposts  to  which  the  commerce  of  the  United  States  with  the  colonies 
of  Great  Britain  is  now  subject,  are  the  colonial  duties  imposed  by  the  local  legisla- 
tures of  the  respective  colonies ;  and  these  apply,  with  some  few  exceptions,  which 
are  noticed  in  their  proper  place,  equally  to  British  importations  and  British  bottoms. 
These  duties  are  generally  very  moderate,  designed  solely  to  meet  the  necessary  ex- 
penses of  the  colonies,  and  are  at  least  one  third  less  than  the  duties  levied  in  the 
United  States,  on  similar  descriptions  of  merchandise,  by  the  tariff  act  of  18-16. 


96  Foreign  Commercial  Statistics.  875 


FRANCE. 

France  enjoys,  upon  the  whole,  greater  natural  advantages  than  any 
other  country  in  Europe.  Her  territory  is  above  a  half  larger  than  that 
of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and  both  her  soil  and  climate  are  better — 
the  climate  being  less  equable,  indeed,  but  there  being  a  greater  amount 
of  summer  heat  to  bring  the  fruits  of  the  earth  to  perfection.  She  has  a 
greater  proportion  of  arable  land  than  any  of  her  neighbors ;  the  natural 
means  of  conmiunication  tnroughout  her  provinces  are  abundant  and 
easy ;  she  is  well  pronded  with  all  the  useful  metals  except  tin  ;  and  is 
better  supplied  -with  coal  than  any  other  country  of  Europe  but  Britain. 
Even  during  the  distractions  of  her  great  revolution,  though  her  foreign 
trade  was  aimihilated,  her  agnculture  and  manufactures  were  extended 
and  improved,  her  population  was  increased,  and  its  condition  ameliorated. 
The  surface  of  France  contains  about  128,000,000  of  acres.  It  is  esti- 
mated that  of  this  quantity,  the  waste  land,  including  roads  and  rivers, 
amounts  to  an  eighth  part ;  the  arable  land  to  near  a  half;  the  woodland 
and  pasture-land  and  meadows,  each  to  about  a  seventh  ;  the  vineyards  to 
a  twenty-fifth  part ;  wild-laud,  quarries,  buildings,  orchards,  gardens,  olive 
and  other  plantations  making  up  the  remainder.  In  addition  to  the  veg- 
etable productions  that  grow  in  England,  the  climate  of  France  enables 
her  to  raise  viues,  olives,  mulberries,  and  chestnuts.  Wine  and  olive  oil 
are  two  of  her  most  valuable  productions.  The  cotton  trade  has  been 
for  some  time  rapidly  extending  over  the  northern  and  eastern  provinces  ; 
and  Lyons  has  been  long  famous  as  the  center  of  the  silk  trade  of  Eu- 
rope, a  branch  of  manufacture  that  has  been  brought  to  great  perfection 
in  that  city.  The  manufactures  of  woolen  cloth,  flax,  hemp,  and  iron, 
are  also  very  extensive,  and  have  been  carefully  fostered  under  the  pro- 
tective system,  which  still  prevails  here,  as  elsewhere  on  the  Continent, 
notwithstanding  the  example  which  has  been  set  by  Great  Britain.  To- 
ward the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century,  the  territory  of  France,  then 
equal,  or  very  nearly  equal  to  its  present  extent,  appears  to  have  con- 
tained about' 20,000,000  of  inhabitants.  In  1791,  it  was  found  to  be 
above  26,000,000,  and  in  1851  nearly  36,000,000.  The  government 
always  maintains  a  large  standing  army,  amounting  on  the  peace  estab- 
lishment to  about  350,000  men,  but  actually,  in  December,  1854,  to 
581,000.  Her  armed  fleet  on  service  is  about  equal  in  number  of  ships 
to  that  of  Britain,  with  C2,000  men. 

JjTokcrs. — No  one  is  allowed  to  act  as  a  mercantile  broker  in  France 
who  is  not  25  years  of  age,  and  who  has  not  served  four  years  in  a  com- 
mercial house,  or  with  a  broker,  or  a  notary  public.  They  are  nominated 
by  the  government,  after  their  qualifications  have  been  ascertained  by  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce.  AH  brokers  must  deposit  the  sum  of  8  000 
francs  in  the  tresi-suiy  as  a  guaranty  for  their  conduct,  for  which  they  are 
allowed  interest  at  the  rate  of  4  per  cent.  All  foreigners  are  obliged  to 
employ  ship-brokers  to  transact  their  business  at  the  custom-house  ;  and 
altliough  masters  and  owners  of  French  vessels  might  sometimes  dispense 
with  their  services,  they  never  do  so,  finding  it  to  be,  in  all  cases,  most 
advantageous  to  use  their  intervention.  All  duties  outward  on  vessels 
and  cargoes  are  paid  by  the  ship-brokers,  who  invariably  clear  out  all 
vessels,  French  as  well  as  foreign. 


874 


France  on  the  Atlantic. 


97 


FOREIGN   COJLMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WITH 
FRANCE  ON  THE  ATLANTIC, 

From  October  ],  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Tears 

ENDING 

Sept 

EXPOPvTS. 

IMPORTS 

Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullion  &  Specie. , 

TON'GE  CL  D.    j 

30.  ' 

Domestic. 

Foreign. 

Total. 

Total. 
$4,49.3.917 

E.XPOKT. 

Import,  j 

-Amer. 

Fob. 

1S21 

$5,093,843 

$.349,010 

$5,447,853 

$12,000 

$617,264 

798 

86,392 

1S22 

4,5(31.299 

1,210,533 

5.771,832 

5,683.835 

519,892 

80,356 

-8,638 

1S23 

4,677,914 

2,527,656 

7,205,570 

5,165,273 

175,872 

86.983 

44.401 

.3,.54:3 

1S24 

7,585,815 

1,095,612 

8,6S1,427 

6.741,113 

77,288 

58.615 

4,610 

1S25 

7,:33S,693 

2,625,908 

9,964,661 

10,151.671 

916,5:36 

7,531 

47.-397 

9,787 

182G 

9,075,254 

1,316,178 

10,391,432 

7.687,368 

202.563 

153,681 

76,478 

11,270 

1827 

8,712,011 

2,555,S69 

11,267.850 

7.6S.3.S53 

1,563,093 

104,163: 

85.651 

10.903 

1828 

7,091,699 

3,095,826 

10.187,525 

8,456,427 

2,396,699 

56,559; 

65,085 

8,703 

1829 

8,008,923 

2,105,573 

10,114.490 

8,243,921 

1,620,820 

27,570 

73,862 

7,7-35 

1830 
Total, 

9,183,894 

661,925 

9,845.819 

6,831,015: 
71,178,398 

135,111 

47,812- 

82,521 

6,014 

$71,334,345 

17,544,150    88,878,495 

7,542,580 

1,214,212 

1 

533,446 

98,957 

1831 

4,963,557 

3,228,452      8,192,009 

12,876,977 

2,960,669 

47.949* 

48,022 

8,722 

18.33 

9,02S,4&5 

1,536,771    10,565,256 

10,931.983        450.779 

26,629! 

79..330 

12.769 

18;J3 

9,769,6S5 

2,196,812,  11.966,497 

12..351,626!         66,006 

46,719! 

77.127 

14,797 

18*4 

11,68:3.356 

1,440,331 

13,123,687 

15,813,773 

70.274 

1,656,4-381 

79,820 

14,632 

1835 

16,013,185 

1,160,038 

17,173,223 

21,446,378 

556,6?2 

516,788; 

91,102 

9,717 

1836 

17,656,692 

604,675 

18,261,367 

34,648,281 

111,092 

4,841,004 

96,526 

12,869 

1837 

16,154,567 

1,690,114 

17,844,681 

20.521,496 

1,020,609 

1,051.503 

91,637 

20,032 

1838 

13,089.649 

976,967 

14.066,616 

16,823,112 

467,445 

2,165,083 

108,056 

16,108 

1339 

14.919.848 

2,088,655 

17,008,503 

30,913,450 

2,017.798 

150,129 

68.519 

14,752 

1840 
Total, 

17,733,743 

2,698,025 

20,431,768 

16,093,289 

2,198,603 

946,991 

1-32,823 

25,409 

$131,012,767 

17,620,840 

148,633,607 

193,025,365 

9,919,897 

11,449,233 

893,012 

144,807 

1841 

16,897,907 

3,216,364 

20,114,271 

22,712,282 

4,087,199 

267,649 

121,5-34 

15,704 

1842 

15,340,728 

1,076,684 

16,417,412 

16,015,330 

1,113,698 

2.32,447 

180,865 

16,042 

1843* 

10,384,578 

441,578 

10,826,156 

7,050,537 

185,008 

2,641,057 

110,171 

44,171 

1844 

11,861,419 

2,287,084 

14,148,503 

15,946.166 

2,029,195 

65:3.192 

109,827 

15,989 

1845 

11,350,432 

2,972,253 

14,322,686 

20.181,250 

3,179,'J7:; 

l:'4>.-5 

121,815 

10,036 

1846 

12,702.972 

1,337,477 

14,040,449  .  22,603,589 

l,180,s.-J>; 

l"-,;ii^ 

119,729 

11,-376 

1847 

17,420,-385 

449,046 

17,869,431''  23,899,076 

1.355,172, 

147,579 

18,496 

184S 

14,159,798 

4,278,159 

18,437,957 

27,059,744 

4,726,676 

277,222 

116,062 

26.495 

1849 

11,646,612 

2,818,303 

14,464,915 

23,2i '9,878 

2,983.124 

^41,154 

114,035 

27,161 

1850 
Total, 

16,934,791 

1,724,915    18,659,706 

25,835,170 

2,162,992 

72,251 

114,589 

17,616 

$138,699,022 

20,601,863 

159,301,485 

204,518,072 

21,508,001 

6,017,007 

1,205,706 

208,086 

1851 

24,567,067 

2.814,668 

27,381,735 

29,789.124 

7,471,241 

804,8-33 

147.098 

10,&33 

1852 

20,793.873 

1,721.441 

22,515,319 

24,195,914 

5,474,496 

753.43« 

187,965 

11.035 

1853 

24.26S.292 

1,380,647 

25,648.930 

30,351,549! 

4,281,808 

231,908 

184,947 

11,127 

1854 

29.749.466 

978.355 

30.727.821 

32,892,021' 

6,948,023 

26.564 

212..324 

14.925 

1855 

28.296,294 

1,090,146 

29,336.440 

29.009,.398 

8,762,400 

2.814 

239,94:3 

11.924 

1856 

88,732,0;i3 

497,344 

89,229,377 

45,500,398 

1 

7,172,892 

188,183 

295,386 

19,533 

*  9  months  to  June  30,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORTS. 

Brest,  a  seaport  of  France,  lat.  48°  23'  N.,  loug.  4P  29'  "W.  It  has  one  of  the 
best  harbors  in  France,  and  a  safe  road,  capable  of  containing  500  men-of-war,  in 
from  50  to  100  feet  of  water.  The  entrance  to  the  harbor  is  narrow  and  difficult, 
with  covered  rocks  in  the  channels. 

BoRDE.vux,  a  city  of  France,  lat.  44°  50'  20"  N.,  long.  0°  34'  "W.,  situated  on  the 
Garonne,  about  75  miles  from  its  mouth.  The  Garonne  is  a  noble  river,  with  depth 
of  water  sufficient  to  enable  large  ships  to  come  up  to  the  city.  Communication  is 
had  with  the  Mediterranean  by  means  of  the  ciinal  Languedoc.  There  are  two  en- 
trances to  the  river,  one  giving  24  feet  of  water,  and  the  other  13.  The  tides  rise 
about  ten  feet,  and  pilots  are  necessary. 

Cherburg  or  Cherbourg,  a  seaport  of  France,  on  the  Channel,  lat.  49°  38'  30^ 
N-,  long.  1°  37'  3"  W.  It  is  situated  at  the  bottom  of  a  large  b.ay,  between  cipe 
Barfleur  and  cape  La  Hogue.  A  basin  has  been  made,  1,000  feet  long,  770  wide, 
occupying  18  acres,  depth  50  feet,  capable  of  containing  50  sail  of  the  line. 


98 


Foreign  Commercial  Statistics. 


877 


FRANCE. 

COMMERCE  OF  FRANCE  WITH  HER  COLONIES  AND  WITH  FOREIGN  COUNTRIES 
DURING  THE  YEAR  1S54.— VALUES  REPRESENTED  IN  MILLIONS  OF  FRANCS. 


UUUM'IUES. 

Official  Value. 

Actual  Value. 

Official  Value. 

Actual  Value. 

United  States, 

192,8 

166.3 

182,1 

216,5 

Great  Britain, 

133,5 

149,8 

286,5 

364,8 

Belgium, 

132,8 

167,8 

124,1 

143,6 

Sardinia, 

103,7 

102,S 

52,5 

62,3 

French  Colonics,   . 

83,6 

99,5 

73,4 

69,2 

(}ennany, 

56,7 

75,7 

48,1 

54,6 

British  Iiidi;x, 

53,3 

48,3 

4,8 

5,4 

Spain  and  Colonies, 

66,8 

86,1 

81,5 

76,4 

Russia, 

45,6 

58,4 

1,0 

1,7 

Turkey  and  Egypt, 

54,5 

60,3 

32,0 

34,1 

Switzerland, 

35,0 

40,4 

51,0 

57,8 

Algiers, 

33,0 

45,7 

117,9 

90,0 

Netherlands, 

27,2 

35,4 

14,4 

24,1 

Two  SicUies, 

18,1 

20,7 

15,0 

14,0 

Western  Coast  of  Africa, 

15,5 

8,4 

1,4 

1,2 

Brazil,  .... 

15,2 

17,7 

31,6 

31,5 

Norway, 

13,3 

19,1 

1,5 

1,8 

Tuscany, 

11,9 

11,9 

13,2 

13,7 

Rio  de  la  Plata,     . 

6,8 

6,8 

15,4 

18,1 

Hayti,  .... 

6,6 

8,6 

6,4 

4,3 

Barbary  States, 

6,6 

7,8 

3,1 

2,6 

Austria, 

4,7 

6,2 

4,9 

3,7 

Hanse  Towns, 

4,6 

6,1 

7,9 

16,6 

Mexico, 

4,6 

2,8 

17,9 

18,2 

Sweden, 

.4,4 

6,7 

1.1 

2,2 

Uruguay, 

3,8 

4,0 

7,2 

9,2 

Venezuela,    . 

3,8 

4,6 

4,9 

5,0 

Peru,     .... 

3,3 

6,5 

14,9 

16,2 

Chili,     .... 

3,1 

4,2 

17,3 

19,1 

Portugal, 

2,8 

3,5 

6,3 

6,8 

Other  Countries  of  Africa^ 

2,3 

1,7 

1,2 

3,6 

China  and  Oceanica^ 

1,9 

1,5 

2,6 

3,7 

New  Grenada, 

1,7 

1,0 

2,5 

2,7 

Greece, 

1,3 

1,6 

2,9 

2,7 

Denmark  and  Colonies, 

1,3 

1,5 

7,2 

9,0 

Roman  States, 

1,1 

1,8 

5,3 

5,1 

Guatemala,    . 

0,3 

0,4 

0,7 

0,9 

Miscellaneous, 

0,2 

0,2 

?]quador,  Bohvia, 

0,1 

0,1 

0,5 

0,6 

Mecklenburg, 

0,1 

0,1 

Hanover, 

0,1 

0,1 
1,291,6 

0,2 

0,7 

Total,  Francs,     . 

1,158,0 

1,261,4 

1,413,7 

FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  FR.^ 

LNCE  WITH  HER  COLONIES  AND  THE  FISHING  BANKS. 

ENTERED. 

, 

FKKNCn. 

rOEEIQK. 

TOTAL. 

A 

A 

1853, 

1854, 
1855, 

1853, 
1854, 
1855, 


Vejisels. 
9,210 
9,307 

9,574 

6,625 
5,726 
5,756 


Tonnage. 
1,065,683 
1,131,702 
1,247,452 

796,350 
796,713 
934,598 


Vessels. 
11,569 
10,982 
13,442 

CLEARED. 

8,856 
7,919 
8,054 


Tonnajre. 
1,685,011 
1,606,837 
2,057,313 

1,058,315 
1,059,592 
1,100,057 


Vessels. 
20,779 
20.289 
23,016 

15,481 
13,645 
13,810 


Tonnage. 
2,750,699 
2,738,539 
3,304,765 

1,854,665 
1,856,305 
2,034^655 


876 


France  on  the  Mediterranean. 


99 


FOREIGN  COM^IERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATEvS 

WITH  FRANCE  ON  THE  MEDITERRANK\N, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Years 

ENDING 

Sept. 
30. 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS 

Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullion  &  Specie. 

Export.  !  Import. 

TON'GE  CL'D. 

Domestic. 

FOEEION. 

i    Total. 

Total. 

AlIER. 



For. 

1821 

169,855 

$10,851 

$80,706 

$496,023 

$247,884 

316 

593 

1822 

183,191 

70,337 

2,53,528 

400,998 

14,.546 

833 

858 

1823 

323,861 

1,171.893 

1.495,759 

501,457 

$933 

102,216 

10,267 

331 

1824 

265,815 

750,431 

1,016,246 

450,454 

6,760 

47,8(5 

8,457 

1835 

187,242 

726,499 

913.741 

812,511 

20.000 

17,065 

9,488 

1826 

273,675 

4S;3,677 

75T,:i52 

892,152 

1,600 

85,088 

10,960 

1827 

475,517 

781,076 

1.2.'-.6.023 

813,374 

1,600 

60,179 

12,064 

389 

1828 

606,638 

279.407 

636,(145 

904,427 

5,852 

2,434 

10,498 

1829 

a86,122 

74S.777 

1,634,899 

5:>0,057 

8,880 

1.482 

18,813 

1830 
Total, 

717,252 

430,888 

1,148,140 

891,183 

5,000 

14,517 

18,967 

l",674 

$3,989,198 

5,453,841 

9,443,039 

6,782,636 

45,126 

542,866 

100,693 

3,215 

lasi 

671,867 

300,926 

972,793 

1,188,766 

14,611 

6.155 

15,4.59 

1,477 

1833 

914,091 

1,140,376 

2,054,467 

1,24;3,775 

12,000 

14,338 

16,486 

8,638 

1833 

1,036,898 

768,826 

1,805,724 

1,080,052 

300 

13,414 

14,976 

3,922 

1884 

1,032,393 

1,352,839 

2,385,287 

1,327,400 

4,534 

17,846 

8,775 

1835 

2,023,829 

554,192 

2.578,021 

1,468,998 

74,6n6 

2,253 

15,200 

2,311 

1836 

1,951,742 

725,991 

2,677,733 

1,967,1.36 

1,.541 

15,614 

4,675 

ia37 

1,196,347 

619,550 

1,845,897 

1,562,118 

28,9.38 

l',554 

10,525 

5,116 

1838 

1,433,765 

283,135 

1,716,900 

948,685 

9,320 

75,229 

17,345 

2.891 

1839 

1,046,260 

176.1S6 

1,222,446 

1,612,871 

6,505 

9,256 

3,651 

1840 
Total, 

1,178,833 

221,202 

1,403,035 

879,537 

173.258 

10,305 

.tl2,486,080 

6,176,273  ;  18,662,303 

13,279,388 

140,710 

297,245 

143,012 

31,456 

1811 

1,512,460 

140,024 

1,652,484 

1,221,1530 

1,500 

18,144 

15,827 

2,375 

1842 

1,674,570 

73,808 

1,743,433 

958,678 

.3.021 

21,944 

2,147 

1843* 

1,186,294 

83,701 

1,269,995 

609,149 

13,433 

1%167 

17,868 

418 

1844 

1,204,793 

85.104 

1,239,897 

1,603,318 

7,478 

11,611 

656 

3845 

979,739 

197,980 

1,177,719 

1,414,175 

1,175 

2,400 

19,217 

060 

1846 

898,678 

191,448 

1.090,126 

1,302,74;5 

14,600 

2,638 

14,950 

740 

1847 

1,172,146 

56,041 

1.228,187 

1,001,765 

13,078 

4,611 

1848 

1,215,087 

166,266 

1,381,353 

1,036,317 

75,202 

8,532 

16,484 

923 

1849 

877,147 

168,521 

1,04.5,668 

1,15.3,905 

13,853 

8,227 

1850 
Total, 

1,015,486 

158,155 

1,173,641 

1,702,855 

2,688 

14,158 

8,676 

$11,736,400 

1,321,108    13,057.508  | 

12,004,435 

99,955 

52,497 

105,516 

24,438 

1851 

735,018 

13.5.393 

870,411  [ 

1,926,129 

3,921 

16,614 

10,627 

1852 

1,396,192 

79.134 

1,475,326 

1,694,3,52 

26,798 

6.517 

1853 

852,514 

70,3:n 

922,8-15 

2,604,893 

1,074 

16,231 

6,761 

1S54 

1,218,786 

201.374 

1,420,160 

2,839,372 

17,728 

3,166 

1855 

3,327,604 

164,0s4 

3,191,038 

2,599,7*} 

26,880 

4,139 

1856 

8,090,432 

185,104 

3,281,596 

3,515,664 

83,152 

8,469 

*  9  months  to  June  30,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORTS. 

Marseiu.es,  a  seaport  of  France,  on  the  Mediterranean,  in  lat.  4.3<5  17'  49"  N., 
long.,  5°  22'  20"  E.  Tlie  harbor  is  in  the  center  of  the  citv,  forming  a  basm  3150 
feet  in  length,  by  900  in  breadth.  The  tide  is  hardly  sensible,  but  the  depth  of 
water  at  the  entrance  of  the  harbor,  varies  from  16  to  18  feet,  being  lowest  when  the 
wind  is  N.W.,  and  highest  when  S.W.  Within  the  basin  the  water  varies  from  12 
to  24  feet,  bemg  deeper  on  the  south  side.  Though  not  accessible  to  the  largest 
ships,  tlie  harbor  is  one  of  the  best  and  safest  ports  in  the  world  for  moderate-sized 
merchantmen.  Ships  lie  close  to  the  quays,  and  can  be  loaded  and  unloaded  with 
great  facility. 

Toulon,  Tela  Martins,  a  commercial  and  important  military  and  naval  port  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Var,  on  a  fine  bay  of  the  Mediterranean,  40  miles  S.W 
of  Draguignan.  Lat.  of  observatory  43'  V  5"  N.,  long.  5°  56'  E.  Population, 
39,243.  Mean  temperature  of  the  year  62°.2-,  winter  48°.5.  summer  75».2  Fahr. 
Around  the  harbor  are  immense  magazines,  arsenals,  ship-building  docks,  etc. 


100  Foreign  Commercial  Statistics.  879 

FRENCH  COLONIES  IN  THE  WEST  INDIES. 

The  French  West  Indies  are  comprised  in  the  governments  of  Gua- 
daloupe  and  Martinique.  The  government  of  Guadaloupe  comprises  the 
island  so  called,  the  islands  of  Marie-Galante,  Desirade,  and  Les  Saintes, 
and  about  two  thirds  of  the  island  of  St.  Martin. 

Guadaloupe  is  composed  of  two  divisions  or  islands,  separated  by  Salt 
river,  and  contains  339,160  acres.  The  larger  portion  is  of  volcanic 
formation,  and  mountainous,  its  culminatory  point  being  La  Souffriere, 
an  active  volcano  5,108  feet  high,  with  other  extinct  volcanoes  of  in- 
ferior elevation.  The  lesser  or  eastern  portion,  on  the  contrary,  is  com- 
posed of  madripores  and  marine  detritus,  and  nowhere  rises  higher 
than  115  feet  above  the  sea.  Population,  120,000.  Marie-Galante  hes 
south  of  the  above,  and  contains  37,900  acres.  The  land  is  elevated, 
with  verdant  plateaux.  Population,  17,000.  Les  Saintes,  9  miles  S.E. 
of  Guadaloupe,  consists  of  lofty  and  steep  peaks,  some  of  which  are 
united  by  flat  ground  or  ridges  of  inferior  elevation,  while  others  are 
separated  by  the  sea.  Area,  3,102  acres.  Population,  1,200.  Desirade, 
or  Deseada,  a  small  island  two  leagues  east  of  Guadaloupe,  rises  with  a 
steep  ascent,  and  then  spreads  into  a  table-land  of  limestone  rocks,  in 
which  caveras  occur.  It  is  without  w-ater.  Area,  10,695  acres.  Pop- 
ulation, 1,800.  The  French  portion  of  St.  Martin  contains  13,266  acres. 
Population,  about  4,200  (of  whole  island,  a  little  more  than  7,000). 
Total  area  of  the  territory  of  the  government,  404,123  acres,  or  631 
square  miles.  Population,  144,200,  of  which  number  about  four  fifths 
are  colored  or  mixed  races.  In  1836  the  population  was  127,574,  and 
in  1841,  131,162.  The  government  of  Martinique  embraces  the  island 
so  called,  and  is  divided  into  two  arrondissements,  14  cantons,  and  26 
communes.  It  contains  about  244,348  acres,  or  382  square  miles.  One 
third  only  of  the  island  is  level.  Population  about  128,000,  of  which, 
perhaps,  10,000  are  whites.  Capital — Fori  Royal,  a  fortified  seaport 
town  of  the  island  of  Martinique,  on  its  west  coast,  at  the  north  side  of 
Fort  Royal  bay.  Lat.  14°  35'  9"  N.,  long.  61°  4'  2"  W.  Population, 
about  12,000.  It  is  well  built,  and  is  the  seat  of  the  chief  judicial  court 
for  the  colony.  These  islands  are  in  a  very  prosperous  condition,  produc- 
ing large  crops  of  sugar  and  other  West  India  staples. 

Trade  between  United  States  and  French  Colonies. — French  vessels 
enjoy  an  equality  as  to  import  duties  and  charges  in  the  direct  trade, 
the  origin  of  cargoes  being  attested  by  consular  certificate,  but  they  are 
subject  to  a  tonnage  duty  of  ninety-four  cents  per  ton. 

French  vessels,  laden  with  the  produce  of  Martinique  and  Guadaloupe, 
are  admitted  on  equal  terms  with  American  vessels,  as  to  duty  and 
tonnage,  when  direct  from  these  islands,  in  ballast,  or  with  articles  the 
growth  or  maimfacture  of  either  of  said  islands,  so  long  as  the  French 
ordinance  of  February  5,  1826,  shall  continue  in  force. 

French  vessels  from  Cayenne,  in  French  Guiana,  are  admitted  with  the 
same  privileges  granted  above,  under  the  act  of  May  9,  1828,  to  vessels 
fi'om  Martinique  and  Guadaloupe. 

French  vessels  from  St.  Pierre  and  Miquelon,  admitted  on  the  same 
footing  as  vessels  from  Martinique  and  Guadaloupe. 


878 


French  West  Indies. 


101 


FOREIGN  COMMEPtCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WITH 

THE  FRENCH  WEST  INDIES, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  185G. 


Yeaks 

ENT)ING 

Sept. 
80. 

EXPORTS. 

IMPOKTS 

Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullion  &  Specie. 

TON'GE  CL'D. 

Domestic. 

FOEEIGN. 

Total. 
$896,435 

Total. 

Export. 

Impoet. 

Amee. 

FOK. 

1821 

$846,597 

$49,8.38 

$900,619 

$86,863 

43,366 

1822 

918,699 

42.303 

961,002 

969,509 

$4^866 

26,.'M8 

45,229 

182.3 

804,218 

68,877 

867,595 

938,618 

1,576 

95,127 

30,112 

2,326 

1824 

770..')15 

41,217 

811.732 

884,0^4 

174,508 

86,882 

1825 

937.863 

74,588 

1,011.956 

848,968 

8,6o6 

160,388 

43,589 

5,687 

1826 

904,115 

52,059 

956.174 

973,270 

2,861 

165,555 

43,947 

4,148 

1827 

979,697 

61,156 

1,040,8.13  [ 

921,330 

4,110 

22:3,468 

50.031 

4,.5:36 

1828 

1,009.437 

15,334 

1,024,771 

896,651 

600 

20.5.963 

54,643 

4137 

1829 
1830 

Total, 

1,056.6.39 
792,241 

15,768 
1.3.523 

1,072,407  ' 
605,769  j 

777,992 

518,687 

8,405      286.2:57  1 

....    1    267,574 

65.019 
47,129 

4.317 
4,325 

$9,019,526 

429,168 

9,448,694 

8,629,723 

24,852 

1,641,731 

459,947 

28,876 

1831 

704,8.33 

13.044 

717,877 

671.842 

8,842 

181,124 

85.3.34 

2,254 

1832 

605,798 

19.182 

624,975 

578,857 

1.12:3 

152,116 

26,677 

4.44S 

18.33 

613.719 

24,:346 

638,065 

511.242 

4,529 

98,664 

27,867 

6.716 

1834 

561,179 

19.084 

680,263 

416,072 

800 

70,956 

26,909 

5,314 

ia35 

549.453 

84.369 

683,822 

447,208 

16,822 

158,063 

22,024 

2,683 

1836 

471,927 

80.173 

502,100 

417,a35 

18,868 

92,627 

18.455 

2,057 

1837 

505,063 

59,705 

564,768 

414.203 

9,995 

122,170 

21.514 

2.276 

1888 

4:30,008 

.38.889 

468,897 

810,050 

14,200 

79.604 

23.168 

1,871 

1839 

685,916 

105,905 

691,821 

702,798 

58,966 

48,269 

34.359 

1,228 

1840 
Total, 

488,595 

30,656 

614,251 

835,251 

1,494 

161,423 

25,612 

1,255 

$5,511,486 

375,858 

5,886,839 

I  4,804,858 

120,639 

1,160,016 

261,419 

30,102 

1841 

881,556 

40,966 

422,522 

1      198,216 

99.808 

22.164 

467 

1842 

495,897 

23,609 

519,006 

1      199,160 

'.'.".'.   1    116.261  1 

99,790 

1,180 

1843* 

281,828 

13,108 

294,936 

\      13.5,921 

4,056 

92.666 

24,006 

103 

1844 

581,568 

35,973 

617,546 

1      374,695 

6.445 

256,165 

87,875 

2,253 

1845 

642,455 

21,648 

564,1(13 

415,032 

4,990 

191,894 

83,150 

1.294 

1846 

618.112 

17,509 

635,621 

1      348,236 

215.431 

31.693 

1.761 

1847 

569.126 

84,033 

603.164 

!      151,366 

114,613 

22,715 

2.527 

1848 

469;:353 

20,571 

489,924 

127,039 

106,699 

21,148 

2.170 

1849 

130,731 

14,267 

194,998 

1        71,469 

89,750 

7,485 

2,786 

1860 
Total, 

269,877 

18,291 

287,608 

75,684 

59,636 

11,227 

211 

$4,389,503 

239,985 

4,629,488 

2,090,818 

15,491  jl,292,.323 

240,748 

14,752 

1851 

289,579 

20,702 

310.281 

22,909 

18.694 

10,883 

871 

1852 

429.&46 

2.'>,598 

455,444 

46,287 

42.702 

16,956 

2,119 

1853 

862,513 

35,738 

398,251 

62.840 

l",6<i6 

2:^61 

13.262 

4,741 

18.54 

651,525 

60,502 

612,027 

161,085 

7,475 

37.518 

18.576 

6.097 

1855 

896,837 

12,8(H 

409,701 

44,434 

42,5:J7 

17,287 

1.672 

1856 

472,119 

8,025 

475,144 

56,183 

'ioo 

61,786 

17,415 

1,842 

*  9  months  to  June  80,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

COLONIES. 
GENERAL  TRADE  OF  FRANCE  WITH  ITS  COLONIES,  EN  1863. 


Colonies. 

Import:). 

Exports. 

jrartinique,     .... 

£652,441 

£765,577 

Guadaloupc,   .... 

423,655 

570,434 

Bourbon,        .... 

851,647 

684,946 

Senegal,         .... 

267,206 

392,. 369 

Cayenne,        .... 

56,833 

184,044 

India, 

660,723 

21,384 

Algiers, 

1,132,304 

3,395,966 

St  Pierre  and  Miquelon,  etc., . 

617,631 

278,637 

Isles  Mayotte  and  M.idapascar, 

8,627 

36.584 

The  trade  to  Bourbon  island,  Guyana,  Martinique,  and  Guadaloupe,  out  and  home, 
employed  in  1848,  492  ships;  in  1849,  541;  1850,  486;  1851,  602;  1852,  677; 
1853,  583.     The  mean  of  the  six  years,  564  vessels. 


102  Foreign  Commercial  Statistics.  881 

FRENCH  GUIANA. 

French  Guiana  is  the  smallest  and  most  eastern  of  the  three  colonies» 
known  as  English  Guiana,  Dutch  Guiana,  and  French  Guiana.  It  lies  be- 
tween 2°  and  6°  N.  latitude,  and  51°  30'  and  54°  30'  W.  longitude,  being 
bounded  on  the  N.  and  N.  E.  by  the  Atlantic,  E,  and  S.  by  Brazil,  and  W. 
by  Dutch  Guiana.  It  is  about  250  miles  in  length,  from  N.  to  S.,  and 
varies  in  breadth  from  100  to  150  miles.  Area,  27,560  square  miles. 
It  has  a  coast  line  of  200  miles,  extending  from  the  Maroni  to  the 
Oyapoc.  The  low  alluvial  tract  along  the  coast  is  of  great  fertility. 
The  mountain  chains  run  E.  and  W.,  and  are  almost  wholly  of  granite, 
but  do  not  attain  a  great  elevation.  The  country  is  abundantly  watered, 
and  the  coa.st-lands  appear  to  be  less  unhealthy  than  in  British  Guiana. 
The  vegetation  of  Guiana  is  very  luxuriant,  and  the  interior  is  thickly 
wooded  with  trees  valuable  for  their  timber,  fruits,  and  dyewoods. 
Medicinal  plants,  including  quassia,  gentian,  the  castor-oil  plant,  and 
arnotto,  used  in  coloring  cheese,  are  all  abundant. 

The  Island  of  Cayenne,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Oyak,  is  about  30  miles  in 
circumference,  and  is  separated  from  the  continent  by  a  narrow  channel. 
The  roadstead  at  the  mouth  of  the  Oyak,  though  small,  is  the  best  on 
the  coast,  having  everywhere  from  12  to  13  feet  of  water.  The  capital, 
Cayenne,  is  situated  on  the  northern  side  of  this  island,  and  contains 
5,220  inhabitants.  The  new  town  is  well  built,  and  has  good  streets  ; 
the  government  house  is  in  the  old  town.  The  harbor  is  protected  by  a 
fort  and  several  batteries.  The  Colony  is  divided  into  two  districts, 
Cayenne  and  Sinnamary,  and  fourteen  communes.  The  government  is 
vested  in  a  governor,  a  privy  council,  and  a  colonial  council,  composed 
of  sixteen  members,  elected  by  the  colonists.  The  cultivated  lands  are 
estimated  to  be  about  one  eightieth  of  the  whole  territory.  Besides  the 
staples  of  British  and  Dutch  Guiana,  its  productions  comprise  pepper  (in- 
cluding Cayenne,  which  is  so  called  from  the  island  of  that  name),  cloves, 
cinnamon,  and  nutmegs.  Trade  is  chiefly  with  France  and  its  colonies.  In 
1854,  the  ofhcial  value  of  the  imports  into  France  from  French  Guiana, 
was  £20,000;  exports,  £192,000.  The  French  first  settled  in  Cayenne 
in  1G04;  the  British  and  Portuguese  captured  the  colony  in  1809,  but 
restored  it  to  the  French  in  1814,  in  whose  possession  it  still  remains. 
It  has  recently  been  made  a  place  of  banishment  for  French  political 
offenders;  and,  in  1852,2,500  of  these  were  sent  out.  Population 
about  22,000,  of  whom  about  15,000  are  emancipated  slaves. 

Cayenne,  sea-port,  town,  and  capital  of  French  Guiana,  on  the  N.W. 
extremity  of  the  island  of  that  name,  in  latitude  4°  56'  N.,  longitude 
52°  15'  W.  It  contains  about  500  houses,  mostly  of  wood,  and  is 
divided  into  the  old  and  new  towns,  the  latter  clean  and  well  built.  It 
is  the  seat  of  a  court  of  assize,  and  has  a  handsome  church,  Jesuit  col- 
lege, government  house,  and  several  large  warehouses.  The  harbor  is 
shallow,  has  two  quays,  and  is  protected  by  a  fort  and  several  batteries. 
Population  about  6,000. 

French  vessels  from  Cayenne  in  French  Guiana  are  admitted  into  the 
ports  of  the  United  States  on  equal  terms,  as  to  duty  and  tonnage,  with 
vessels  belonging  to  the  United  States  when  direct  from  Guiana,  either 
in  ballast  or  with  articles  the  growth  or  manufiicture  of  that  country. 


880 


French  Guiana. 


103 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WITH 
FRENCH  GUIANA, 

From  October  1,  1832,  to  Jtoy  1,  1856. 


Tears 

ENDINa 

Sept. 
30. 

EXPORTS. 

IMPOETS 

1  Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullion  &  Specie. 

TON'GE  CL'D. 

DOMKSTIC. 

Foreign. 

Total. 

Total. 

Export. 

Import. 

Amer. 

For. 

1833 

$4,693 

$4,693 

1834 

2,488 

2,488 

1835 

1836 

3,483 

3,483 

8,121 

1S3T 

2,500 

1838 

$5,802 

$938 

1,906 

1889 

1,643 

1,643 

2,305 

1840 
Total, 

$i66 

100 

1,925 

$12,30T 

100 

12,407 

5,302 

938 

11,757 

1841 

45,958 

840 

46,298 

55,416 

23,692 

1,667 

1842 

44,063 

1,030 

46,093 

50,172 

13,797 

1,512 

259 

1843* 

45,374 

45,374 

44,411 

.... 

8,700 

737 

1844 

56.006 

1,033 

57,039 

28,233 



2,167 

2,822 

1845 

57,052 

444 

57,496 

59,306 

5,600 

1,547 

1846 

39,270 

2,131 

41.401 

71,296 

8,000     1 

1,390 

184T 

58,237 

1.990 

60,277 

47,775 

7,400     ! 

1,808 

1848 

48,737 

1,684 

50,421 

63,983 

29,741 

1,717 

1849 

46,161 

40,161 

23,417 

8,720 

1,461 

89 

1850 
Total, 

43,405 

1,382 

44,787 

12,551 

],3;54 

98 

$484,313 

10,034 

494,347 

462,565 

102,817 

15,485 

396 

1851 

45,693 

651 

46,344 

11,000 

1852 

64,747 

1,273 

66,025 

82,422 

7,4;35 

1,783 

1853 

64,335 

1,104 

65,439 

17,717 

7,100 

1,275 

1854 

100,148 

685 

100,833 

29,618 

2,234 

1855 

78,652 

1,966 

80,618 

8,546 

2,500 

2,715 

1856 

148,093 

148,093 

27,147 

16,191     j 

2,101 

*  9  months  to  June  80,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

COLONIES. 
Guiana,  Guyana,  or  Guayana,  a  wide  resrion  of  South  America,  comprising  all 
of  that  continent  between  the  Amazon  and  Orinoco  rivers,  extending  from  lat.  3°  30* 
S.  to  8°  40'  N.,  and  long.  50°  to  G8°  W.,  and  subdivided  into  Brazilian  (formerly 
Portuguese),  British,  Dutch,  French,  and  Yenezuel.an  (formerly  Spanish)  Guiana ;  it 
was  discovered  near  the  end  of  the  1 5th  century.  The  Dutcli  formed  the  first  set- 
tlement in  1590,  near  Demerara  river;  tlie  English  in  1590,  near  Berbiec  and  Suri- 
nam. In  16G7  the  English  settlements  were  given  up  to  the  Dutch,  but  again 
re-occupied  by  the  English;  and  in  1814  the  settlements  between  the  Corcntyn  and 
Marony  rivers  were  restored  to  the  Dutch.  Brazilian  Guiana  comprises  the  north 
part  of  the  Brazilian  dominion,  between  lat.  3°  30'  S.  and  4°  20'  N.,  and  long. 
50°  and  68°  W.,  bounded  N.  by  the  Sierras  Juraguaca,  Pacaraima,  and  Acarai, 
which  separate  it  from  the  other  divisions  of  Guiana,  W.  and  S.  by  the  Rio  Negro 
and  Amazon  rivers,  and  having  K.  the  Atlantic.  Area  roughly  estimated  at  433,000 
square  miles.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Rio  Branco,  and  numerous  other  rivers,  and  is 
mostly  covered  by  a  dense  vegetation.  It  is  peopled  chiefly  by  roving  Indian  tribes, 
and  divided  between  the  provinces  Para  and  Rio  Negro,  which  last  territory,  how- 
ever, can  scarcely  l)e  cc^sidered  as  actually  under  Brazilian  rule.  The  vegetation 
is  perhaps  the  most  luxuriant  of  any  on  the  surlace  of  the  globe.  Principal  products 
are  at  present  sugar,  along  the  coast,  and  which  has  progressively  superseded  there 
the  culture  of  cotton  and  coflce,  though  the  latter  is  still  extensively  grown  on  the 
uplands;  rice,  maize,  wheat,  cacao,  vanilla,  tobacco,  and  cinnamon,  are  also  raised. 
Surface  near  the  ocean  a  rich  alluvial  flat,  and  extending  in  mud  banks  into  the  sea. 
This  plain  extends  inland  from  10  to  40  miles;  it  then  ascends  by  Bucccssivo  ter- 
races to  the  Sierras  Pacaraima  and  Acarai,  on  the  south-western  and  southern 
frontiers;  near  the  western  boundary,  Mount  Roraima  rises  to  an  elevation  of  7,500 
feet.     Principal  rivers,  the  Esscquibo,  Demerara,  Berbice,  and  Corcntyn. 


104 


Foreign  Commercial  Statistics, 
DENMARK. 

MERCHANT  VESSELS,  JANUARY,  1S56. 


883 


TOXKAOE. 


Country. 
Kingdom  of  Denmark, 
Duchy  of  Schleswig, 
"         Holstein, 

Total, 


Vessels. 
55,634 
27,144 
20.393 


1,319 


5,154  37  103,171 

NAVIGATION  OF  THE  SOUND,  1S55. 
Country. 
(Ilanseatic),  Bremen, 
"  Hamburg, 

"  Lubec, 
Italy,  . 
America,  North, 
Portugal, 
Belgium, 
Russia,  . 
South  America, 

Total, 
Product,  in  bulk,  of  the  dues  of  the  Sound,  for  1855-6,  in  thalers, 

"                            "                Great  and  Little  Belt, 
Additional  rights, 


Country. 

Vessels. 

Prussia,   . 
Norway, . 

2,864 
2.840 

Sweden,  . 

2,463 

England, 
Denmark, 

2,424 
1,621 

Holland, . 

1,593 

Mecklenburg, 

737 

Hanover, 
Oldenburg, 

695 
150 

France,    . 

125 

Total  receipts. 
Expenditures, 


2,059 

Yessela. 
29 
42 
70 
53 
45 
16 
11 
7 
2 


15,787 
072,000 

26,600 
328,122 


2,426,722 
316,425 


Excess, 2,110,297 

COMMERCE  OF  DENMARK  AND  THE  DUCHIES  OF  SCHLESWIG  AND  HOLSTEIN 
FOR  THE  TEARS  1S53  AND  1854. 


1853. 


1854. 


Country. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

imports. 

E.\-ports. 

Hamburg, 

15,935,373 

9,019,752 

18,859,656 

9,643,775 

Great  Britain, . 

7,554,040 

10,662,224 

10,882,363 

12,194,060 

Altona,  . 

4.141,248 

3,321,693 

4,481,490 

5,268,919 

Norway, 

2,179,625 

3,053,727 

2,246,696 

2,553,518 

Sweden, 

2,918,584 

1,321,128 

3,657,548 

1,773,647 

Ru.ssia,  . 

3,565,109 

312,750 

354,618 

49,610 

U.  States, "W.  Indies, 

and  South  Sea, 

3,457,453 

350,245 

2,997,833 

142,175 

Lubec,    . 

2,169,565 

1,015,844 

2,651,947 

1,170,229 

Danish  Colonies, 

1,914,682 

386,006 

2,360,736 

349,500 

Pru.s.sia,  . 

1,203,308 

912,129 

2,001,549 

950,001 

Holland, 

713,090 

1,199,444 

844,830 

2,273,103 

Iceland,  . 

805,056 

507,783 

840,783 

558,107 

Bremen, 

1,012,164 

46,926 

1,232,625 

74,364 

France,  . 

563,407 

325,905 

619,713 

178,969 

Belgium, 

252,869 

498,449 

222,805 

372,692 

Mecklenburg, . 

377,671 

278,299 

678,374 

269,644 

Hanover, 

165,277 

325,012 

^61,092 

315,580 

Mediterranean, 

444,781 

14,451 

148,365 

33,086 

East  Indies,  China, 

and  Guinea, 

289,020 

122,013 

273,877 

73,440 

Greenland, 

275,302 

106,845 

43,138 

75,748 

Faroe  Isles,     . 

145,163 

63,306 

105,293 

69,411 

All  others, 

267,865 

424,864 

1,096,380 

698,530 

Total  (thalers), 

50,350,712 

34,268,800 

56,861,711 

39,088,108 

882 


Denmark. 


105 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
WITH  DENMARK, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Tears 

ENDING 

Sept. 
30. 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS 

Whereof  there  was 
ill  Bullion  &  Specie. 

TON'GE  CL'D. 

DOSIESTIO. 

Foreign. 

Total. 

Total. 

Export. 

Impoet. 

Ameb. 

Fob. 

1S21 

$165,508 

$360,5:35 

$.526,103 

$16,1.56 

4,142 

1823 

82,02:} 

160,757 

192,780 

21,2:?2 

l,24:j 

1823 

39,783 

53,l;?4 

92,917 

24,028 

908 

'257 

1824 

85,487 

299,822 

83,5,309 

2,416 

82 

1S25 

214,517 

637,146 

851,663 

46',827 

5,698 

200 

1S2G 

100,582 

245,283 

845,870 

49,264 

i342 

2,681 

1S27 

148,958 

25:3,9>3 

402,941 

40  822 

2,928 

1828 

150,979 

886,089 

537,668 

117,946 

$500 

4,289 

"262 

1829 

73,597 

i:?,166 

86,768 

32,911 

1,043 

1,070 

1830 
Total, 

76,292 

29,048 

105,340 

5,384 

1,928 

$1,037,736 

2,4:59,568 

3,477,354 

354,570 

500 

842 

27,276 

1,811 

1831 

178,833 

176,893 

855,216 

575 

10,.'500 

8,060 

1832 

181,605 

.350,115 

531,720  • 

1      63,.342 

18,000 

4,268 

■72.3 

18.33 

180,511 

112,453 

292,964 

28,172 

7,000 

2,907 

791 

1834 

99,643 

818,461 

418,104 

:      62,542 

5,842 

2,528 

2,280 

1885 

212,461 

110,S39 

823,800 

,    121,000 

4,900 

2,.331 

1,282 

lasa 

814,268 

271,717 

58.5,985 

48,971 

8,718 

1,190 

1837 

172,260 

109,421 

281,681 

!    102,819 

1,092 

4,797 

1838 

9S,0S1 

24,750 

122,831 

27,118 

880 

1,072 

1839 

50,634 

38,177 

68,811 

80,997 

703 

961 

1840 
Total, 

76,183 

17,868 

94,051 

7,501 

324 

1,352 

$1,563,979 

1,530,684 

3,094,603 

543,037 

46,842 

21,811 

14,448 

1841 

110,424 

24,3M 

134,783 

8,791 

889 

1,955 

1842 

70,766 

27,819 

98,585 

795  • 

917 

1&13* 

74,657 

0,510 

81,167 

465 

1,714 

1844 

100,859 

11,975 

112,S:« 

6,663 

481 

2,667 

1845 

124,666 

20,501 

145,167 

22,429 

1,040 

2,116 

1846 

97,746 

28,496 

121,242 

t       1,318 

606 

1,.393 

i»ir 

198,952 

4,943 

203,895 

475 

216 

2,274 

lats 

164,661 

17,252 

181,913 

19,617 

763 

2,675 

1849 

56,138 

55,138 

1      19,204 

1,681 

1850 
Total, 

165,874 

20,706 

186,580 

I          527 

'562 

8,282 

$1,103,74:3 

157,566 

1,321,309 

78,419 

1 

6,817 

20,524 

1851 

92,257 

19,.W0 

111,797 

85.887 

199 

2,086 

1852 

93,009 

22,643 

11.5,052 

16,611 

874 

8,916 

1853 

82,9i):J 

82,903 

832 

2,174 

1S54 

87,870 

23,547 

111,417 

;        8,097 

714 

1,894 

1855 

70,990 

8,075 

79,671 

I        1,701 

1,216 

1,027 

1856 

195,960 

81,755 

227,715 

i       1,130 

2,197 

716 

♦  9  months  to  June  80,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORTS. 

Copenhagen,  capital  of  Denmark,  situated  on  the  east  coast  of  the  island  of  Zea- 
land, in  the  channel  of  the  Baltic  called  the  Sound,  in  lat.  55°  41'  N.,  long.  12°  35' 
46''  E.  The  water  in  the  channel  is  from  25  to  35  feet  deep;  but  it  is  narrow,  and 
the  navigation  difficult.  Vessels  not  intending  to  come  into  harbor  bring  up  in  the 
roads,  at  from  one  quarter  to  one  half  a  mile  from  shore,  in  about  25  feet  water. 
In  the  harbor,  within  the  boom,  the  water  is  from  17  to  18  feet  deep,  and  vessels 
unload  alongside  of  the  quay.     The  anchorage  in  the  roads  is  good  and  safe. 

Elsinore,  or  Elsixeur  (Dani.sh  nelsingir),  a  seaport  town  of  Denmark  Proper, 
on  the  east  coast  of  the  island  of  Seeland.  It  stands  at  the  narrowest  part  of  the 
Sound,  opposite  the  Swedish  to^vn  of  Ilelsingborg,  from  which  it  is  three  miles  dis- 
tant. Ail  merchant  vessels  are  obliged,  under  certain  reservations  depending  on 
the  weather,  to  salute  the  castle  by  lowering  their  top-sails  in  passing.  In  the 
vicinity  is  Marionlyst  (Mary's  delight),  till  lately  a  royal  chateau,  now  the  property 
of  the  corporation,  and  let  to  a  private  family. 


106 


Foreign  Commercial  Statistics. 


885 


DAMSH  SOUND  DUES. 

The  Sound  Dues  are  partly  levied  on  ships,  and  partly  on  cargoes.  As 
to  the  basis  of  the  contribution,  it  seemed  just  to  take  the  quantity  of 
goods  carried  by  the  ships  of  each  nation  through  the  Sound  and  the 
Belt  as  determining  the  proportions  respectively  to  be  paid  to  the  capi- 
talization of  the  dues.  From  some  tables  which  are  appended,  it  appears 
that  the  amount  of  duties  on  ships  entered  into  or  sailed  from  the  Baltic, 
by  ditferent  nations,  was  as  follows : 


SAILED   FROM   BALTIC. 

ENTERED   INTO   BALTIC. 

Averace  sum. 

Per  cent,  of 

Average  sum. 

Per  cent,  of 

COUNTRIES   PKIVILEOED.                          1851-1853. 

the  whole 

1851-1853. 

thrt  whole 

Eix  Dollars. 

amount. 

Eix  Dollars. 

amount. 

United  States  of  America,  .              850 

0.859 

76 

0.620 

Belgium,    .... 

72 

0.050 

50 

0.057 

Bremen,     . 

260 

0  182 

259 

0.183 

Denmark,  . 

11,132 

7.790 

12,358 

8.753 

Great  Britain, 

34,762 

24.326 

35,731 

25.309 

France, 

2,530 

•      1.770 

2,524 

1.771 

Greece, 

6 

1.004 

6 

0.004 

Hamburg, 

645 

0.451 

451 

0.319 

Hanover,    . 

5,388 

3.735 

4,925 

3.488 

The  Netherlands 

f 

14,338 

10.033 

14,462 

10.244 

Italy  (Naples), 

366 

0.256 

396 

0.281 

Lubec, 

1,102 

0.773 

1,020 

0.723 

Mecklenburg, 

8,200 

5.738 

7,284 

5.159 

Norway,     . 

19,326 

13.523 

17,956 

12.718 

Oldenburg, 

1,439 

1.007 

1,571 

1.113 

Portugal,    . 

46 

0.032 

55 

0.039 

Prussia, 

21,933 

15.348 

21,456 

15.198 

Russia, 

8,467 

5.925 

7,583 

5.371 

Spain, 

24 

0.017 

23 

0.016 

Sweden,     . 

12,054 

8.435 

12,137 

8.597 

Austria,     . 

6 

0.004 

6 

0.004 

KON    PRIVILKGED. 

Buenos  Ayres, 

•  •  •  • 

.... 

6 

0.004 

Peru, 

6 

0.004 

5 

0.004 

Tuscany,    . 

6 

0.004 

7 

0.005 

Total, 

On  tlio  Ai\\  .Tnnnfir 

•\T       1 

142,908 

100.000 

•r  rsf  +V,o  Mi, 

141,181 

lic+ora  r^f     A  i 

100.000 

gium,  France,  Holland,  Prussia,  Spain,  and  Sweden,  and  a  Commissioner 
from  Russia,  met  at  Copenhagen,  to  consider  the  disputed  question. 

On  the  iVth  of  February,  another  meeting  of  the  Commission  took 
place,  when  the  same  States  were  represented,  with ,  the  addition  of  a 
delegate  from  Oldenburg.  At  this  meeting  a  memorandum  was  presented, 
in  which  Denmark  offered  to  accept  as  a  compensation  for  the  abolition 
of  the  Sound  Dues,  a  sum  of  35,000,000  rix  dollars  (about  £3,888,838), 
which  is  about  fifteen  and  a  half  years'  purchase  of  2,248,579  rix  dollars, 
the  average  net  revenue  from  the  Dues  during  the  nine  years  of  peace, 
1842  to  i'847,  and  1851  to  1853.  Each  State  interested  in  the  com- 
merce of  the  Baltic  to  be  responsible  for  the  sum  only  which  is  assigned 
to  it,  but  the  offer  to  be  binding  on  Denmark,  on  its  acceptance  by  all  the 
States,  that  have  taken  part  in  the  negotiation.  If  the  proposal  were  ac- 
cepted, the  share  of  the  United  States  of  the  indemnity  for  the  dues  would 
amount  to  717,829  rix  dollars,  or  2*05  per  cent,  of  the  whole  amount. 


884 


Danish  West  Indies. 


107 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WITH  THE 
DANISH  WEST  INDIES, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Ybaes 

,     ENDING 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS 

Whereof  there  w.is 
in  Bullion  &  Specie. 

1 
TON'GE  CL'D.    [ 

i     Sept. 
80. 

Domestic. 

roBEioN.|    Total. 

Total. 

EXPOKT. 

Import. 

Ajier. 

For. 

1S21 

$1,316,296 

$485,483  1  $1,801,779 

$1,983,574 

$14,631 

$309,664 

46,299 

633 

1822 

1,603,494 

628,2.^6 

2,231,750 

2,514,174 

177,659 

43,288 

220 

1823 

1,231,152 

681,002 

1,862,154 

1,300,504 

342.097 

82,982 

569 

1824 

1,TJ9,641 

69S,802 

1,847,943 

2,110,666 

681,522 

86,453 

326 

1825 

1,281,243 

56S.177 

1,849,425 

1,492,765 

66,724 

156,093 

37,720 

712 

1826 

1,391,604 

67()-,0(il 

2,067,005 

2,067,900 

156.542 

43.584 

1,070 

1827 

1,463,691 

58S,190 

2,001,881 

2,299,349 

47,850 

263,312 

44,353 

810 

182S 

2,202,465 

608,084 

2,810,499 

2,256,123 

65,209 

175,007 

67,982 

2,411 

1829 

1,942,010 

282,401 

2,224,411 

2,053,266 

61,200 

154,732 

56,738 

1,299 

1830 
Total, 

1,688,022 

220,723 

1,908,745 

1,665,834 

20,187 

247,826 

52,535 

849 

$15,269,023 

5,836,569 

20,605,592 

19,744,155 

265,351 

2,518,754 

461,839 

8,899 

1831 

1,421,075 

224,502 

1,645,577 

1,651,6.11 

40,303 

242,479 

41,730 

2,703 

1832 

1,393,490 

282,841 

1,675,881 

1,119,366 

38,645 

97,927 

39,762 

3,803 

18.33 

1,279,670 

267,200 

1,546,870 

1,138,700 

24,783 

115,788 

83,642 

3,512 

1834 

1,084,202 

354,808 

1,4:39,010 

1,621,826 

12,114 

83,873 

88,757 

1,727 

1835 

1,255,880 

201,316 

1,457,196 

1,282,902 

27,655 

71,867 

85.976 

581 

1836 

1,H26,392 

210,092 

1,536,484 

1.825,369 

31,548 

11,675 

82,965 

3,281 

183T 

1,124,642 

283,850 

1,;358,492 

1,164,087 

18,434 

208,835 

31,657 

5,199 

1838 

949,769 

227,417 

1,177,186 

1,617,747 

100,467 

203,841 

3;?,168 

719 

1839 

1,014,381 

303,154 

1,317,585 

1,465,761 

165,227 

48,997 

33,563 

3,607 

1840 
Total, 

918,931 

180,518 

1,099,449 

969,177 

21,429 

140,187 

27,700 

1,197 

$11,768,482 

2,485,198 

14,253,630 

13,856,576 

480,605 

1,220,464 

845,920 

26,284 

1841 

769,903 

82,587 

862,495 

1,075,680 

10,931 

93,303 

29,464 

427 

1842 

791,828 

157,260 

949,088 

684,821 

56,538 

105,432 

26,740 

700 

1843* 

672,158 

74,540 

746,698 

485,285 

4,290 

167,224 

23,036 

868 

1844 

783,192 

87,130 

870,322 

624,447 

11,980 

102,113 

24,648 

363 

184.5 

833,503 

160.926 

994,429 

760.809 

67,995 

82,877 

28,920 

1.457 

1846 

959,452 

166,464 

1,125,916 

752,614 

100,270 

91,620 

2T,964 

1,875 

1847 

836,672 

152,031 

989,803 

846,748 

48,000 

127,296 

22,156 

4,316 

1848 

876,909 

76,874 

953,843 

635,738 

84,096 

189,881 

25,579 

4,065 

1849 

727,197 

M,149 

781,:^6 

839,141 

8,943 

12,879 

25,597 

5,426 

1850 
Total, 

867,140 

114,818 

981,953 

267,459 

278,880 

58,600 

19,875 

2,690 

$8,118,019 

1,127,879 

9,245,898 

6,272,092 

615,973 

930,725 

253,379 

21,676 

1851 

902,687 

125,602 

1,028,289 

235,894 

243,580 

13,884 

18,233 

4,175 

1862 

810,439 

120,697 

981,186 

191,745 

169,987 

9,143 

20,408 

6,581 

1858 

913,481 

41,160 

964,641 

184,497 

833,825 

7,915 

14,032 

9,571 

1854 

928,924 

34,026 

962,950 

286,044 

235,754 

8,412 

22,846 

7,984 

1855 

843,111 

45,353 

888,464 

225,308 

22,155 

24,247 

5,120 

1856 

817,290 

86,511 

903,801 

225,628 

48',i6o 

5,030 

21,875 

955 

*  9  months  to  June  30,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

COLONIES. 
The  colonial  possessions  of  Denmark  are  the  Faroe  Islands,  Iceland,  Greenland, 
and  the  islands  of  Santa  Cruz,  St.  Thomas,  and   St.   John,    in  the   West  Indies. 
Tranquebar  and  Serampore,  in  the  East  Indies,  were  sold  to  the  English  E.  India  Co. 
in  1846.     The  extent  and  population  of  these  in  1850  were  as  follows  : 


Faroe  Islands, 
Iceland,  . 
Greenland, 
"West  Indies : 
Santa  Cruz,     . 
St.  Thomas,     . 
St.  John, 


Square  Miles. 

Population 

495. 

8.150 

38,200 

60,000 

3,950 

9,400 

U 

23,720 

23 

13,666 

21 

2,228 

Total, 


42,763 


117,164 


108  Foreign  Com)nercial  Statistics.  887 

HOLLAND  (NORTH  AND  SOUTH), 

Two  contiguous  provinces,  and  the  most  important  of  the  kingdom  of 
the  Netherlands,  composed  of  the  peninsulas  and  islands  between  latitude 
51°  40'  and  53°  30'  N.,  and  longitude  4°  and  5°  20'  E.,  having  south,  Hol- 
land's-Diep,  and  a  mouth  of  the  Rhine,  west,  the  North  Sea,  and  on  other 
sides,  the  Zuyder-Zee  and  provinces  of  Utrecht,  Gelderland,  and  North  Bra- 
bant. Area  of  N.  Holland,  960  square  miles.  Population,  1852,  506,006. 
Of  S.  Holland,  1,175  square  miles.  Population,  584,693.  Surfsice  uni- 
formly flat,  intersected  by  numerous  canals,  and  much  of  it  below  the 
level  of  high  sea-tides,  but  protected  against  these  by  a  line  of  natural 
downs  all  along  the  west  coast,  and  artificial  dykes  elsewhere. 

Shi2')ping. — The  following  account  is  given  of  the  shipping : 

CLEAKED    INWAKD.  CLEAKKD   OUTWARD. 

Ships.  Tonnage.  Ships.                Tonnage. 

1850,  .         .         6,961  1,099,671  7,031  1,136,664 

1851,  .         .         6,960  1,166,140  7,177  1,216,558 

1852,  .         .         7,457  1,249,728  7,712  1,317,425 

1853,  .         .         6,883  1,151,293  7,068  1,215,869 

The  Netherlands'  and  foreign  ships  were,  in  1853,  in  the  following 
proportions : 

CLEARED    INWARD.  CLEARED   OUTWARD. 

Ships.  Tons.  Ships.  Tons. 

Netherlands'  flag,      .       .     49-i^  per  cent.     44^  per  cent.        47^  43 

Foreign,         .       .       .       .     50^    "      "         55|    "      "  52^  57 

To  have  a  full  view  of  the  trade  of  Holland,  we  must  not  only  learn  its 
state  as  cairied  on  by  sea,  but  also  by  the  rivers,  which  cany  a  great 
amount  of  it.  Tables  have  been  published  of  the  merchandise  which  ar- 
rived, and  was  forwarded  by  way  of  the  Rhine,  in  1854.  There  was  an 
increase  above  1853,  of  7,260  tons  from  Amsterdam  to  places  on  the 
Rhine,  and  of  12,328  tons  from  the  Rhine  to  that  city.  Cotiee,  rice,  and 
the  oleaginous  grains,  are  foremost  in  this  progressive  increase.  The  ex- 
port of  rice  to  Germany  has  had  a  remarkable  increase.  In  1842-52,  it 
was  only  8,666  quarters  per  annum.  In  1853,  it  was  46,459.  The 
quantity  of  grain  sent  from  Amsterdam  to  the  Rhine,  in  1834,  was  15,600 
tons. 

The  vessels  engaged  in  the  river  navigation,  were,  in  1853  : 

CLEARED    INWARD.  CLEARED   OUTWARD. 

Vessels.  Tonnage.  Vessels.  Tonnage. 

Laden,        .         .         15,973  1,134,748  9,844  787,105 

In  ballast,  .         .  2,213  148,680  8,187  521,975 

with  127  wood-rafts,  measuring  24,328  cubic  ells. 

The  proportion  of  these  belonging  to  the  Netherlands,  was : 

Of  laden  vessels,    .         .         8,879        Tonnage  611,578  cleared  inward, 
"  "  .        .        4,616  "  376,009  cleared  outward. 

The  remainder  belonged  principally  to  Belgium  and  Prussia,  and  in 
smaller  proportions  to  Hanover,  Baden,  Nassau,  Hesse,  Bavaria,  Frank- 
fort, and  Wurtemberg. 


886 


Holland. 


109 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
WITH  HOLLAND, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Teaks 

ENDING 

Sept. 
30. 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS 

Whereof  there  was  1 
in  Bullion  &  Specie. 

TON'GE  CL'D. 

Domestic. 

Foreign. 

Total. 

Total. 

Export. 

Import.  1 
$1,852,1 67i 

Amer. 

For. 

1821 

.$1,954,513 

$1,789,692  $3,094,205 

$1,938,953 

$132 

26,043 

1,063 

1822 

2,077,368 

1,524,683 

3,602,051 

868,995 

158,651: 

28,683 

1,281 

1823 

2,642,930 

2,409,216 

5,052,146 

754,950 

l',990 

222,791! 

5.3,346 

6,769 

1824 

1,597,514 

617,831 

2,215,:M5 

1,210,267 

239,551  j 

24,517 

1,4.52 

1825 

2,486,468 

1,806,839 

8,793,307 

1,25:3,:J69 

15,085 

26,946 

678 

1826 

1,970,199 

1,899,857 

3,870,056 

1,106,408 

151.:!80i 

82,9!  6 

1,1:38 

1827 

2,339,381 

888,950 

8,228,831 

965,917 

'740 

85,608 

•  8:3,519 

1,712 

1823 

1,863,767 

865,646 

2,229,413 

1,398,572 

4,3(H) 

181,283, 

2.5,515 

6,179 

1829 

8,095,857 

889,830 

3,985,187 

1,057,854 

15,451 

17.3081 

38,372 

4,951 

1830 
Total, 

8,354,551 

675,527 

4,080,078 

888,408 

12,197 

85,220 

4,515 

$23,382,54.8 

12,317,571 

35,700,119 

|11,4:38,693 

22,613 

2,4:36,021 

325,112 

29,738 

1S31 

1,707,292 

212,860 

1,920,152 

989,837 

5,000 

16,641 

23,168 

1,994 

1S32 

2,232,792 

2,870,490 

5,103,282 

1,360,668 

4,764 

38,770 

8,372 

1833 

l,(i34,353 

722,409 

2,:356,762 

1,166.856 

26,178 

5,440 

22,483 

6,938 

18:34 

2,365,536 

1,258,188 

3,628,674 

1,128,956 



60.071 

2.5,819 

7,171 

1835 

2,345,9^0 

187,036 

2,533,016 

1,590,570 

50,608 

18,946 

6,151 

1836 

2,498,096 

686,479 

3,184,575 

1,828,231 

14,073 

11,956 

1837 

2,035,589 

1,322,936 

3,:358,525 

1,886,976  i 

82,461 

1.3,745 

22,783 

1838 

2,555,979 

898,269 

2,954,248 

1,180,897 

3,6  i  2 

9,512 

18,501 

12,029 

1839 

1,677,852 

295,651 

1,973,003 

2,149,7:52 

260 

2,388 

11,612 

12,:331 

1840 
Total, 

3,345,264 

511,046 

3,856,310 

1,074,754 
14,:352,477  \ 

800 

466 
182,351 

31,747 

11,929 

$22,398,233 

8,465,814 

30,863,547 

35,850 

218,864 

101,709 

1341 

2,237,444 

277,478 

2,514,922 

■  1,638,022 

24,393 

10,333 

1842 

8,286,338 

886,988 

3,623,326 

i  1,067,4:58 

88,589 

18,804 

1343* 

1,698,327 

238,140 

l-.936;467 

'      480,823 

12,720 

28,239 

2,660 

1844 

2,517,921 

181,023 

2;098,944 

1,310,081   1 

236 

23.786 

16,589 

1845 

2,753,730 

268,267 

3,022,047 

954.:i44 

1,500 

27,859 

16,547 

1846 

2,097,691 

199,1)74 

2,296,765 

1,(159,597 

2,062 

23,585 

11,582 

1347 

1,885,393 

129,986 

2,015,3:54 

1,247,2119 

14,662 

17,744 

17,143 

1848 

1,595,450 

271,513 

1,866,963 

1   1,417,908 

28,900 

12,847 

21,2.55 

1849 

2,155,328 

242,027 

2,397,355 

1,501.643 

22,536 

16,460 

1850 
Total, 

2,188,101 

416,564 

2,604,665 

1,686,967 
112,314,082  1 

28,900 

31,180 

14,963 

22,763 

$22,865,778 

2,611,010 

24,976,788 

224,051 

154,131 

ia51 

1.911,115 

284,054 

2,195,169 

i  2,0.-2,706  1 

9,289 

26,014 

1852 

2,292,848 

204,6sl 

2,497,529 

1,6:35,561 

18,759 

22.923 

1853 

1,983.723 

215,773 

2,199,496 

1,625,170 

10,802 

20,730 

18.54 

2,299,710 

142,956 

2,442,666 

1,695,970 

1.5,204 

15,004 

1855 

1,920,369 

208,615 

2,128,984 

1,825,700 

1.5,978 

17,26:3 

1856 

8,501,110 

85,318 

3,586,428 

2,426,479 

1 

'""1 

22,557 

24,977 

I 


*  9  months  to  June  80,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORT. 
Amsterdam,  the  principal  city  of  ITollaud,  situated  on  the  Y,  an  arm  of  the  Zuy- 
der  Zee,  in  lat.  52°  22'  17"  N.,  long.  4°  53'  15"  E.  From  1580  to  1750,  Amsterdam 
wa3,  perhaps,  the  first  commercial  city  of  Europe;  and  tliough  lier  trade  lias  expe- 
rienced a  great  filling  off  since  tlie  last-mentioned  epoch,  it  is  still  very  considerable. 
In  1785  the  population  is  said  to  have  amounted  to  235,000;  in  1815  it  had  de- 
clined to  180,179;  but  its  iucrca.se  in  the  interval  has  been  such,  that  it  amounted 
in  1840  to  210,077.  The  harbor  is  spacious  and  the  water  deep  ;  and  it  h<%s  recently 
been  much  improved  by  the  construction  of  docks,  two  of  which  are  alreadj'  com- 
pleted, and  a  third  in  a  very  advanced  state.  The  imports  principally  consist  of 
sugar,  coffee,  spices,  tobacco,  cotton,  tea,  indigo,  cochineal,  wine  and  brandy,  wool, 
grain  of  all  sorts,  timber,  pitch  and  tar,  hemp  and  flax,  iron,  hides,  linen,  cotton  and 
woolen  stuff's,  hardware,  rock  salt,  tin  plates,  coal,  dried  fish.  etc.  The  exports 
consist  partly  of  the  produce  of  Holland,  partly  and  i)rincipally  of  the  produce  of  her 
possessions  in  the  East  and  "West  Indies,  and  other  tropical  countries,  etc. 


110  Foreign  Commercial  Statistics.  889 

HOLLAND. 

The  following  table  will  exhibit  the  proportions  in  which  the  trade  of 
Holland  was  distributed  amoner  the  different  countiies  of  the  world  : 


COUNTRIES. 

IMP0KT8. 

EXPORTS. 

A. 

1852. 

1853. 

1S52. 

1853. 

1 

Great  Britain, 

£6,954,833 

£7,324,667 

£5,085,167 

£6,164,083 

2 

North  Ska,  Baltic,  White  Sea,  and  Cen 

tral  Edrope 

— 

German  Customs  Union, 

4,458,583 

5,344,250 

9,312,083 

8,345,583 

Hanover  and  Oldenburg, 

425,000 

343,750 

192,917 

199,167 

Hamburg,   . 

267,917 

410,000 

6:!1,G07 

609,500 

Bremen, 

96,083 

94,917 

65,667 

81,917 

Lubec, 

5,000 

6,667 

1,750 

3,333 

Mecklenburg, 

55,667 

9,417 

14,333 

11,083 

Denmark,    . 

184,333 

163,067 

106,333 

83,917 

Sweden, 

41,417 

35,250 

26,667 

31,500 

NoiTvay, 

378,583 

383,000 

61,416 

56,750 

Russia,  Baltic,  and  White  S 

ea,   1,243,750 
7,156,333 

1,268,917 
8,059,835 

426,000 

286,500 

10,838,833 

9,709,250 

3 

Western  Europe — 

Belgium,    .... 

2,208,917 

2,097,083 

2,047,083 

2,009,417 

France,      .... 

1,067,583 

1,044,250 

859,250 

974,000 

Spain,        .... 

47,000 

57,250 

44,167 

54,750 

Portugal,  .... 

47,750 

42,583 

34,250 

28,167 

3,371,250 

3,241,166 

2,984,750 

3,066,334 

4 

Mediterraneajj  and  Blac 

K  Sea — 

Russia,      .... 

286,917 

220,331 

5,833 

23,000 

Turkey  aud  the  Levant,     . 

226,917 

143,000 

304,917 

284.917 

Austria,     .... 

134,500 

101,750 

311,000 

372,750 

Italy,          .... 

176,.333 

149,083 

826,000 

548,000 

824,667 

614,166 

1,447,750 

1,228,667 

5 

America — 

United  States,     .  ■ 

778,000 

562,250 

480,167 

458,917 

Surinam, 

406,000 

309,917 

122.250 

105,167 

Curacao, 

14,583 

10,667 

22^917 

26,833 

South  America,  . 

352,417 

631,500 

120,833 

64,500 

1,551,000 

1,574,334 

746,167 

655,417 

6 

Asia,  Africa,  and  Austra 

LIA — 

Java,  .... 

6,276,333 

6,310,750 

1,569,500 

1,817,500 

China, 

208,583 

117,583 

333 

250 

Coast  of  Guinea, 

18,833 

34,500 

16,167 

20,917 

Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Canary 
Islands,  British  Indi;i, 

■         494,750 

446,333 

18,083 

13,333 

Philippine  Islands, 

20,167 

20,917 

83 

Australia,    . 





.... 

57,917 

Totals,         .         .     7,018,666         5,930,083         1,604,166       1,909,917 

On  the  31st  of  December  the  merchant  fleet  of  Holland  counted  in 
all  2,037  vessels,  =  239,601  lastes  burden  (laste  =  2  tons).  The  number 
of  steamers  belonging  to  Netherlands  in  1837  was  only  30,  with  58 
engines  of  2,200  horse  power.  In  1853  there  were  100  steamers,  with 
118  engines  of  6,911  horse  power,  not  including  those  of  the  royal  navy. 
In  connection  with  the  great  emigration  to  the  gold  fields  of  Australia, 
more  than  50  Dutch  ships  were  freighted  in  different  British  ports. 


Dutch  West  Indies. 


Ill 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WITH  THE 

DUTCH  WEST  INDIES. 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Tears 

ENDINO 

EXPORTS 

IMPORTS 

Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullion  &,  Specie. 

TON'GE  CL'D. 

Sept. 
30. 

1821 

Domestic. 

Foreign. 

Total. 

Total. 

Export. 

Import. 

Aher. 

For. 

$533,259 

$149,784 

$683,043 

$860,950 

$34,860 

$105,576 

18,228 

823 

1822 

921,072 

157,704 

1,078,776 

1,491,023 

22,450 

137,328 

25,642 

827 

1823 

655,763 

157,065 

812,828 

950.957 

8,700 

98,262 

16,783 

1,244 

1824 

589,775 

111,984 

701,769 

997,800 

3,000 

54,408 

19,071 

1,406 

1825 

497,194 

77,092 

574,286 

823.607 

74,687 

14,809 

1826 

434,125 

57,426 

491,551 

554,217 

2",466 

87,141 

12,733 

'eii 

1827 

387,573 

44,162 

431,785 

519,706 

107,810 

13,374 

212 

1828 

415,343 

41,616 

456,959 

478,397 

"17 

89,018 

11,506 

823 

1829 

879,874 

18,667 

898,541 

43,8,132 



148,027 

12,217 

863 

1830 
Total, 

319,495 

42,298 

861,793 

286,509 

2,260 

127,306 

11,043 

124 

.$5,133,473 

857,798 

5,991,271 

7,401,298 

68,187 

1,029,563 

155,406 

5,988 

1831 

870,857 

45,274 

416,181 

843,799 

70 

78,237 

11,4.30 

194 

1832 

357,520 

46,644 

404,164 

828,832 

85,072 

9,511 

80 

1833 

288,205 

54,038 

342,243 

380,871 

49,162 

11,478 

80 

1834 

284,552 

62,136 

346,688 

854,192 

63.494 

11,266 

181 

1835 

319,432 

84,110 

403,542 

481,340  ! 

56,000 

69,189 

3,215 

1836 

406,458 

67,427 

478,885 

521,906 

22,868 

25,510 

3.524 

223 

1837 

291,779 

80,876 

322,655  1 

419,107 

49,872 

6,203 

563 

1838 

204,234 

46,915 

251,149 

882,591 

23,430 

85,315 

2,948 

168 

1839 

282,042 

70,975 

353,017  ; 

582,284 

47,625 

88,766 

4,020 

441 

1840 
Total, 

259,438 

42,916 

802,354 

396,479 

17,137 

82,342 

8,790 

1,153 

$3,004,517 

551,311 

3,615,828 

4,191,401 

167,130 

471,959 

67,385 

3,083 

1841 

$298,699 

3-1,194 

832,893 

500,197 

20,668 

62,063 

6,666 

720 

1842 

251,650 

15,581 

267,231 

831,270  i 

5,425 

46,084 

4,2.54 

528 

1843* 

204,937 

10,819 

215,756 

230,571  i 

53,804 

8,794 

248 

1844 

303,438 

19,648 

323,286 

386,283 

'942 

64,250 

4,081 

89 

1845 

304,080 

33,708 

837,788 

803,324 

17,906 

27,569 

5.025 

1846 

264,6-47 

14,507 

279,154 

898,056 

6,332 

29,159 

5,047 

1847 

217,214 

16,355 

233,569 

279,033 

6,225 

18,847 

4,870 

'lis 

1848 

316,666 

22,147 

338,813  1 

453,615 

8,909 

99,357 

7,394 

589 

1849 

317,066 

50,252 

307,318  I 

453,099 

84,018 

39,946 

14,193 

357 

1850 
Totat, 

864,335 

56,683 

421,018 

530,146 

41,294 

43,037 

9,283 

161 

$2,842,732 

274,094 

3,116,826 

3,925,599  j 

141,719 

484,116 

65,007 

2,805 

1851 

366,898 

138,089 

504,987 

572,470 

155,544 

26,859 

7,687 

806 

1852 

299,679 

1T,706 

817,445 

552,561   ! 

1,800 

20,097 

4,977 

715 

1853 

251,258 

18,789 

27<i,(U7 

409,185 

4,090 

28,076 

5,983 

400 

1854 

871,380 

22,065 

893,115  ' 

534,973 

11,425 

11,912 

7,925 

690 

1855 

282,640 

7,616 

240,L'.")6 

4:is,841 

6,200 

15,941 

9,222 

96 

1856 

823,654 

6,328 

829,9c2  1 

536,375 

6,500 

5,854 

7,816 

664 

*  9  months  to  June  30,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  ISLANDS. 

CuR.\g.vo,  or  Curacoa,  an  island  in  the  Caribbean  sea,  belonging  to  the  Dutch,  off 
the  north  coast  of  Venezuela.  Lat.  12°  N. ;  long.  G9°  W.  Length,  forty  miles; 
breadth,  six  to  ten  miles.  Population,  1849,  of  Curacoa  and  St.  Eustache,  26,311. 
Shores  bold  ;  surface  hilly ;  soil  not  rich,  and  dclicient  in  water,  yet  a  good  deal  of 
sugar,  indigo,  tobacco,  and  maize  are  raised.  Principal  port  is  Santa  Anna,  on  the 
south-west  side  of  the  island,  the  entrance  to  which  is  narrow,  but  the  harbor  is 
large  and  secure. 

Surinam,  a  river  of  Dutch  Guinea,  South  America,  traverses  tlio  center  of  that 
colony,  which  is  sometimes  called  by  its  name,  and  after  a  northerly  course  of  300 
miles,  enters  the  Atlantic  near  Paramaribo.  It  receives  several  affluents,  and  is 
navigable  in  most  part  of  its  course  to  the  foot  of  tho  mountains,  and  for  large  sliips 
to  about  30  miles  from  tho  sea.  Banks  in  general  densely  wooded ;  below  Parama- 
ribo they  are  laid  out  in  thriving  plantations.  Its  entrance  ia  defended  by  tho  forts 
New  Amsterdam  and  Zelandia 


112  Fm'eign  Commercial  Statistics.  891 


DUTCH  EAST  INDIES. 

Dutch  Colonies. — Java,  Sumatra,  Borneo,  Celebes,  Moluccas,  Am- 
boyna,  and  other  islands  in  the  East  Indies ;  Surinam,  Curacao,  and  de- 
I)endencies,  in  the  West  Indies,  and  Guinea  coast,  in  South.  America. 

Java,  the  principal  of  the  Dutch  East  India  islands,  between  latitude 
5°  52'  and  %"  50'  S.,  and  loni>itude  105°  15'  E.,  separated  E.  from 
Bali  by  the  strait  of  Bali,  and  W.  from  Sumatra  by  the  strait  of  Sunda, 
and  havintj  N.  the  sea  of  Java,  and  S.  the  Indian  ocean.  Length  E.  to 
W.  570  miles;  breadtli  varies  from  48  to  115  miles.  Estimated  area, 
inchidinof  the  contiguous  island  Madura,  50,000  square  miles  ;  and  pop- 
ulation, 1849,  9,560,380;  comprising  Europeans  and  their  descendants, 
10,308;  natives,  9,401,712;  Chinese,  106,033;  Arabs,  Bughis,  etc., 
31,216;  slaves,  6,111.  The  S.  coast  is  high  and  steep,  with  few  in- 
dentations. A  mountain  chain  extends  through  the  center  from  W.  to  E., 
with  a  mean  elevation  of  1,000  feet,  liaving  numerous  volcanic  peaks, 
some  of  which  rise  to  1,000  feet.  Its  N.  coast  is  low  and  marshy,  and 
lined  with  numerous  small  islands.  Principal  river,  the  Solo,  besides 
which  many  are  navigable  for  several  miles  from  the  sea,  or  used  for 
floating  down  timber  and  other  raw  produce  from  the  interior.  The 
rocks  are  chiefly  basaltic  and  volcanic,  and  the  soil  is  extremely  fertile. 
Java  is  supposed  to  be  capable  of  supporting  many  times  its  present 
amount  of  population.  At  present  only  about  one  third  part  of  the  sur- 
face is  under  culture ;  but  the  island  is  the  granary  of  the  Asiatic  Ar- 
chipelago. Temperature  hot  in  the  plains,  but  cooler  in  the  elevated 
parts.  Earthquakes  and  thunder-storms  are  common  ;  hurricanes  rare. 
Rice  is  the  principal  grain,  and  is  cultivated  all  along  the  coast,  as  also 
in  all  the  low  grounds  wherever  irrigation  can  be  effected.  Coffee  is 
the  great  staple  of  export;  it  is  raised  in  most  of  the  uplands,  especially 
in  the  Preange  or  Prianga,  regencies  on  the  west  part  of  the  island,  and, 
with  sugar,  its  culture  has  greatly  increased  within  the  last  few  years. 
Indigo,  tobacco,  cotton,  cinnamon,  maize,  and  other  dry  grains,  pulses, 
and  vegetable  oils,  cocoa,  and  sago,  are  other  principal  products. 

THE   VALfES   OF  THE   EXPOKTS   FKOM   JAVA,    AND   THEIU   DESTINATION,   IN   1S46,    18-36,    AND 

1826,  WEKE  AS  follows; 


CountricB. 

1S46. 

183C. 

1826. 

Florins. 

Florins. 

Florins. 

Netlierlands,     . 

.     39.603,848 

27,232,588 

6,513,525 

Indian  Archipelago, 

9,326,548 

6,708,153 

4,357,783 

Great  Britain, 

2,365,987 

139,592 

349,093 

China,  Macao,  etc.,  . 

1,886,703 

3,318,706 

1,976,192 

France,     . 

1,326,149 

1.944,145 

42,232 

America,  . 

.       1,199,644 

1,002,529 

211,23.1 

Hamburg, 

615,041 

108,142 

63,334 

Sweden,  . 

345.949 

253,959 

57,172 

Other  places,    . 

711,868 

369,315 

959,735 

The  pievious  statements  show  that  the  produce  and  trade  of  Java  have 
increased  during  the  last  dozen  years  with  a  rapidity  unknown  in  any 
other  colony,  Cuba,  perhaps,  excepted  ;  and  if  the  resources  and  capabi- 
lities of  this  noble  island  be  fully  developed,  it  is  quite  impossible  to 
say  how  much  further  her  trade  may  be  extended  and  her  resources 
developed. 


890 


Dutch  East  Indies. 


113 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WITH  THL 
DUTCH  EAST  INDIES, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Tears 

ENDING 

Seit. 
30 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS 

j  Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullion  &  Specie. 

TON'GE  CL'D. 

Domestic. 

Foreign. 

Total, 

Total. 

Export.  1  Import. 

Amer. 

For. 

1621 

$133,010 

$1,581,803 

$1,714,813 

$1.34,309 

$1,257,995 

5,610 

1822 

121,441 

999,571 

1   1,121,012 

3.T:3,144 

877.641 

$2',.3o6 

.5,286 

1823 

151,120 

1,750,981 

1,902,101 

419.6^0 

908,940 

240 

4,990 

1824 

61,069 

638,616 

700,285 

147,458 

419.818 

3,314 

1835 

163,022 

1,364,884 

1,527,906 

188,402 

669.5531    24,808 

7,556 

1,284 

182G 

57,506 

374,957 

432,403 

6i:!,.556 

27:3,069 

8,282 

182T 

88,859 

127,749 

166,608 

236,447 

96.222 

2,067 

1,143 

1828 

83,710 

313,277 

896,987 

li:3,462 

205,480 

2,000 

8,028 

1829 

62,074 

176,318 

238,892 

121,:348 

149,.5.50 

8,393 

1,985 

1880 
Total, 

68,273 

107,293 

170,566 

181,848 

52,600 

10,000 

1,501 

'226 

$935,684 

7,435,449 

8,371,133 

2,409,714 

5,060,868 

44,808 

37,695 

1,464 

1831 

128,884 

631,442 

760,326 

319,395 

480,975 

4,527 

6,498 

1S32 

24,516 

503,504 

528,020 

668,974 

426,598 

7,456 

'686 

1883 

93,852 

680,989 

774,841 

750,290 

477,983 

10',28i 

7,477 

1,488 

1&S4 

115,011 

466,138 

581,149 

582,1.59 

386,875 

1,615 

8.323 

346 

1885 

230,608 

1,213,682 

1,444,290 

800,:3.8S 

1,106,493 

925 

20.476 

1836 

172,691 

906,331 

1,079.022 

1,477,906 

706,746 

224 

10,953 

'447 

1837 

263,250 

285,224 

548,474 

1,019,769 

235,828 

6,441 

7,340 

18SS 

166,214 

829,747 

495.961 

576,;396 

808,184 

8,742 

11,430 

1839 

86,619 

396,9:34 

48:3,553 

692,196 

878,626 

626 

9,284 

'66.3 

1840 
Total, 

132,751 

202,552 

3:35,303 

817,897 

176,721 

21.019 

1,828 

485 

$1,414,396 

5,616,543 

7,030,939 

7,705,370 

4,686,032 

48,559 

95,141 

11,449 

1841 

178,876 

224,150 

403,026 

266,426 

203,500 

8,000 

6,324 

1842 

a5,578 

193,5S0 

279,1.58 

741,048 

178,271 

794 

1843» 

90,239 

103,742 

193,981 

121  ,.524 

89,577 

2,890 

1844 

98,313 

261,070 

359,383 

9a5,984 

244,325 

11,950 

4,650 

1845 

129,151 

72,007 

201,158 

538,608 

68,516 

121 

4,592 

1846 

411,700 

42,842 

88,542 

480,353 

88,440 

3,079 

1847 

91,902 

108,238 

200.140 

894,982 

106,120 

5,370 

1848 

13!!,905 

107,9.'54 

241,859 

249,:546 

92,8.34 

4,575 

lS-t9 

280,823 

M,118 

8.34,941 

854,528 

82,000 

6,0sS 

1,433 

1850 
Total, 

180,533 

262,952 

44:3,485 

444,404 

219,400 

l",866 

4,070 

8,320 

$1,310,020 

1,4-30,653 

2,740,673 

5,027,202 

1,272,483 

21,871 

42,6.38 

4,753 

1851 

204.430 

43,140 

247,570 

410,148 

81,500 

8,016 

5,651 

1852 

142,997 

181.185 

.324.182 

1,015,994 

15->,430 

8.689 

14,022 

l&W 

202.822 

180,,sS4 

88.3.706 

384,58:3 

149,800 

8,526 

6,605 

1854 

109,203 

75,573 

184,776 

1,041,009 

68,500 

2,:5S6 

8,683 

4.318 

1855 

287.937 

63,886 

341,s23 

1,032,270 

87,170 

8,406 

8,458 

1856 

120,444 

89,712 

210,156 

1,399,289 

71,000 

17,606 

10,87T 

9,141 

•  9  months  to  June  80,  and  the  fiscal  year  fVom  this  time  begins  July  1, 

PRINCIPAL  PORT. 

Batavia,  a  city  of  the  island  of  J.iva,  tlio  c.ipital  of  the  Dutcli  possessions  in  tho 
East  Indies,  and  the  principal  trading  port  of  the  Oriental  Islands,  lat.  6°  8'  S., 
long.  106°  50'  K.,  on  the  nortli-wcst  coast  of  tho  island,  at  tho  mouth  of  the  Jaccatra 
river,  on  an  extensive  bay.  The  harbor  lies  between  the  main  land  and  several 
small  uninhabited  islands,  whicli,  during  tho  nortli-wcstcrn  monsoon,  afford  sullieient 
shelter  and  good  anehorage.  Population  in  1842,  53,860,  including  about  three 
thou.sand  Europeans ;  the  rest  are  Chinese,  Javanese,  Malays,  etc.  It  is  built  on 
marshy  ground,  and  intersected  by  canals  in  tho  Dutch  stylo.  It  is  defended  by  a 
citadel  and  several  batteries,  and  has  a  considerable  garrison  and  marine  arsenal. 

The  Jaccatra  is  navigable  by  vessels  of  40  tons  two  miles  inland ;  ships  of  from 
300  to  400  tons  anchor  in  tho  bay,  ono  mile  and  a  half  from  shore.  Batavia  is  the 
great  commercial  emporium  of  tho  Asiatic  Archipelago,  and  absorbs  by  far  tho 
greatest  proportion  of  the  trade  of  Java  and  Madura;  tho  annual  exports  of  which 
Islands  amount  to  60,300,000  florins  ($25,123,000),  and  the  imports  to  30,000,000 
florins  ($12,000,000). 


114  Foreign  Commercial  Statistics.  893 

DUTCH  GUIANA, 

Dutch,  or  Surinam.,  lies  between  British  and  Frencli  Guiana,  being 
separated  from  the  former  on  the  W.  by  the  river  Corentyn,  and  from  the 
latter  on  the  E.  by  the  Maroui  ;  on  tlie  N.  it  lias  the  Atlantic,  and  on  the 
8.  Brazil.  It  lies  between  latitude  1°  30'  and  6°  N.,  and  longitude  53° 
30'  and  5l°  30'  W.,  being  about  300  miles  in  length,  from  N.  to  S.,  and 
260  in  extreme  breadth.  Area,  about  38,500  square  miles.  In  physical 
geography,  climate,  productions,  etc.,  it  differs  but  little  from  British 
Guiana.  The  principal  river  is  the  Surinam,  which  flows  northward 
through  the  center  of  the  territory,  and  falls  into  the  Atlantic  after  a 
course  of  nearly  300  miles.  It  is  navigable  for  large  ships  for  about  4 
leagues  from  its  mouth.  Along  the  coast,  and  on  the  banks  of  the 
river,  are  many  settlements  aud  plantations ;  and  the  higher  parts  of  the 
country  are  occupied  chiefly  by  the  Maroons,  the  descendants  of  run- 
away negroes.  In  the  last  century  they  were  very  troublesome  to  the 
colonists,  but  they  have  now  adopted  more  settled  habits.  Slavery  has 
been  recently  abolished  here  by  the  Dutch  government,  but,  in  lieu  of 
compensation,  the  slaves  remain  apprenticed,  and  work  -without  wages 
to  their  proprietors  for  twelve  years.  The  colony  is  ruled  by  a  governor 
appointed  by  the  crown,  and  a  council  elected  by  the  freeholders.  Just- 
ice is  administered  by  a  supreme  court,  courts  of  minor  jurisdiction,  and 
a  court  of  inheritance  and  orphans.  The  receipts  in  1850  amounted  to 
£89,485  ;  the  expenditure  to  £85,564.  On  273  plantations,  consisting 
of  366,548  acres,  48,815  acres  were  under  cultivation.  The  chief  pro- 
ductions are  sugar,  rum,  molasses,  coffee,  cacao,  and  cotton.  Its  chief 
trade  is  with  Ilolland.  Imports,  in  1851,  £lYl,395  ;  exports,  £236,162. 
At  the  close  of  1850,  the  colony  numbered  61,080  inhabitants — of 
whom  12,401  were  Europeans  and  Creoles,  8,000  bush  negroes,  1,000  In- 
dians, and  39,679  slaves.  Of  the  religious  sects,  the  Moravians  amounted 
to  17,933,  and  the  Jews  to  about  680.  The  hve  stock  consisted  of 
168  horses,  59  mules,  5,564  cattle,  3,155  sheep,  454  goats,  and  4,664 
hogs.  The  army  consists  of  610  men  of  all  arms;  and  the  navy  of  11 
vessels,  chiefly  small.  Paramaribo,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Surinam,  about  10  miles  from  its  mouth.  It  is  built  in  the 
Dutch  style,  with  wide  and  straight  streets,  planted  with  orange-trees ; 
and  the  houses  are  generally  two  stories  in  height,  and  built  of  wood. 
Population  about  20,000.  A  little  north  of  the  town  is  the  fort  of 
Zeelandia,  where  the  governor  resides,  and  where  are  also  most  of  the 
government  establishments. 

Surinam  was  declared  a  free  port  by  proclamation  dated  May  1,  1848. 
Accounts  are  kept  in  dollars  of  8  reals  or  50  stivers  (100  cents),  and  in 
pounds  sterling.  Exchange  on  London,  $4  80  to  $4  85  per  pound  sterling. 
Aves  island,  one  of  the  leeward  group  of  the  West  Indies,  between  15° 
and  16°  N.  lat.,  belongs  to  the  Dutch  government.  In  the  year  1854 
extensive  deposits  of  guano  were  discovered  on  the  island  of  Aves,  by 
two  American  ship  captains,  but  we  do  not  as  yet  learn  that  any  ship- 
ments have  been  made  from  it.  Coffee,  the  product  of  a  possession  of 
the  Netherlands,  imported  into  the  United  States  in  a  vessel  of  the 
Netherlands  direct  from  such  possessions,  or  from  the  Netherlands,  is 
admitted  free  of  duty,  under  the  treaty  of  August  26,  1852. 


892 


Dutch  Guiana. 


115 


FOREIGN   COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WITH 
DUTCH  GUIANA, 

Fbom  October  1,  1832,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Years 

ENDING 

Sept. 
80. 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS 

!  "Whereof  there  was 
iin  Bullion  &  Specie. 

TON'GE  CLD. 

Domestic. 

Foreign. 

Total. 

Total. 

Export. 

Import. 

1  Amer. 

For. 

1833 

$92,515 

$92,.'-.15 

$49,326 

$1,744 

1834 

27,228 

27,228 

67,579 

1,236 

1835 

30,205 

30,205 

81,420 

!     8,884 

1836 

59,H1.5 

$2,:i00 

61,675 

83,471 

1    10,106 

183T 

54,518 

1,595 

50,113 

44,976 

6,378 

2,i77 

1833 

68,775 

2,073 

70,848 

64.354 

200 

i     4,718 

76 

1839 

58,863 

2,803 

61.666 

49,008 

6,637 

1840 
Total, 

63,118 

52,118 

37,766 

I     6,729 

$143,5;37 

8,831 

452,368 

867,900 

8,180 

41,952 

2,253 

1841 

87,900 

87,900 

85,793 

400 

6,496 

117 

1842 

101,055 

101,055 

74.764 

2,578 

5,454 

1843* 

24.680 

24,680 

82,5:?3 

275 

8,066 

1844 

66.980 

4,792 

71.772 

49,144 

7,868 

1845 

47,737 

1,872 

49,609 

41,347 

6,740 

1846 

66.845 

1,139 

67.984 

83,674 

4,510 

1847 

43,840 

8';8 

44,223 

59,355 

4,381 

1848 

115.501 

1,517 

117,018 

51,297 

5,953 

si  7 

1849 

104,013 

52 

104,065 

58,281 

416 

6.369 

1,000 

1850 
Total, 

97,014 

6,425 

102,439 

71,043 

2,418 

4,932 

864 

$705,565 

15,185 

720,750 

507,231 

6,087 

5;J,269 

1,798 

1851 

85,491 

5,582 

91,078 

89,673 

4,927 

524 

1852 

83,952 

7,282 

91,234 

80,738 

A  .  . 

6,262 

944 

1853 

108,389 

17,694 

120,0a3 

130,681 

6,218 

402 

1854 

53,745 

7,678 

01,423 

104.236 

18,096 

2,927 

130 

1865 

237,96;5 

10,643 

248,606 

206,633 

22,145 

6,114 

1856 

313,661 

7.855 

321,516 

252,793 

12,000 

3,162 

6,510 

065 

*  9  months  to  June  80,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORT. 

Far.vmaribo,  the  capital  town  of  Dutch  Guiana,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Surinam, 
five  miles  from  its  mouth  in  the  Atlantic,  lat.  5°  49'  N.,  lonfr.  55°  22'  W.  Estimated 
population,  20,000,  mostly  blacks.  It  is  rcgularlj'  and  well  built;  strect-s  unpaved, 
but  ornamented  with  rows  of  t;imarind  and  orange-trees  ;  and  it  has  Lutheran,  Cal- 
vinistic,  Roman  Catholic,  and  English  churches,  Portuguese  and  German  Jewish 
synagogues,  and  is  the  center  of  the  trade  of  the  colony.  Fort  Zcelandiii,  north  of 
the  town,  is  the  residence  of  the  governor.  In  a  hospital  for  lepers,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Coppename,  450  patients  arc  maintained  at  the  expense  of  the  colony. 
The  Kwatta  canal,  begun  in  1810,  is  the  lirst  public  work  executed  by  free  laborers. 

Colonies. — In  IG02  tlio  Dutch  Ivist  India  Company  was  formed,  and  the  Indian 
trade  increased  rapidly  in  magnitude  and  iniport-ance.  Ships  fitted  both  for  com- 
mercial and  warlike  purposes  were  sent  out.  Amboyna  and  the  Moluccas  were 
wrested  from  the  Portuguese.  Factories  and  fortifications  were  established  from  tho 
mouth  of  tho  Tigris  along  the  coasts  and  islands  of  India  as  far  as  Japan.  Alliances 
were  formed  with  tho  native  princes.  In  Ceylon,  Malabar,  and  Coromandcl,  the 
Dutch  were  themselves  the  sovereigns.  Batavia^  in  the  large  and  fertile  island  of 
Java,  formed  tho  center  of  their  Indian  commerce.  In  1621  the  Dutch  formed  a 
West  India  Company.  AVithin  tho  short  period  of  15  3'ears  this  association  con- 
quered the  greater  part  of  Brazil,  fitted  out  800  trading  and  warlike  .«hips,  and  cap- 
tured from  the  Spaniards  anil  Portuguese  545  ships,  which  were  supposed  to  be 
worth  £7,500,000.  In  1051  they  founded  the  colony  of  the  Cape  of  Good  ITopc. 
Between  the  years  1051  and  1672,  when  tho  republic  was  invaded  by  the  French, 
the  commerce  of  Holland  seems  to  have  reached  its  greatest  height.  Not  by  moans 
of  any  artificial  monopoly,  but  by  the  greater  number  of  their  ships,  and  their 
superior  skill  and  economy  in  all  that  regarded  navigation,  tho  Dutch  engrossod 
almost  tho  whole  carrying  trade  of  Europe. 


116  Forei(j7i  Commercial  Statistics.  895 


i 

I 


HANSEATIC  LEAGUE, 

An  association  of  tte  principal  cities  in  the  north  of  Oermany,  Prus- 
sia, etc.,  for  the  better  carrying  on  of  commerce,  and  for  their  mutual  j 
safety  and  defense.  This  confederacy,  so  celebrated  in  the  early  history  I 
of  modern  Europe,  contributed  in  no  ordinary  degree  to  introduce  the 
blessiug-s  of  civilization  and  good  government  into  the  North.  The  ex- 
tension and  protection  of  commerce  was,  however,  its  main  object ;  and 
hence  a  short  account  of  it  may  not  be  deemed  misplaced  in  a  work  of 
this  description. 

Origin  and  Progress  of  the  Hanseatic  League. — Ilamburg,  founded  by 
Charlemagne  in  the  ninth,  and  Lubeck,  founded  about  the  middle  of  the 
twelfth  century,  were  the  earliest  members  of  the  League.  The  distance 
between  them  not  being  veiy  considerable,  and  being  alike  interested 
in  the  repression  of  those  disorders  to  which  most  parts  of  Europe,  and 
particularly  the  coast  of  the  Baltic,  were  a  prey  in  the  twelfth,  thirteenth, 
and  fourteenth  centuries,  they  early  formed  an  intimate  political  union, 
partly  in  the  view  of  maintaining  a  safe  intercourse  by  land  with  each 
other,  and  partly  for  the  protection  of  navigation  from  the  attacks  of  the 
pirates,  with  which  every  sea  was  at  that  time  infested.  There  is  no  very 
distinct  evidence  as  to  the  period  when  this  alliance  was  consummated ; 
some  ascribe  its  origin  to  the  year  1169,  others  to  the  year  1200,  and 
others  to  the  year  1241.  But  the  most  probable  opinion  seems  to  be, 
that  it  would  grow  .up  by  slow  degrees,  and  be  perfected  according  as  the 
advantage  derivable  from  it  became  more  obvious.  Such  was  the  origin 
of  the  Hanseatic  league,  so  called  from  the  old  Teutonic  word  hansa, 
signifying  an  association  or  confederacy. 

The  Hanseatic  confederacy  was  at  its  highest  degree  of  power  and 
splendor  during  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  centuries.  It  then  comprised 
from  60  to  80  cities,  which  were  distributed  into  4  classes  or  circles. 
Lubeck  was  at  the  head  of  the  first  circle,  and  had  under  it  Hamburg, 
Bremen,  Rostock,  Wismar,  etc.  Cologne  was  at  the  head  of  the  second 
circle,  with  29  towns  under  it.  Brunswick  was  at  the  head  of  the  third 
circle,  consisting  of  13  towns.  Dautzic  was  at  the  head  of  the  fourth 
circle,  having  under  it  8  towns  in  its  vicinity,  beside  several  that  were 
more  remote.  The  supreme  authority  of  the  League  was  vested  in  the 
deputies  of  the  different  towns  assembled  in  Congress.  In  it  they  dis- 
cussed all  their  measures  ;  decided  upon  the  sum  that  each  city  should 
contribute  to  the  common  fund  ;  and  upon  the  questions  that  arose  be- 
tween the  confederacy  and  other  powers,  as  well  as  those  that  frequently 
arose  between  the  different  members  of  the  confederacy.  The  place  for 
the  meeting  of  Congress  was  not  fixed,  but  it  was  most  frequently  held  at 
Lubeck,  which  was  considered  as  the  capital  of  the  League,  and  there  its 
archives  were  kept.  Sometimes,  however,  Congresses  were  held  at  Ham- 
burg, Cologne,  and  other  towns.  They  met  once  every  three  years,  or 
oftener  if  occasion  required.  The  letters  of  convocation  specified  the 
principal  subjects  which  would  most  probably  be  brought  under  discus- 
sion. Any  one  might  be  chosen  for  a  deputy  ;  and  the  Congress  con- 
sisted not  of  merchants  only,  but  also  of  clergymen,  lawyers,  artists,  etc. 
When  the  deliberations  were  concluded,  the  decrees  Avere  formally  com- 
municated to  the  magistrates  of  the  cities  at  the  head  of  each  circle. 


894 


JTaHse  Toicns. 


117 


FOREIGN   COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
WITH  THE  HANSE  TOWNS, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


*  9  months  to  June  30,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORTS. 

Bremen,  one  of  tho  free  Hanseatic  cities,  situated  on  the  river  "Weser,  about  50 
miles  from  its  mouth,  in  lat.  53°  4'  45"  N.,  long.  8°  48'  E.  Vessels  not  drawing  more 
than  seven  feet  of  water  go  up  to  the  town,  but  those  drawing  14  to  15  feet  anchor 
about  13  miles  from  Bremen.  Other  vessels  stop  at  Bremerlohe,  38  miles  below 
Bremen,  where  a  new  and  spacious  harbor  has  been  constructed,  called  Bremen  Ha- 
ven. 

Hamburg,  a  free  Hanseatic  city,  on  the  north  bank  of  the  river  Elbe,  about  70 
miles  from  its  mouth,  in  lat.  53°  32'  31''  N.,  long.  9°  58'  37''  E.  Vessels  drawing 
14  feet  of  water  can  come  up  at  all  times,  and  vessels  drawing  18  feet  can  come 
safely  up  with  spring  tides.  The  largest  vessels  sometimes  unload  mto  lighters  at 
Cuxhaven.  There  are  no  docks  or  quays,  and  vessels  moor  at  piles  driven  into  the 
ground,  a  short  distance  from  shore. 

LuBEC,  a  famous  commercial  city  of  N.  Germany,  nominally  the  chief  of  the 
Hanse  towns.     Lat.  53°  52'  1"  K,  long.  IQo  41'  5"  E, 


118 


Foreign  Commercial  Statistics. 


945 


PRUSSIAN  OR  GERMAN  COMIVIERCIAL  UNION. 

Next  to  the  efforts  of  the  Prussian  government  to  diflfuse  the  blessings 
of  education,  their  efforts  to  introduce  a  free  commercial  system  into  Ger- 
many constitute  their  best  claim  to  the  gratitude  and  esteem  of  their  own 
subjects,  and  of  the  world.  Germany,  as  every  one  knows,  is  divided 
into  a  vast  number  of  independent,  and  mostly  petty,  States.  Until  a 
very  recent  period,  every  one  of  these  States  had  its  own  custom-houses, 
and  its  own  taiiff  and  reveime  laws ;  which  frequently  differed  veiy 
widely  indeed  from  those  of  its  neighbors.  The  internal  trade  of  the 
country  was,  in  consequence,  subjected  to  all  those  vexatious  and  ruinous 
restrictions  that  are  usually  laid  on  the  intercourse  between  distant  and 
independent  States.  Each  petty  State  endeavored  either  to  procure  a 
revenue  for  itself,  or  to  advance  its  own  industry,  by  taxing  or  prohibit- 
ing the  productions  of  those  by  which  it  was  surrounded ;  and  customs 
officers  and  lines  of  custom-houses  were  spread  all  over  the  country ! 
Instead  of  being  reciprocal  and  dependent,  every  thing  was  separate,  in- 
dependent, and  hostile  ;  the  commodities  admitted  into  Hesse  were  pro- 
hibited in  Baden,  and  those  prohibited  in  Wirtemberg  were  admitted  into 
Bavaria.  It  is  admitted  that  nothing  contributes  so  much  to  the  growth 
of  industry  and  wealth  in  modern  times  as  the  perfect  freedom  of  internal 
industry,  and  that  intimate  correspondence  among  the  various  parts  of 
the  country,  which  renders  each  the  best  market  for  the  products  of  the 
other.  How  different  would  have  been  our  present  condition  had  each 
county  been  an  independent  State,  jealous  of  those  around  it,  and  anxious 
to  exalt  itself  at  their  expense  !  But,  until  within  these  few  years,  this 
was  the  exact  condition  of  Germany. 

In  1852,  the  tariff  alliance  comprised  : 


Prussia,  

Luxemburg, 

Bavaria  and  her  detached  territories,  . 
Saxony  (Kingdom  of),  ... 

"Wirtoraberg  and  tho  two  Ilolicnzollerns, 
Hesse  (Electoral),         .... 
Hesse  (I^Lichy)  and  Horaburg, 
The  Thuringian  States, 
Baden  (Duchy  of),        .... 
Brunswick  (Uuchy  of), 

Nassau, 

Frankfort, 


German 

8q.  Miles. 

5,188 

Population 

in  1849. 
16,669,153 

47 

189,783 

1,396 

4,526,650 

272 
384 
203 
154 

1,894,431 

1,805,558 

7,731,584 

862,917 

237 

1,014,954 

276 

1,360,599 

63 

85 

247,070 
425,686 

2 

71,678 

Totals, 
Vesbels  Entered  and  Cleared. 


8,307 


29,800,063 


1S54. 


1S55. 


Entered  loaded, 
Of  which  were 


Entered  in  ballast. 
Cleared  loaded. 


(  national, 
I  foreign, 


Of  which  were  \  !?";  ^"'^^ 
j  toreign,  . 

Cleared  in  ballast, 


Number. 
4,794 
2.182 
2,612 
2,936 
6,576 
2,808 
3,768 
981 


Tonnage. 
414,803 
211,648 
203,155 
274,756 
585.663 
2  77,023 
307,740 
88,443 


Number. 
5,434 
2,316 
3,118 

6,123 
2,597 
3,526 


Tonnaao. 
511,661 
244,160 
267,501 

000,254 
272,289 
327,965 


944 


Prussia. 


119 


FOREIGN   COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
WITH  PRUSSIA, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


1821 
1S22 
1823 
1824 
1825 
1826 
1827 
1823 
1829 
1830 

Total, 

1881 
1832 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1836 
1S8T 
1838 
1839 
1340 

Total, 

1841 

1842 

1843* 

1844 

1845 

1846 

1S47 

1,S43 

1849 

1850 

Total, 

1851 
1852 
ia53 
1854 
1865 
1856 


EXPORTS. 


DOMFSTIC.     FORKIQN.       ToTAU 


$7,268 
5,163 
4,918 
15,129 
8,515 
15,480 
14,411 
16,501 


$87,335 

27,043 
11,116 
12,612 
15,300 
53,063 
66,410 
106,553 
65,661 
29,313 
48,853 


$480,629 

149,211 
149,141 
222,039 
194,606 
502,007 
396,210 
1^2,259 
14V  i74 
84,703 
70,645 


$2,046,895 

80,469 
93,2:« 
26,911 

20^466 
70,367 


$568 


12,650 
3,421 


16,639 


8,510 
2,6S2 

83,427 
19,2S3 
43,500 
43,115 


145,517 

26,765 
7,547 
18,330 
23.968 
65,114 
39,045 
19,91)7 
15,:5n5 
9.516 
27,991 


254,168 

6,414 

153 

1,S06 

10,800 
9,395 


$7,836 
5,163 
17,563 
18,550 
8,515 
15,430 
14,411 
16,501 


108,974 

27,043 
11,116 
12,812 
18,810 
55,745 
66,410 
139,985 
84,944 
72,818 
86,468 


576,146 

175,976 
156,688 
240,369 
218,574 
567,121 
435,S55 
202,ir.6 
16lt,4.')9 
44,219 
98,636 


2,800,003 

85,913 
93,:i>6 
28,717 

Sl',26() 
79,762 


IMPOETS 


Total. 


$1,899 


21,250 
107,615 

39.758 
186,064 

22,9.35 

16,605 


345,626 

50,970 
27,927 

124,.570 
14,045 
88,543 
81,301 

497,829 

6,629 

70,412 

59,304 


971,.')30 

36,119 
18,192 

12',6U9 
31,082 
31,.534 
7,603 
22,817 
17,687 
27,469 


Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullion  &  Specie. 


205,167 

20,542 
21,263 
47,875 
47,778 
8;J7,814 
161,169 


Export.     Impoet. 


TON'GE  OLD. 

Amer. 

For. 

120 

.... 

''iii 

313 

156 

117 

188 

232 

1,126 

217 

887 

179 

'299 

239 

1,177 

4,625 

240 

1,4.3:} 

816 

l,2;54 

606 

1,577 

2,367 

10,845 

54T 

8,813 

2,06:J 

2,173 

1,905 

164 

5,009 

947 

9,.521 

1,176 

7,275 

5.127 

3,750 

240 

606 

4,857 

5,247 

48,435 

184 

1,635 

295 

1,.V>3 

298 

295 

1,174 

208 

1,827 

♦  9  months  to  June  80,  and  the  fiscal  year  ft-om  this  time  begins  July  1. 


PRINCIPAL  PORTS. 

Dantzic,  in  Wc.«t  Pmssia.  in  lat.  51°  20'  48"  N.,  long.  1S°  38'  E.  It  is  .situ- 
ated on  the  loft  bank  of  tho  Yistul;^,  about  four  miles  from  wliere  it  empties  into  the 
sea.  The  harbor  \s  at  the  mouth  of  the  river.  Tiio  depth  of  water  at  the  moutli  of 
tho  river  is  from  12  to  13  feet ;  in  tho  harbor  from  13  to  14 ;  in  tho  river,  near  the 
town,  8  to  9  feet. 

Memel,  a  commercial  town  of  Eivst  Prus.sia,  in  lat.  55°  41'  42"  N.,  long.  21°  8* 
14"  E.  Memel  is  situated  on  tho  north-oast  side  of  the  preat  bay  called  Currische 
Haf,  near  its  junction  with  tho  Baltic.  Tho  harbor  is  larojo  and  safe,  but  the  bar  at 
the  mouth  of  tho  Currische  tiaf,  has  seldom  more  than  17  feet,  and  sometimes  not 
more  than  14  or  15  feet;  and  vessels  drawing  over  16  feet  have  frequently  to  un- 
load part  of  their  cargoes  in  the  roads,  where  the  anchorage  is  indilTorent. 

Stettin,  tho  principal  commorciid  town  of  Prussia,  on  tho  left  bank  of  the  Odor, 
about  .36  miles  from  its  mouth,  in  lat.  53°  23'  20"  N.,  long.  14°  33'  E.  Vcssela 
drawing  more  than  eight  feet  of  water,  unload  by  lighters  at  the  mouth  of  tho  river. 


120  Fcyreign  Commercial  Statistics.  947 

RUSSIA. 

The  Russian  empire  embraces  nearly  a  half  of  the  surface  of  Europe. 
It  chiefly  cousists  of  an  enormous  plain,  being  little  diversified  by  rising 
ground,  except  toward  the  Urals  and  the  Caucasus,  in  the  S.  and  E.,  and 
in  the  province  of  Finland,  in  the  N.W.  Tlie  northern  part  of  the  coun- 
try is  a  cold  and  barren  region  of  heaths  and  marshes ;  the  central  prov- 
inces are  rich  and  fertile  ;  the  southern,  mere  stejipes,  or  grassy,  sandy, 
and  salt  plains,  which  afford,  however,  in  their  hollows,  along  the  river- 
courses,  abundance  of  excellent  pasturage  for  cattle  and  horses.  The 
population  is  chiefly  agricultural,  or  uonuidic ;  and  the  manufactures  that 
are  to  be  found  in  some  places  are  more  indebted  to  the  fostering  care  of 
the  goverumeut,  and  the  high  import  duties,  or  absolute  prohibition  of 
foreign  wares,  than  to  native  enterprise,  for  their  origin  and  continuance. 
Russia  is  an  immense  military  power,  so  far  as  that  depends  on  the  num- 
bers of  her  armies  ;  but  the  want  of  national  wealth  is  such  a  drawback 
on  military  enterprise,  as  she  has  not  yet  been  able  to  overcome. 

EXPORTS  AND  IMPORTS,  1851  AND  1854. 

1851.  1854. 


By  the  European  frontier 

of  the  empire, 
The  kingdom  of  Poland, 
The  frontiers  of  Asia, 
Finland,     . 

ToUl,      .         .         97,394,457       103,737,612         65,337,681         70,358,608 
The  silver  ruble  of  100  copecs,  of  the  years  1750  to  1762,  was  worth 
4  francs  01  cent.;  that  of  1763  to  1807,  was  worth  4  francs, 

NAVIGATION,  1851  AND  1854. 

1851.  1854. 


Exports. 
Rubles  d'Arg. 

Imports. 
Rubles  d'Arg. 

Exports. 
Rubles  d'Arg. 

Imports. 
Rubles  d'Arg. 

79,221,377 

78,038,315 

44,075,497 

44,906,535 

4,852,226 

9,015,372 

9,446,138 

9,518,659 

11,140,293 

15,734,836 

9,908,018 

15,601,827 

2.180,561 

949,089 

1,908,028 

331,587 

VESSELS.  VESSELS. 

Arrived.  Departed.  Arrived.       Departed. 


Ports  of  the  Baltic,           .  .  3,790  3,781  473  463 

"         "      White  Sea,  .  .  721  658  685  747 

"         "      Black  Sea,  .  .  2,585  2,598  1,183  1,409 

"         "      Caspian  Sea,  .  227  305  181  211 


Total,      ....         7,323  7,342  2,522  2,830 

The  toimage  of  the  vessels  arriving  amounted  to  579,396  laste.s,  and 
of  the  dei)artures,  576,289  lastes,  in  1851,  and  in  1854,  2,084,477  lastes. 

Debt  in  1854,  19,539,288  rubles,  29  copecs. 

The  origin  of  the  Russians  as  a  distinct  branch  of  the  Slavonians,  is  a 
moot  point  among  archajologists.  They  seem  to  have  borne  at  one  time 
the  name  Antes,  consisting  of  several  tribes,  that  formed  a  sort  of  con- 
federation. In  the  ninth  century,  Ruric,  the  Varangian,  established  him- 
self in  Novgorod  the  Great;  and  his  successors,  extending  their  dominion 
by  conquest,  established  their  capital  at  Kieff,  where  the  dynasty  reached 
the  zenith  of  its  power  under  Vladimir  the  Great,  who  introduced  Chris- 
tianity among  his  subjects,  according  to  the  creed  and  ritual  of  the  Greek 
Church,  A.D.  983. 


946 


Jiussia. 


121 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

WITH  RUSSIA, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  Jui-y  1,  1856. 


Years 

ENDING 

Sept. 
80. 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS 

1 

Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullion  &  Specie. 

TON'GE  CL'D. 

Domestic. 

FoKEiaN. 

Total. 

{    Total. 

Expoet. 

Import. 

Amer. 

Fob. 

1821 

$127,939 

$500,055 

$628,894 

!  $1,852,199 

4,521 

1S22 

177,201 

351,820 

529,081 

8,307,;!28 

im 

4,325 

1823 

51,6:i5 

507,1199 

048,734 

2.258,777 

1,800 

2,771 

1824 

92,7f)6 

1:39,215 

231,981 

2,209,063 

2,201 

1825 

55,101 

232,210 

287.401 

2,067,110 

8,279 

1826 

11,044 

10:3,604 

174.048 

2,617,169 

1,386 

182T 

45,510 

3:;6,T;3* 

•:--'.-' U 

:   •.'.n^.;,077 

.   . 

3,509 

117 

182S 

108,922 

13 11,57:! 

-i:.'i.  r,'.-. 

•J,7-s,302 

$1.3,.V)3 

2,785 

286 

1829 

51,684 

;i3),.'>42 

'■'■>l':.\lJl'l 

2,218,095 

10,213 

2,943 

1830 
Total, 

85,461 

881,114 

416,575 

1,021,899 

28,700 

8,492 

234 

$757,413 

3,378,866 

4,136,279 

23,027,579 

52,466 

2,100 

81,212 

687 

1881 

114,852 

847,914 

462,766 

1,608,328 

90,423 

4,810 

1832 

121,114 

461.568 

5S2.082 

3.251.852 

82,083 

8,()(i6 

8,147 

'89i 

is;33 

2'>3,7;U 

480,071 

"i):i,sii,% 

-'.T7J,r).')0 

a5,494 

2,192 

6.498 

1834 

10s,C27 

102,007 

.■;:;ii.r,:ii 

•j..'.;i:.,^4J) 

1„M6 

4,979 

'soo 

1885 

2.!l,t;o7 

,35:3,841) 

.^^,^,  u: 

-'.:;:'.-.,'jt5 

0.077 

3,424 

695 

1836 

326,2S;3 

584.7:i0 

911,111:; 

2,77\r.M 

1-. 

6,196 

1,199 

1S3T 

144,080 

1,102,652 

1,300,T;!2 

'.'.^ic.ii'; 

:;.-  IK 

4,0(10 

6,644 

4,147 

18:38 

859,047 

089,242 

l,048,2-'0 

],<^\:;:'<; 

7,ii7o 

1,000 

7.2.'i3 

198 

1839 

4.34.5S7 

804,659 

1,239,246 

2,;39:?.S94 

l.s.'iO 

50 

8,540 

853 

1340 
Total, 

234,856 

934,625 

1,169,4S1 

2,572,427 

9.231 

6,018 

477 

$2,358,787 

5,981,368 

8,340,155 

25,088,202 

299,630 

10,242 

57,009 

7,666 

1841 

146,118 

879,611 

1,025,729 

2,817,448 

7,405 

808 

1842 

816,026 

520,567 

8:i6,5>,(:3 

l.:3.^o.l06 

4,978 

6.691 

1,699 

1843* 

809,867 

76,926 

380,70:! 

74'.',s03 

626 

8,401 

4,103 

271 

1844 

414,882 

140,5:32 

5.5.5,414 

1,0.50,419 

1,120 

6,308 

1.981 

1845 

536,845 

190,492 

727,:3;{7 

1,492,2()2 

9,109 

1,906 

1846 

535,888 

97,079 

632,407 

1,570,054 

5,-»51 

1,548 

1847 

626,832 

124,118 

7.50,450 

924,073 

4,135 

1,362 

1843 

1,(147,582 

108,428 

1,156,010 

1,319,084 

9,588 

898 

1349 

937,557 

197,947 

1,135,504 

840,238 

"74 

10.849 

1,893 

1850 
Total, 

606,4;35 

198,506 

864,941 

1,511,572 

6,048 

8,990      ' 

$5,537,082 

2,534,206 

8,071,238 

13,627,659 

6,724 

8,475 

67,247 

15,346 

1851 

1,465,704 

145,987 

1,611,691 

1,302,782 

9,241 

8,23» 

1862 

1,061,748 

1:38,732 

1,200,480 

1.. 58 1.620  1 

10.(XI6 

8,045 

1853 

2,813,175 

143,478 

2,456,05:3 

1,27S,.5()1 

11,958 

6,297 

1854 

385,.'.21 

14^005 

480,616 

1,544,2:;5 

8.891 

1,485 

1855 

48,940 

2(1,114 

69,:$54 

250,,')56 

1,583 

1856 

600,15:3 

80,252 

686,405 

830,681 

9,720 

MO 

*  9  months  to  Jauo  30,  and  tho  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORTS. 

Odessa,  a  seaport  of  southern  Russia,  on  tho  north-west  coast  of  tho  Black  Sea, 
between  tho  rivers  Dnoistcr  and  Bug,  in  lat.  4G°  28'  54"  N.,  lon>r.  30°  43'  22''  E. 
Tho  bay  or  roaflstoad  of  Odessa  is  extensive,  the  water  is  deep,  and  the  anchorapo 
is  pood — tho  bottom  being  fine  sand  and  gravel;  it  i.s.  however,  cxpa^ed  to  tho 
south-easterly  wiiid.s,  which  rendor  it  less  safe  in  winter.  The  port,  which  is  artificial, 
being  formed  of  two  niolo.8,  one  of  which  projects  a  considerable  distance  into  tho 
sea,  and  luus  deep  water,  with  room  for  300  sliips. 

PETERsnuRo,  tho  eipital  of  Rus-si;i,  situated  at  the  confluence  of  the  river  Nova 
with  the  ea.storn  extremity  of  tho  Gulf  of  Finland,  in  lat.  59°  56'  23"  N.,  long. 
30°  18'  45''  I'].  Cronsliidt,  situated  on  a  small  i.sland  about  twenty  miles  west  of  St. 
Petersburg,  may  in  Fomc,  mea.sure  bo  considered  as  the  port  of  tlie  latter.  Almost 
all  vessels  bound  for  Petersburg  touch  here,  and  tho.se  drawing  above  eight  feet  of 
water  load  and  unload  at  Cronstadt — the  goods  being  conveyed  to  the  city  in  light- 
ers.    Tho  water  to  Cronstadt  is  ample,  thcro  being  from  24  to  36  feot  of  water. 


122 


Foreign  Commercial  Statistics. 


949 


SWEDEN  AND  NORWAY. 

Sweden  and  Norway  together  occupy  the  Scandinavian  peninsula, 
which  consists  of  a  liU2je  mass  of  mountains,  falling  abruptly  toward  the 
Western  ocean,  and  in  a  series  of  long  slopes  toward  the  East  sea. 
More  than  a  third  part  of  the  ])eninsula  is  more  than  2,000  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea,  and  about  3,700  square  English  miles  of  its  surface 
are  within  the  limits  of  perpetual  snow.  Of  these  elevated  and  snowy 
regions,  nearly  3,000  square  miles  of  the  latter,  and  almost  the  whole  of 
the  former,  are  in  Norway.  The  country  possesses  a  great  diversity  of 
soil  and  climate.  The  summer  of  the  lowlands  of  Sweden  is  warm  and 
dry,  but  very  short ;  the  winters  are  long  and  severe.  The  climate, 
however,  is  generally  wholesome  and  invigorating.  The  climate  of  Nor- 
way is  less  extreme ;  not  so  warm  in  summer,  nor  so  cold  in  winter,  but 
more  humid  and  changeable  than  that  of  Sweden,  and  generally  less 
salubrious.  Agriculture  and  fisheries  are  the  principal  employments  of 
the  population.  Sweden  possesses  mines  of  iron  of  the  best  quality, 
which  are  wrought  with  advantage.  Sweden  and  Norway  form  two  dis- 
tinct States,  with  separate  governments,  but  are  united  under  one  crown. 

COMMERCE  OF  SWEDEN. 

NAVIGATIOM    AND   COMMERCE   IN   1854. 


Arrived. 

Cleared. 

t  Rix  dollars  Banco. 

COUNTEIES. 

< 

h 

<! 

f 

? 

\ 

2. 

1 

* 

Importation. 

Exportation. 

Norway,    . 

1,806 

56,399 

982 

20,774 

4,032,000 

2,241,000 

Finland,     . 

1,53d 

18,G97 

1,442 

15,996 

1,453,000 

276,000 

Russia, 

89 

1,201 

78 

951 

305,000 

133,000 

Prussia,     . 

397 

17,157 

336 

10,470 

1,165,000 

2,630,000 

Denmark, 

4,415 

86,814 

4,400 

74,035 

2,627,000 

7,101,000 

Mecklenburg,     . 

171 

7,802 

142 

5,953 

32,000 

448,000 

Lubec, 

579 

21,251 

462 

19,801 

19,129,000 

4,021,000 

Hamburg, 

6G 

4,369 

33 

1,769 

1,777,000 

406,000 

Bremen,    . 

34 

2,173 

22 

989 

421,000 

321,000 

Hanover  &  Oldenburg, 

6 

279 

5 

131 

1,000 

38,000 

Netherlands, 

81 

6,935 

144 

7,290 

026,000 

1,381,000 

Belgium,    . 

27 

3,346 

40 

3,829 

181,000 

389,000 

Great  Brit  &  Ireland, 

1,347 

125,411 

1,778 

172,523 

9,264,000 

23,093,000 

France, 

190 

20,778 

364 

40,326 

733,000 

3,035,000 

Spain, 

90 

10,312 

73 

8,891 

504,000 

1,031,000 

Portugal,  . 

179 

17,569 

82 

7,256 

461,000 

1,392,000 

Italy, 

33 

3,565 

16 

2,438 

206,000 

357,000 

Gibraltar, 

17 

2,772 

74,000 

Austria,     . 

2 

148 



253,000 

Algiers,     . 

25 

3,776 

...... 

362,000 

United  States,  . 

2G 

5,214 

35 

8,385 

3,250,000 

2,173,000 

"West  Indies,     . 

10 

1,256 

601,000 

Brazil, 

53 

6,087 

37 

4,515 

5,071,000 

626,000 

America  generally,    . 

12 

2,101 

180,000 

E.  Indies  k  Austra'.i;;, 

13 

1,940 

20 

3,442 

588,000 

484,000 

Cape  of  Good  Hope,  . 

27 

3,607 

315,000 

Total, 

10,648 

418,555 

10,574 

422,168 

62,437,000 

52,810,000 

948 


Sioeden  and  Korway. 


123 


FOREIGN   CO^IMERCE  OF  THE  UNH^ED  STATES  WITH 

SWEDEN  AND  NORWAY, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Years 

ENDING 

Sept. 
30. 

1821 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS 

Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullion  ifc  Specie. 

TON'GE  CL'D. 

DoMBBTic.  Foreign. 

Total. 

Total. 

Export. 

Import. 

For. 

Amer. 

$154,213  '    $62,968 

1    $217,181 

$759,7.53 

$10,189 

1,616 

964 

1S22 

180,411   :      80,210 

260,621 

1,151,788 

2,231 

1,203 

1823 

151,037  i    147,191 

298,228 

1,317,242 

2",666 

8,0,50 

880 

1834 

163,725       161,033 

324,7.58 

993,915 

800 

2,8-32 

1,56<) 

1825 

222,164  !    112,378 

8:M,.542 

1,385,896 

8,080 

8,'t« 

702 

1826 

126,031  j      88.489 

214,.523 

1,128,2.36 

8,000 

2.608 

618 

182T 

201,488  '    207,553 

409,041 

1,()15,.507 

4,400 

3,731 

1.530 

1828 

256,532  1    215,222 

471,754 

1.570,788 

6,065 

1,776 

1829 

122,663  1    126,971 

249,6.34 

1,020,910 

8,006 

2,255 

1,114 

1830 
Total, 

181,353      189,949 

871,802 

1,168,110 

$773 

1,110 

8,502 

2,028 

$1,769,620  11,391,964 

8,151,584 

11,467,145 

773 

27,029 

30,375 

12,275 

1831 

190,511 

86,519 

277,030 

901,812 

8,232 

472 

18;J2 

214,048 

152,365 

866,418 

1,097,394 

1,868 

8,078 

1833 

244.587 

70,262 

814,a49 

1,168,697 

1,806 

2,898 

1834 

277,287 

128,562 

405,799 

1,079,-327 

1,4.37 

8,486 

1833 

416,078 

100,160 

616,238 

1,285,178 

1,520 

2,703 

lase 

528,98:i 

89,558 

618,541 

1,243,139 

1,926 

2.807 

1887 

211,700 

208,704 

420,404 

1,399,901 

1,:W1 

4,084 

183S 

21(1,745 

66,686 

277,431 

8M,771 

5,027 

1,412 

l.ft!9 

1S;39 

337,000 

26.502 

863,502 

1,55.3,684 

797 

2.6H8 

1840 
Total, 

435,092 

115,134 

550,226 

1,217,913 

1,118 

6.936 

$3,065,981 

1,044,452 

4,110,433 

11,801,866 

6,027 

16,447 

29,711 

1341 

563,766 

38,553 

602,319 

1,209,881 

2,000 

2,215 

.3.816 

1S42 

238,948 

105,970 

844,918 

89(  1,9:34 

1,311 

6,161 

184;J* 

18,381 

1.5,807 

.84,188 

227,:556 

780 

438 

1844 

217,870 

12,231 

2.30,101 

42l.s;w 

4.629 

1S45 

250,567 

22.761 

273,.323 

627,9:« 

'.349 

6,248 

1846 

362,792 

89.545 

402,337 

724,865 

693 

7,766 

1847 

891,847 

2S.,S40 

420,187 

613,698 

6,263 

184S 

625,972 

32,844 

6.58,816 

7.'>0,S17 

2. 138 

10.648 

1849 

725,281 

ss..'>n6 

768,787 

731,846 

1,N31 

14,718 

1850 
Total, 

668,580 

51,610 

720,190 

1,0;j2,117 

.... 

649 

9,822 

$4,064,004 

886,167 

4,450,171 

7,231,286 

2,000 

9,660 

69,468 

1S51 

760,800 

21,566 

782,866 

967,237 

1.545 

9.098 

1852 

732,846 

2,5,322 

758,168 

775,448 

8.640 

6,547 

1853 

83:5,533 

18.735 

8.52,268 

447.832 

8,217 

6,].'v3 

1854 

1,08,5,602 

;f:i,324 

1,124,926 

515,178 

4,731 

4.896 

1856 

949,017 

2S,793 

977,810 

84.H,900 

4,601 

4,8.50 

1856 

1,871,645 

47,718 

1,919,868 

871,245 

9,461 

8,630 

*  9  months  to  June  30,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  bc^'ins  July  1. 

TRINCIPAL  TOUTS. 

GoTTEXBUuao,  or  more  properly  GiiTiiAHORO,  on  tlic  south-west  ooa.st  of  Sweden, 
bordering  the  Cattegat,  near  the  mouth  of  the  river  Gotha,  lat.  57°  42'  4"  N.,  long. 
11°  5T  45"  E.  Vessels  do  not  come  up  close  to  the  city,  but  lie  in  the  river  or 
harbor,  at  a  short  distance  from  the  shore — good-s  beinp  conveyed  to  and  from  them 
by  lighters.  Tho  depth  of  water  in  the  port  is  17  feet,  and  there  is  no  tide,  bar,  or 
shallow. 

Stockholm,  the  capital  of  Sweden,  situated  at  the  junction  of  Lake  Masler  with  an 
inlet  into  the  Baltic.  Tiie  entrance  to  tlio  harbor  i.s  intricate  and  dan,gerou.s,  and 
should  not  be  attempted  without  a  pilot;  but  the  harbor  itself  is  capacioas  and  ex- 
cellent— the  largest  vessels  lying  in  safety  close  to  the  qu.iys. 

Beroex,  the  lirst  conuncrci.-d  city  of  Norway,  situated  at  tho  head  of  a  deep  bay, 
in  lat.  60°  24'  N.,  and  Itmg.  6°  20'  E.  Tiie  bay  is  inclosed  on  all  sides  by  rugged 
rocks  and  islands ;  tho  wator  ia  deep,  but  tho  entrance  to  tho  town  is  difficult,  and 
need.s  a  pilot. 


124 


Foreign  Commercial  Statistics. 


951 


NORWAY. 

Norway  (Kingdom  of),  (Swed.  Norrige,  German  Norwegen),  a  coun- 
try of  North  Europe,  united  to  the  crown  of  Sweden,  and  forming  the 
N.W,  part  of  the  Scandinavian  peninsula,  capital  Christiana.  It  extends 
from  Cape  Lindesnacs  latitude  57°  57'  8",  to  the  North  Cape,  latitude 
71°  10'  3"  N.,  and  between  longitude  4°  50'  and  31°  15'  E. 

Owing  to  the  difficulty  of  transport,  all  the  seats  of  industry,  and  the  only 
towns,  are  on  the  coast,  and  chiefly  on  the  Gulf  of  Christiana.  Ship-build- 
ing is  actively  carried  on  in  the  ports.  In  the  middle  ages,  the  commerce 
of  Norway  consisted  exclusively  in  the  exportation  of  fish,  and  this  is  still 
the  most  important  article  of  trade.  Next  to  this  is  the  export  of  timber, 
which  was  commenced  by  the  Dutch  in  the  sixteenth  century  ;  and,  lastly, 
the  products  of  the  mines  and  metal  forges.  The  timber  exported  an- 
nually amounts  to  200,000  lastes,  value  1,685,000  specie  dollars. 

COMMERCE  OF  NORWAY,  IN  1853. 


ENTERED. 

CLEARED. 

COUNTRIES. 

Vessels. 

Commercial  Instes.* 

Vessels.  Commercial  Lastes.* 

Sweden,    . 

5G9 

8,772 

872 

26,984 

Russia, 

669 

n,7G8it 

805 

17,2714 

Prussia, 

291 

5,564 

345 

6,531 

Mecklenberg,     . 

6 

157 

10 

205 

Lubec, 

4 

191i 

4 

50i 

Denmark,  . 

3,578 

47,497 

3,503 

46,247i 

Altona, 

128 

3,621i 

57 

1,667+ 

Hamburg, . 

83 

3,613J 

19 

565| 

Bremen,     . 

107 

3,399 

92 

1,75U 

Oldenburg, 

66 

1,655 

28 

616 

Hanover,  . 

249 

5,566i 

254 

5,703 

Netherlands, 

.     1,010 

62,980 

1,010 

63,064 

Belgium,   . 

51 

2,666i 

61 

2,168 

Great  Britain,    . 

2,077 

130,244^ 

1,848 

126,900^ 

France,     . 

941 

58,673 

1.183 

74,77H 

Spain, 

72 

4,160^ 

128 

5,502i 

Portugal,  . 

149 

9,367 

4 

220i 

Gibraltar, . 

.... 

.... 

1 

35 

Sardinia,  .        .        .        . 

4 

307 

2 

73 

Roman  States,  . 

1 

49i 

The  Two  Sicilies,       . 

6 

883^ 

10 

553 

Austria,    .         .         .         . 

3 

158i 

Turkey,    .         .         .         . 

5 

372 

4 

198i 

British  Am.  Colonies, 

57 

9,691 

U.  States  of  America, 

3 

eiH 

11 

1,26H 

Cuba,        .        .        .        . 

3 

218 

4 

242 

West  Indies,     . 

5 

179^ 

Brazil,       .         .         .         . 

6 

565 

3 

222 

Australia, 

. . . 

2 

198i 

Trinidad,  .        .         .         . 

1 

176 

.... 

Java, 

2 

304i 

.... 

Baltic  Sea, 

29 

l,571i 

Ports  north-weat, 

26 

763^ 

38 

1,045 

Ports  south-west, 

•• 

57 

3,964^ 

Tot4 

10,106 

364,094 

10,450 

399,663 

Of„Mchwerejj°tSlw 

.      4,247 

101,605 

9,989 

363,799 

,     5,859 

262,489 

461 

35,863 

*  Laflt«=two  tons. 

950 


Swedish  West  Indies. 


125 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WITH 

THE  SWEDISH  WEST  INDIES, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Years 

ENDING 

EXPORTS 

IMPOETS 

■  Wheroof  thcro  was 
in  Bullion  &,  Specie. 

TOX-QE  CLT). 

Sept. 
80. 

1821 

Domestic. 

Foreign. 

Total. 

Total. 

Export.    Import. 

Amer. 

For. 

$507,077 

$53,149 

$560,226 

$611,116 

....     $292733 

20,774 

883 

1822 

569,566 

91,247 

600,813 

393,119 

76,58:3 

16,282 

1,080 

1823 

241.701 

18,362 

260,063 

1S,").S(|8 

44,1S1 

8,174 

a54 

1824 

2(i4,9s3 

39,(iS7 

244,670 

l(i2.s::.^ 

22,520 

8,263 

840 

1825 

193,761 

41,247 

235.0(lS 

81,702 

86,-55;} 

7,150 

183 

1826 

12(1,573 

28,284 

14:!,s57 

16:!.yi6 

40,429 

4,437 

1827 

41(1,822 

25,014 

441,836 

209,.".35 

82,920 

16,277 

1828 

611,5S4 

23,616 

635,200 

875,995 

109,656 

26,55:3 

'685 

1829 

684,523 

23,791 

708,314 

283.049 

100,741 

28,246 

828 

1830 
Total, 

552,700 

37,727 

590,427 

230,530 

157,874 

19,960 

984 

$4,103,290 

377,124 

4,480,414 

2,637,635 

964,195 

156,116 

4,742 

1831 

251,937 

11,111 

26.3.048 

218,913 

111,142 

7,199 

552 

1882 

141,219 

7,478 

148,727 

5.3,410 

22.215 

4.651 

644 

1833 

100,163 

5,057 

105,220 

82,2o2 

8,935 

8,895 

28:3 

ia34 

81,040 

7.902 

88,942 

47,214 

$2',466 

24,429 

2,619 

236 

1835 

72,714 

13,641 

86,:»5 

31,830 

22,013 

2,699 

217 

1836 

80,225 

1,620 

81,845 

56,414 

10,002 

2,052 

1837 

84,114 

8,005 

87,119 

68,977 

27.207 

2,623 

"84 

1838 

74.140 

4,281 

78,421 

46,019 

26.013 

1,945 

1389 

103.2S2 

4,1.30 

107.412 

12,458 

8,960 

2,184 

'i:» 

1840 
Total, 

98,710 

3,C10 

102.320 

57,545 

49,947 

2,203 

139 

$1,087,574 

61,835 

1,149,409 

624,4s7 

2,400 

305,86:3 

81,475 

2,294 

1841 

16.5.184 

8,707 

16S891 

19,760 

13.607 

8.455 

95 

1842 

129,727 

8,320 

133,047 

23.242 

19.475 

2,663 

726 

1843* 

31,228 

2,846 

88,574 

51,318 

4.5.823 

949 

1844 

63,8S4 

1,360 

65,244 

28,719 

i',6(j(i 

22,899 

1,478 

141 

1S45 

88.8^^6 

1,453 

90,839 

12,119 

8,473 

2135 

1846 

l:is,i2i 

3,448 

141,569 

5,285 

i',(')i2 

2,450 

2,329 

184T 

110,(162 

8,659 

113,721 

1,607 

1848 

75,496 

800 

76,296 

13,785 

9,589 

2.250 

■■79 

1849 

95,128 

737 

95,865 

15,982 

9,918 

2,6*4 

547 

1850 
Total, 

98,176 

1,166 

99,342 

2.193 
167,403 

500 

2,4M 

.382 

$995,892 

21,996 

1,017,888 

2,012 

182,234 

22,004 

1,970 

1S51 

61,157 

745 

61.902 

29.001 

19,587 

l.:?19 

1852 

9(»,8(i2 

1.99:t 

92,795 

4.2St 

8,229 

2,287 

'i'25 

1853 

31,024 

1,191 

32.215 

6,876 

4.N39 

1,186 

1854 

12,741 

12.741 

22,591, 

13,156 

367 

1855 

6S,S5() 

'sji 

69.247 

32.229 

16.816 

1,865 

146 

1856 

GO,7o2 

60,702 

10,192 

2,829 

1,012 

83 

*  9  months  to  June  80,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  ISLAND. 

Swedish  West  Indies. — The  i.sland  of  St.  Bartholomew  is  the  only  possession  of 
the  Swedes  in  America.  It  belongs  to  the  Leeward  ^froup.  and  is  situate  centrally 
in  17°  50'  N,  lat,  and  62°  52'  W.  lon^'.,  distant  12  miles  from  St.  Martin,  and  about 
30  from  St.  Christopher.  It  is  about  eight  miles  long  by  from  two  to  three  miles 
wide,  and  contains  an  area  of  about  25  square  miles.  Capital,  Gustavia.  Tho 
island  is  of  an  irregular  sliapo,  and  deeply  indented  by  numerous  small  sandy  bays, 
separated  by  bold  and  steep  rocky  acclivities,  of  moderate  height.  In  the  interior  it 
is  hilly,  but  its  lollicst  elevations  are  less  than  1,000  feet.  In  most  parts  it  is  barren 
and  sterile,  but  has  numerous  well-cultivated  valleys.  It  produces  all  tho  staples  of 
the  West  Indies — cotton,  sugar,  tobacco,  indigo,  etc ,  and  also  lignum  \\Uv  and  iron 
wood.  Its  only  exports  are  cattle  and  some  ."jalt.  "Water  is  scarce,  and  tho  inhab- 
itants depend  tor  supply  on  tho  rains.  The  only  harbor  is  La  Carcnage,  a  safe  and 
commodious  one,  and  much  frequented.  It  is  on  tho  west  side  of  the  island.  Close 
by  is  Gusta^da,  the  principal  town,  a  thriving  place. 


126 


Foreign  Commercial  Statistics, 


963 


SPAIN  (ESPANA), 

Iberia,  JFfispania,  a  country  of  S.W.  Eur6pe,  occupying  the  greater 
part  of  the  Iberian  peninsulii,  and  oft<.>n  termed  colloquially  "  the  Penin- 
sula" extending  between  latitude  36°  1'  and  43°  45'  N.,  and  longitude 
3°  20'  E.,  and  9°  21'  W.,  bounded  north  by  the  Bay  of  Biscay  and  the 
Pyrenees,  which  separate  it  from  France,  east  by  the  Mediterranean, 
south  by  the  Mediterranean  and  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar,  and  west  by  Por- 
tugal and  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  Capital,  Madrid.  The  principal  islands 
of  Spain  are  the  Baleares  or  Balearic  islands,  in  the  Mediterranean  ;  off 
the  coast  are  the  island  of  Leon,  islets  in  the  Bay  of  Vigo,  and  other.';  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Ebro. 

COMMERCE  OF  SPAIN  IN  THE  YEAR  1854. 


EUROPE. 

AFRICA. 

COirMTETES. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

COUNTErCS. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

Austria^ 

1,040,527 

874,013 

Algiers, 

354,269 

7,971,208 

Belgium,     . 

2,915,839 

3,849,715 

Kgypt, 

1,971,748 

20,160 

Brem.,  Ham., 

4,404,303 

14,031,459 

Mor.,  Tunis, 

268,659 

579,848 

Sardinia, 

4,727,877 
395,368 

26,454,925 
10,985,836 

Port.  Poss., 
Total,       . 

32,000 

76,849 

Denmark,    . 

2,626,676 

8,648,065 

Two  Sicilies, 

42,920 

1,430,458 

AMERICA. 

Roman  States, 

3,610,425 

877,162 

Cuba,  P.  R., 

148,546,232 

161,013,480 

France 

173,589,279 

238,421,957 

Brazil, 

6,395,792 

9,056,339 

Netherlands, 

3,821,034 

4,630,929 

Chili, 

222,380 

7,78.5,872 

England, 

158,324,624 

305,220,302 

Equador, 

12,142,536 

30,000 

Portugal,     . 

5,527.270 

31,995,902 

United  States, 

111,723,886 

57,312,251 

Prussia, 

102,509 

7,408,274 

Guatemala, . 

2,511,390 

73,050 

Russia, 

1,183,709 

2.959,131 

Mexico, 

596,370 

7,124,692 

Sweden, 

24,083,380 

4,276,887 

New  Grenada, 

20.040 

Tuscany, 

2,395,346 

12,872,205 

Peru,  . 

8,654,520 

3,623,274 

Turkey, 

1.560,021 

Rio  de  Plata, 

10.555,391 

32,686,464 

Great  Britain, 

56,050,509 

14^819,880 

Uruguay,     . 

725,054 

6,816,6'.)8 

Total,  . 

442,214,919 

632,669,056 

Venezuela,  . 

27,118,037 

1.435,037 

ASIA. 

Danish  Col., 

.   .  •   • 

411,037 

Philippines, 

25,229,166 

7,631,364 

French  Col., 

16,000 

English  Pos., 

6,506 

2,101,264 

English  Col., 

13,323,623 

5,068,840 

Zanzibar,     . 

872.726 

Total,       . 
Total,  reals, 

342,535,251 
813,485,244 

292,453,034 

Total,    . 

26,108,398 

9,732,628 

993,502,783 

ENIT 

BED. 

CLEAEKD. 

A 

> 

Vessels. 

Tons. 

Vessels. 

Tons. 

,„_.,(  Loaded 

6,698 

795,140 

5,787 

629,681 

^^^•^  i  In  ballast,       . 

2,068 

189,837 

1,041 

158,130 

Total,     . 

. 

"87J66 

984,977 

6,828 

787,811 

lOKA  i  Loaded 
^85*]  In  balk 

6,473 

756,525 

7,376 

828,897 

ist, 

2,974 
"9,447 

306,809 
1,063,334 

696 
8,072 

9.5,326 

Total,    . 

924,223 

Spain  is  rich  in  minerals,  especially  mercury,  iron,  copper,  and  lead. 
The  celebrated  gold  and  silver  mines  of  the  time  of  the  Romans,  have 
long  been  abandoned,  but  mercury  is  extracted  in  great  abundance  from 
the  mines  of  Almaden.  Lead  forms  an  important  branch  of  mining  in- 
dustry. Coal  is  found  chiefly  in  the  Asturias,  copper,  tin,  zinc,  antimony, 
arsenic,  and  cobalt,  are  common,  and  rock  salt  is  abundant  in  the  hills  of 
Cardona. 


952 


8paiii  on  the  Atlantic. 


127 


FOREIGN   COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WITH 
SPAIN  ON  THE  ATLANTIC, 

From  October  ],  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Years 

ENDING 

EXPOKTS 

IMPOETS 

Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullion  i  Specie. 

TON'GE  CL'D. 

Sept. 
80. 

1821 

Domestic. 

I'OREIGN. 

Total. 

Total. 

Export. 

Import. 

Amer. 

For. 

$324,706 

$189,900 

$514,606 

$254,025 

1 

$21,200 

8,604 

1823 

116,270 

67,743 

184,012 

32 ',535 

$3,636 

8,500 

3,079 

'm 

1823 

130,966 

6.5.966 

196,932 

503,487 

5,509 

4,628 

1824 

140,436 

866,434 

506,870  1 

259,560 

91,994 

6,084 

1825 

73,515 

82.722 

156,237  I 

244,664 

SOO 

2,.345 

1826 

71,313 

22,227 

93,.540 

332,719 

2,390 

8,620 

'4:35 

1827 

74,761 

47,178 

121,989 

154.3S5 

2,300 

2,245 

1828 

40,946 

199,9.53 

240,899 

210,684 

8.3,666 

245 

2.939 

'756 

1829 

545,753 

189,732 

685,485 

827,409 

50,000 

14,450 

12,719 

1,550 

1830 
Total, 

538,956 

61,327 

600,283 

461,267 

25,475 

9,387 

$2,057,623 

1,243,181 

3,300,803 

3,075,735 

86,6:30 

167,923 

55,650 

2,912 

1&31 

235,584 

63,428 

299,012 

506,072 

4,000 

46.-4:39 

4,598 

1,068 

1882 

302,534 

44,681 

347,265 

677.433 

2,050 

9,029 

6,0:33 

2,093 

1833 

201,619 

24,571 

226,190 

337,794 

1,:;21 

84,433 

5,723 

1,5.37 

1834 

202,744 

25,033 

227,777 

640,369 

9.005 

2,491 

6,1.36 

1,534 

183.5 

430,984 

87.230 

518,214 

468,969 

76,412 

2.323 

9,247 

1,411 

1836 

604,929 

46,280 

651,209 

793,708 

26,214 

8,400 

5.971 

4,021 

1837 

230,099 

46,750 

276,849 

465,467 

15,050 

10,428 

2,724 

5,843 

1838 

137,405 

12,470 

149,875 

234,200 

12,2:39 

78,766 

5.301 

1,537 

1839 

316,144 

32,014 

348,153 

26.3,193 

3,520 

15,129 

1,617 

1840 
Total, 

137,835 

5,839 

14;5,674 

220,315 

1,370 

8,767 

11,160 

2,419 

$2,799,927 

888,296 

8,188,223 

4,663,570 

151,731 

191,036 

72,022 

23,070 

1841 

208,323 

17,822 

221,145 

190,727 

12,020 

8,200 

7.557 

1,474 

1842 

333,222 

1,200 

3:34,422 

79,735 

1,842 

11,6.56 

2,398 

1843* 

50,100 

240 

50,340 

49,029 

7,195 

2,298 

802 

1844 

569,631 

33,803 

59.3,439 

2.52,127 

li.uh 

6,148 

10,427 

185 

1&45 

271,233 

550 

271,783 

117,153 

1.S76 

6,523 

672 

1846 

845,442 

345,442 

147,363 

4,650 

6,753 

2,871 

1847 

770,748 

10,1  is 

780,863 

274.703 

9,500 

55.592 

9.5S5 

1,174 

1843 

597,797 

597.797 

277,105 

55,429 

12,926 

2,209 

1849 

169,071 

3l',479 

2(10.550 

313,490  1 

28".i,57 

24,413 

17,24:! 

2,2:54 

1850 
Total, 

60.5,059 

28,.553 

634,217 

330,181  ; 

27,613 

13,706 

10,533 

$3,916,226 

113,772 

4,029,998 

2,031,623 

95,033 

159,345     : 

98,684 

24,052 

1851 

958,713 

1,075 

959,783 

451,797 

i 

14.683 

12,424 

1853 

499,314 

2S,2(I8 

520,522 

842,096 

2.5,706 

... 

10,963 

8,406 

1853 

631,494 

15,551 

647,045 

035,046 

13,531 

2.960 

10,763 

6,229 

18.54 

1,390,348 

1,390.348 

53s,5il4 

14,032 

8,940 

3,164 

1855 

1,189,1.58 

15l',ii7 

1,340,275 

51  S.I  40 

22,254 

6,570 

1856 

1,417,949 

10,306 

1,423,255 

5s2,025 

13,223 

7,697 

♦  9  months  to  Juno  30,  and  tho  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORTS. 

Cadiz,  the  principal  commerei.al  city  and  seaport  of  Spain,  on  its  soutli-wcstcni 
coast,  on  tlio  roclcy  and  elevated  extremity  of  a  narrow,  low  peninsula,  or  tonsuo 
of  land,  projcctinj^  from  tho  Isla  de  Leon,  N.N.W.  about  4^  nautical  miles.  It  is 
surrounded  on  all  sides,  except  tho  south,  where  it  joins  the  land,  by  the  .sea,  and  Ls 
very  stront^ly  fortified.  Population  in  1837,  58,525.  It  is  well  built,  and  ha.s,  at  a 
distance,  a  very  striking:  appearance.  Tho  tower  or  lighthou.se  of  St.  Sebastian 
stands  on  the  western  side  of  tlio  cit)^,  being  in  lat.  36°  31'  7"  N.,  long.  6°  IS'  52" 
W.  It  is  a  most  conspicuous  object  to  vessels  approaching  from  tlio  Atlantic.  The 
light,  which  is  172  feet  high,  is  of  great  brilliancy,  revolves  once  a  niitiute,  and  iu 
fair  weather  may  be  seen  more  than  six  leagues  oft'. 

Bay  of  Cadiz. — The  entrance  to  tliis  noble  basin  lies  between  tlio  city  and  the 
town  and  promontory  of  Rota,  bearing  N.W.  by  N.,  distant  about  If-  leagues.  The 
bay  is  of  vor}'  great  extent,  aflbrding,  in  most  places,  good  anchorage.  Tho  port  is 
ou  the  eastern  side  of  tho  city,  where  a  largo  mole  has  been  constructed. 


128  Foreign  Commercial  Statistics.  955 


SPAIN. 

Spanish  Commercial  Policy. — It  is  tlic  peculiar  misfortune  of  Spain 
that  every  part  of  her  political  system  has  been  alike  vicious  and  objection- 
able. Had  her  commercial  ])olicy  been  liberal,  it  would,  in  some  degree, 
have  compensated  for  the  defects  in  the  distribution  of  property  and  po- 
litical power,  and  would,  no  doubt,  liave  given  a  powerful  stimulus  to 
industry.  But,  unluckily,  it  has  been  in  perfect  harmony  with  her  other 
institutions,  and  was,  in  all  respects,  worthy  of  the  favorite  seat  and 
stronghold  of  the  Inquisition.  From  the  reign  of  Ferdinand  and  Isa- 
bella down  almost  to  yesterday,  the  grand  object  of  the  Spanish  gov- 
ernment, next  to  the  extirpation  of  heresy,  has  been  to  exclude  foreign 
manufactures  from  the  Peninsula,  and  to  presei"ve  a  monopoly  of  its 
markets,  as  well  as  of  those  of  the  colonies,  to  the  home  manufacturers. 
It  is,  however,  almost  needless  to  say,  that  their  efforts  to  bring  about 
this  result  have  been  signally  unsuccessful.  Oppressive  taxes,  with  the 
multiplication  of  fasts  and  holy-days,  the  government  monopolies,  and  the 
badness  of  the  roads  and  other  means  of  communication,  made  it  impos- 
sible for  the  Spanish  manufocturers,  even  if  they  had  evinced  greater 
enterprise  and  industry  than  they  have  done,  to  produce  manufactured 
articles  as  cheap  as  the  English,  French,  and  others  less  unfavorably  situ- 
ated. And  such  being  the  case,  it  is  plain  that  the  prohibition  of  certain 
descriptions  of  commodities,  and  the  oppressive  duties  laid  on  others, 
could  have  no  etfect  except  to  suppress  the  legitimate  commerce  of  the 
country,  and  to  throw  it  wholly,  or  almost  wholly,  into  the  hands  of 
smugglers.  Any  one  who  takes  up  a  map  of  Spain  must  be  satisfied  at 
a  glance  that  it  would  be  impossible  for  an  army  of  customs  officers  to 
prevent  her  being  deluged  with  smuggled  products,  provided  they  were 
materially  cheaper  than  her  native  products ;  for,  beside  her  extensive 
sea  frontier,  they  may  be  introduced  by  way  of  France  and  Portugal, 
and  also  through  the  Basque  Provinces,  which  have  distinct  laws,  and 
enjoy  an  exemption  from  the  commercial  code  inflicted  on  the  rest  of  the 
kingdom.  We  need  not,  therefore,  be  surprised  that  every  effort  to  pre- 
vent the  clandestine  introduction  of  foreign  products  completely  failed. 
The  severities  occasionally  inflicted  on  the  smugglers,  instead  of  abating, 
seems  really  to  have  increased,  the  evil.  The  contraband  trade  has  long 
been  a  favorite  occupation,  and  has  been  eagerly  followed  by  the  adven- 
turous, the  necessitous,  and  the  desperate.  It  is  believed  that  for  nearly 
three  centuries  from  100,000  to  150,000  individuals  have  been  pretty 
constantly  engaged  in  this  occupation  ;  that  is,  they  have  been  engaged 
in  trampling  on  the  laws,  obstructing  their  officers,  and  committing  acts 
of  violence  and  blood.  A  few  years  ago  about  3,000  actions  were  an- 
nually instituted  against  contraband istas  and  others  engaged  in  illicit  trade, 
which  terminated  in  the  ruin  of  a  vast  number  of  families;  at  the  same 
time  that  the  courts  of  law  were  filled  with  perjury,  and  the  country  with 
bloody  conflicts.  And  yet  these  atrocities  secured  no  one  object  that  the 
government  had  in  view. 

Notwithstanding  their  being  absolutely  prohibited,  Englisb  and  French 
cotton  goods  might,  in  1848,  be  bought  in  every  shop  in  Madrid,  and 
generally  throughout  Spain  ;  the  former  at  from  20  to  30  per  cent,  above 
their  price  in  Gibraltar,  where  they  are  about  as  cheap  as  in  Manchester. 


954 


Spain  on  the  Mediterranean. 


129 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WITH 
SPAIN  ON   THE  MEDITERRANEAN, 

Erom  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Years 

ENDING 

Sept. 
SO 

1821 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS 

Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullion  &  Specie. 

TOiTGE  CL'D. 

Domestic. 

'Foeeign. 

Total, 

Total. 

Export. 

Import. 

Amer. 

For. 

$■34,225 

$915 

$25,140 

$288,368 

$5,002 

1,174 

1S22 

525,2110 

1.354 

526,554 

503,656 

2,796 

2,489 

177 

1823 

20,876 

19,447 

40,323 

473,539 

8.540 

874 

1S24 

9,840 

9,S40 

308.657 

47,159 

766 

356 

1S25 

18,814 

6,335 

25,149 

832,999 

1,568 

1826 

80,964 

2ft,046 

101.010 

332,398 

:.:: 

l',466 

1,462 

1827 

62,353 

7,112 

69,465 

460,350 

19,200 

1,912 

1S2S 

66,844 

51,193 

118,037 

421,476 

1,250 

3,066 

'iis 

1829 

185,952 

45,700 

231,652 

474,120 

15,800 

4,516 

1830 
Total, 

145,556 

145,556 

543,271 

13,436 

3,017 

$1,140,624 

152,102 

1,292,726 

4,138,834 

114,583 

20,831 

746 

1831 

7.5,121 

7,198 

82,319 

709,022 

8,130 

1,905 

536 

1832 

186,864 

1,054 

187,918 

740,701 

430 

3,286 

1,808 

1833 

136,150 

546 

136,696 

806,714 

1,994 

4,845 

2.059 

1834 

187.473 

187,473 

1,112,365 

3.000 

4,625 

2,886 

lass 

93,949 

4S',79S 

187,747 

826,709 

$25,560 

81,683 

6,874 

3,204 

1836 

278.523 

278,528 

1,600,781 

. . . , 

6,515 

3,621 

183T 

324,187 

30,246 

354,433 

1,931,689 

2l',8i)6 

2,100 

1,S46 

4,833 

1888 

a36,904 

2,595 

339,499 

868,336 

1,866 

11,540 

i,a53 

4,736 

1839 

209,724 

19,000 

228,724 

1,597,978 

19,800 

2,800 

5,637 

2,033 

1840 
Total, 

215,5.84 

3,036 

218,619 

1,463,850 

8,634 

4,006 

$2,044,484 

107,472 

2,151,956 

11,658,145 

68,966 

70,311 

40,892 

25,726 

'      1841 

173,633 

9,997 

183,630 

1,119,969 

9,534 

16,184 

4,843 

1842 

221,898 

16,578 

23»,476 

1,065,640 

5,319 

'96 

1843* 

415,069 

58,777 

470 

1S44 

15J66 

23",:340 

89,io6 

381,237 

23,;i40 

30.4S3 

865 

1845 

55,700 

28,808 

84,508 

9.54,628 

28,808 

111.562 

3,909 

]',656 

1846 

82.4;55 

47,718 

130,153 

864.416 

47,718 

15,406 

5,809 

827 

1S4T 

1,18S,:«0 

41,063 

1,229,403 

1,016,551 

25,000 

120,042 

7,206 

16,326 

1848 

1,741,474 

6.875 

1,748,349 

919,:M6 

6.875 

84.039 

9,189 

27,313 

1849 

1,619,423 

19,827 

1,639  250 

1,005,687 

19,827 

112,228 

6,603 

28,073 

1850 
Total, 

3,256,362 

96,855 

8,853,217 

1,702,214 

85,792 

407,188 

9,867 

34,297 

$8,355,031 

291,061 

8,646,092 

9,444,757 

246,894 

912,509 

53,140 

107,432 

1861 

4,457,331 

137,472 

4.594,803 

1,710,776 

107,043 

8,480 

9,576 

44.014 

18.')2 

2,718,504 

114,237 

2,832,741 

l,44;iy75 

87,965 

1,500 

6.174 

37.0:11 

1853 

8,'i-23,650 

34,297 

3,957,  J53 

1.458,879 

84,297 

7,600 

38.1.30 

1854 

3,212,36:^ 

31,040 

8  243,408 

1,579,074 

31,040 

12,140 

87.224 

1855 

8,375,680 

203,701 

3,570,381 

1.935,372 

6,126 

26..3.33 

18,873 

1856 

6,948,380 

57,633 

6,006,063 

1,650,441 

29,450 

19,500 

12,135 

60,067 

♦  9  months  to  June  30,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORTS. 

Alicant,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  lat.  38°  20'  41"  K,  long.  Qo  30'  W. 
The  harbor  is  open  and  spacious,  between  capo  de  la  Heurta  on  tho  north-ca^jt,  and 
Isla  Plana  on  tho  south,  di.stant  from  each  other  about  ten  miles.  Ships  of  coHs'ider- 
able  burden  moor  from  one  fourth  to  one  mile  from  shore,  in  from  30  to  40.  feet  of 
water;  they  are  exposed  to  all  winds  from  tho  E.N.E.  to  S.  by  W. ;  but  the  holding- 
ground  is  good,  and  tliere  is  no  instance  of  a  ship  having  been  driveu  from  hcT 
moorings  in  the  {)ast  twenty  years. 

Barcelona,  tlie  principal  town  of  Spain  on  tlic  Mediterranean,  in  lat.  41°  22'  N. 
and  long.  2°  10'  E.  Tho  harbor  is  naturally  bad,  and  is  formed  by  a  mole  or  jetty! 
The  depth  of  water  witliin  tho  mold  is  from  18  to  20  feet ;  but  there  is  a  bar  between 
the  mole  and  Monjni,  and  which  has  frequently  not  more  than  ten  feet.  Vesaela 
inside  the  mole  are  safe.  Large  vessels  have  to  anchor  outside,  and  are  much 
incommoded  by  the  winds. 

Bilbao,  sometimes  incorrectly  written  Belboa,  a  Sp.  seaport  in  tho  bay  of  Biscay. 


130  Foreign  Commefrcial  Statistics.  957 

CANARY  ISLANDS. 

They  lie  in  the  North  Atlantic  Ocean,  between  the  parallels  of  lati- 
tude 27°  40'  and  29°  30'  N.,  and  the  meridians  of  longitude  13°  30'  and 
18°  20'  W.  The  names  of  the  seven  principal  islands,  their  respective 
area  in  English  square  miles,  and  their  population  in  1835,  are  given  in 
the  following  table : 

IBLANVS.  Area.  Population. 

Teneriffe, 877-7  85,000 

Grand  Canarj' 758-3  68,000 

Palma, 718-5  33,000 

Lanzarote, 323-5  17,400 

Fucrtevontura, 326-1  13,800 

Gomera, 169.7  11,700 

Hierro 82-2  4,400 

Fuerteventura  lies  nearest  to  the  African  coast,  the  inters-al  being  be- 
tween 50  and  GO  miles.  Besides  these,  there  are  many  islets,  most  of 
which  are  uninhabited.  The  grape  disease  made  its  appearance  at  the 
Canaries  in  1853,  and  destroyed  nearly  the  whole  crop.  Previously  the 
total  annual  produce  was  estimated  at  about  40,000  pipes,  of  which 
25,000  pipes  were  produced  in  Teneriffe.  Between  8,000  and  9,000 
pipes  were  exported.  The  price  per  pipe  on  board,  ranged  from  £8  to 
£20.  Some  of  the  wine  is  distilled  into  good  brandy.  Sumach  for  the 
tanners,  canary-seed,  and  a  little  flax,  are  grown.  The  gardens  produce, 
in  addition  to  the  vegetables  of  the  English  gardens,  pumpkins,  gourds, 
yams  (taro),  garlic,  red-pepper,  and  the.  castor-oil  plant.  The  fruit-trees 
are  badly  managed,  so  that  the  fruit  is  generally  inferior.  Here  are  found 
fruits  from  every  quarter  of  the  globe,  including  oranges,  figs,  bananas, 
dates,  pine-apples,  pomegranates,  papaws,  guavas,  custard  apples,  and 
prickly  pears  (the  fruit  of  the  cactus).  There  are  no  cocoa-nut-trees  or 
bread-fruit-trees,  as  Humboldt  reports.  A  little  oil  is  obtained  from  the 
olive,  in  Grand  Canary.  The  agave  is  abundant,  and  supplies  a  material 
for  ropes,  girths,  etc.  The  leaves  of  the  date  palm  are  made  into  hats 
and  baskets.  A  good  deal  of  orchilla  lichen  is  gathered  for  exportation  ; 
and  the  ice-plant  is  cultivated  for  barilla.  The  sugar  manufacture,  once 
80  largely  carried  on,  has  fallen  before  the  American  and  West  Indian 
trade ;  the  only  two  existing  mills  are  on  Palma.  Wine  having  been  for 
Bome  time  so  little  remunerative,  other  things  have  received  attention,  the 
chief  of  which  is  the  cochineal  insect,  which  feeds  on  the  common  cactus 
(^Opunlia  tuna),  and  is  now  largely  produced  on  all  the  islands,  land 
formerly  occupied  by  grain  and  vines  being  devoted  to  its  cultivation. 
The  insect  has  not  been  long  introduced,  but  the  cultivation  has  rapidly 
extended.  In  1849,  800,000  pounds  were  exported,  principally  to  France 
and  Enn^land.  Since  that  year,  the  exports  have  much  increased  ;  the 
price  paid  to  the  Canary  exporter,  is  about  oue  dollar  per  pound.  The 
silkworm  is  reared  to  a  small  extent,  chiefly  on  Palma.  Raw  silk  is  ex- 
ported, and  some  is  manufactured  on  the  spot  into  stockings,  ribbons, 
etc.  Some  linen  and  woolen  stuff's  of  a  coarse  kind  are  made  for  home 
consumption,  but  the  gi-eat  bulk  of  the  clothing  in  use  is  of  foreign  manu- 
facture. The  chief  exports  are  wine,  cochineal,  barilla,  and  orchilla.  The 
imports  consist  of  woolen,  silk,  cotton,  and  iron  manuifactures,  glass,  etc 


956 


Tenenffe  and  the  Canaries. 


131 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WITH 
TENERJFFE  AND  THE  CANARIES, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1855. 


Years 

ENDING 

EXPORTS 

IMPORTS 

Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullion  &  Specie. 

TON'GE  CL'D. 

80.' 

Domestic. 

FOKEIGN. 

TOTAU 

1    Total. 
$265,089 

EXPOBT. 

Import. 

Ameb. 

For.      I 

1821 

$74,828 

$48,6;i7 

$12.3,465 

$7,284 

8,003 

92 

1822 

a5,937 

29,140 

n.5.077 

241,195 

8,650 

$470 

2,849 

182.3 

58.002 

21,216 

79,218 

208.484 

600 

2.296 

1824 

42,845 

20,144 

62,989 

95.579 

6,707 

8,600 

1,732 

'iso 

1825 

70,880 

21,271 

91,651 

16.5.718 

6.240 

8,067 

119 

1826 

42,761 

21,742 

64,.W3 

173,899 

4,007 

1,901 

1827 

46.163 

39,817 

S5,9S0 

12.3,360 

4.316 

4.064 

2,163 

1828 

83,529 

8,,551 

42,080 

222,740 

2,3.50 

1,700 

1,516 

1829 

42,a39 

2.3,817 

66,156 

25,283 

8,108 

1,714 

1830 
Total, 

19,040 

610 

19,650 

99,878 

796 

$516,324 

»J4,445 

750,769 

1,615,725 

43,822 

10,4.34 

21,037 

341 

1831 

84,931 

8,446 

38,377 

12.'5.1.59 

1,418 

18.32 

14,567 

7,S61 

22,418 

154,a37 

6,975 

2,160 

925 

183-3 

24,313 

15,355 

39,663 

148,090 

8,000 

2.342 

"97 

18.W 

20,633 

7S7 

21,425 

148,130 

1,826 

aw 

1885 

40,195 

12,710 

52,905 

196.862 

4.842 

"679 

2,151 

194 

1836 

21,687 

4,264 

2.5.951 

203,9^3 

2,001 

670 

1,615 

1837 

27,.553 

7,<VtS 

35.201 

2.55.276 

7,200 

2.157 

18.38 

34.619 

18,686 

53,305 

151.366 

12,540 

'mh 

2.177 

1889 

15,.572 

11,989 

27,511 

196,755 

11.6.52 

190 

1.193 

1840 
Total, 

11,816 

11,579 

23,395 

150,522 

9,000 

n3 

'sea 

$245,891 

94,265 

340,156 

1,730.950 

62,870 

4,282 

16,516 

1,011 

1841 

12,290 

8,499 

15,789 

144,654 

1,200 

1812 

12,723 

518 

13,241 

91,411 

426 

'473 

1843* 

7,099 

3,925 

11,024 

15.058 

48G 

laa 

14,493 

1,042 

15,-5.35 

61,658 

im 

861 

'143 

1845 

5,895 

5,895 

5.5,032 

467 

387 

1846 

13,072 

4,840 

17,912 

62,095 

645 

1847 

15,148 

15,148 

61,864 

S56 

laks 

9,921 

l',229 

11,150 

35.061 

8;i9 

'iis 

1849 

17,840 

654 

18,494 

.38,919 

912 

235 

1850 
Total, 

20,524 

5,065 

25,589 

85,223 

4,846 

647 

1,376 

$129,005 

20,772 

149,777 

650,970 

4,840 

1,900 

7,&39 

2,784 

1851 

13.540 

5.689 

19,179 

27.718 

5,506 

7a} 

157 

1852 

16,471 

45 

10,5;  6 

51,615 

793 

1,183 

1853 

2.3,215 

1,000 

24,215 

84.021 

•ioo 

1,046 

1,235 

ISM 

19,316 

804 

e(».120 

89.593 

1.046 

1865 

43,211 

8,0S6 

46,297 

45,155 

.... 

2,147 

1,856 

*  9  months  to  Jane  30,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  ttaie  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORTS. 

The  port.s  of  Santa  Cruz  do  Tcneriflfe,  Orotana.  Ciiidad  Real  do  lea  Palma.s  Aiie- 
ciEFo  do  Lanprarole,  Puerto  dc  Cabra.s,  and  San  Sclja.stian,  in  the  Canary  Islands,  hav- 
ing been  declared  free  hy  royal  decree,  proclaimed  on  the  10th  of  October,  1852,  and 
vessels  of  the  United  States  and  their  oarproes  arrivinp^  in  said  ports  bein?  thus 
placed  on  the  same  footing  with  those  of  Spain,  no  di.seriininatincr  duty  is  levied  on 
Spanish  ves-sels  and  their  cargoes  arriving  from  tho.'^e  ports  in  the  ports  of  the 
United  St.ates;  provided  tiiat  on  every  such  arrival  the  required  consular  certificate 
be  filed  with  the  collector  of  the  port. 

Tkxeriffe,  the  lar;;cst  island  of  the  group,  lies  between  Canarj*  and  Gomcra.  It 
is  of  an  irregular  shape,  GO  miles  in  length,  with  an  extreme  breadth  of  .10  miles. 
Not  more  than  one  seventh  is  cultivable.  A  chain  of  mountains  traverses  the  island 
in  the  direction  of  its  greatest  length,  and  in  the  middle  of  the  bro.-wle.st  part  rises  the 
celebrated  peak  locally  known  as  the  Pico  dc  Teyde,  whicli,  with  its  supports  and 
Bpius,  occupies  nearly  two  thirds  of  the  whole  island. 


132  Foreign  Commercial  Statistics.  959 


MANILLA. 

Manilla,  tlie  capital  of  Luconia,  the  largest  of  the  Philippine  Islands, 
and  the  principal  settlement  of  the  Spaniards  in  the  East,  in  latitude 
14°  36'  8"  N.,  longitude  120°  53i'  E.  Population  about  100,000,  of 
whom  from  4,000  to  5,000  may  be  Europeans.  Manilla  is  built  on  the 
shore  of  a  spacious  bay  of  the  same  name,  at  the  mouth  of  a  river,  nav- 
igable for  small  vessels  a  considerable  way  into  the  interior.  The 
smaller  class  of  ships  anchor  in  Manilla  roads,  in  5  fathoms,  the  north 
bastion  bearing  N.  3*7°  E.,  the  fishery  stakes  at  the  river's  mouth  N.  18° 
E.,  distant  about  a  mile ;  but  large  ships  anchor  at  Cavita,  about  three 
leagues  to  the  southward,  where  there  is  a  good  harbor,  well  sheltered 
from  the  W.  and  S.W.  winds.  The  arsenal  is  at  Cavita,  which  is  de- 
fended by  fort  St.  Philip,  the  strongest  fortress  on  the  islands.  The  city 
is  surrounded  by  a  wall  and  towers,  and  some  of  the  bastions  are  well 
furnished  with  artillery. 

Though  situated  within  the  tropics,  the  climate  of  the  Philippines  is 
suflBciently  temperate  ;  the  only  considerable  disadvantage  under  which 
they  labor  in  this  respect  being  that  the  principal  part  of  the  group 
comes  within  the  range  of  the  typhoons.  The  soil  is  of  very  different 
qualities ;  but  for  the  most  part  singularly  fertile.  They  are  rich  in 
mineral,  vegetable,  and  animal  productions.  It  is  stated  in  a  statistical 
account  of  the  Philippines,  published  at  Manilla  in  1818  and  1819,  that 
the  entire  population  of  the  islands  amounted  to  2,249,852,  of  which 
1,376,222  belonged  to  Luconia.  There  were,  at  the  period  referred  to, 
only  2,837  Europeans  in  the  islands,  and  little  more  than  6,000  Chinese. 
The  natives  are  said  to  be  the  most  active,  bold,  and  energetic,  of  any 
belonging  to  the  eastern  Archipelago.  "  These  people,"  says  a  most 
intelligent  navigator,  "  appear  in  no  respect  inferior  to  those  of  Europe. 
They  cultivate  the  earth  like  men  of  understanding ;  are  carpenters, 
joiners,  smiths,  goldsmiths,  weavers,  masons,  etc.  I  have  walked  through 
their  villages,  and  found  them  kind,  hospitable,  and  communicative  ;  and 
though  the  Spaniards  speak  of  and  treat  them  with  contempt,  I  per- 
ceived that  the  vices  they  attributed  to  the  Indians,  ought  rather  to  be 
imputed  to  the  government  they  have  themselves  established." — ( Voyage 
de  M.  De  la  Perouse,  c.  15.) 

The  piincipal  currency  of  Manilla  consists  of  Spanish  dollars,  of  8 
reals  and  96  grains ;  but  South  American  dollars  are  also  current.  The 
weight  in  use  are  the  Spanish  lb.,  which  is  nearly  2  per  cent,  heavier 
than  the  English;  the  arroba  =  25i  English  lbs.  nearly;  the  quintal  = 
102  lbs.;  and  the  pecul  of  5  arrobas  or  1^^  cwt.  English.  The  coyan 
is  a  measure  for  rice,  etc.,  varying  from  06  to  135  lbs.  According  to 
a  recent  list,  there  are  in  Manilla  47  Spanish  merchants  and  11  foreign 
firms.  The  Spanish  merchants  have  a  chamber  of  commerce,  and  a 
joint-stock  insurance  society.  The  United  States,  France,  and  Belgium 
have  consuls,  and  each  of  the  Canton  marine  insurance  companies  has  an 
agent  here.  There  are,  however,  neither  fire  nor  life  offices  nor  agencies ; 
nor  is  any  newspaper,  price-current,  or  other  periodical  publication  issued 
in  Manilla.  The  important  articles  ofexport,  are  sugar,  hemp,  indigo,  cigars, 
cotton,  coffee,  rice,  mother  of  pearl,  and  woods.  Imports,  clothing,  hard- 
ware, furniture,  fire-arms,  and  manufactured  articles  generally. 


958 


ManiUa  and  Philippine  Islands. 


133 


FOREIGX  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WITH 
MANILLA  AND  PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Tears 

ENDING 

EXPORTS 

IMPORTS 

1  Whereof  there  was 
In  Bullion  &  Specie. 

TON'GE  CL'D.    j 

Sept. 
80. 

Domestic. 

Foreign. 

Total. 

Totau 
$114,861 

Export. 

Import. 

Amer. 

For. 

1821 

$1,.369 

$209,964 

$211..323 

$190,000 

632 

.... 

1822 

11,799 

n,799 

870 

182.3 

5,449 

41,275 

46,7-24 

16S,2S5 

870 

1824 

8,958 

210.562 

219.520 

153,472 

136,666 

8,666 

804 

1S25 

23,169 

1^5,.554 

2118,723 

229,-371 

122,600 

80,500 

8,067 

119 

1826 

14,183 

58,207 

72,340 

848,376 

30,000 

12,216 

724 

1827 

150,818 

26,685 

1823 

19,914 

14l',83S 

16l',752 

60,:381 

101,666 

'869 

1829 

10,802 

66,430 

77,232 

209,206 

20,082 

594 

1880 
Total, 

89,129 

54,539 

93,668 

884,887 

16,248 

458 

$122,913 

980,168 

1,103,081 

1,809,651 

599,582 

88,648 

7,828 

119 

18.31 

15,994 

16.8^0 

32,824 

848,995 

3,000 

1,220 

249 

18:32 

20,906 

113,414 

134,320 

3.32,2-30  i 

68,000 

114 

1,286 

1S:33 

1,021 

8,376 

9,397 

504,498  ; 

994 

18;M 

3,662 

12,257 

15,919 

fS3,686 

222 

1835 

88,947 

50,152 

89,099 

41-3,815 

48,666 

1.972 

1886 

7,361 

52,672 

60,038 

80.3,880 

16,000 

"465 

1,908 

183T 

1,-^6,435 

ia33 

9.3,2i4 

149,803 

242,.5i7 

886,528  1 

148',466 

l',786 

18-39 

98,553 

88,266 

136,808 

876,477  1 

86,200 

1,026 

1,674 

1840 
Total, 

90,589 

30,927 

121,516 

460,261 

30,000 

809 

$370,247 

472.186 

842,433 

5,746,244 

838,660 

2,825 

10,894 

1841 

75,450 

187,3.36 

262,786 

73.3,906 

165,344 

3,794 

1842 

235,733 

100.444 

836,176 

772,372 

94,536 

4,797 

184.3* 

57,74;? 

54,4.36 

112,178 

409,290 

48,006 

1,401 

1844 

91,769 

131,228 

222,997 

724,811 

129,.336 

6,283 

1845 

119.263 

35,315 

154,578 

633,069 

31,200 

8,280 

1846 

100.9.54 

9,285 

110,239 

865.866 

9,008 

8,030 

1*47 

82,480 

44,760 

77,240 

494,056 

44,760 

8,189 

1848 

86,949 

i:t,54;3 

50,492 

1,197,027 

10,332 

8,520 

3,818 

1849 

187,863 

8,669 

146,537 

1,127.114 

.... 

5,183 

8,826 

1860 
Total, 

16,817 

1,450 

18,267 

1,. 386,866 

4,423 

8,165 

2,592 

$905,025 

686,466 

1,491,490 

8,294,867 

532,621 

18,125 

86,983 

2,592 

1851 

125,644 

7,000 

182.544 

1,254,688 

2,200 

192 

15,134 

4.S05 

1852 

211,791 

9,927 

221.718 

1,522,646  1 

523 

11,039 

6,862 

1853 

64,376 

1,000 

6.').375 

2,465,nS3 

20,698 

2,003 

18&4 

27,852 

46.650 

74..')02 

2,96,%2i2 

42,522 

16,798 

843 

1855 

94,203 

83,708 

177.911 

2,s67,44l 

123,420 

109,485 

12,430 

600 

1856 

204,668 

64,689 

296,857 

2,926,870  1 

127,393 

21,686 

868 

*  9  months  to  June  30,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  ISLANDS. 
Philippine  Islands,  a  largo  and  important  group  in  the  Asiatic  Arcliipelago, 
forming  its  nortlicrly  division,  and,  next  to  Cuba,  the  most  valuble  colonial  posses- 
sion of  Spain,  chiefly  between  lat.  5°  32'  and  19°  38'  N.,  and  long.  117°  and  12T°K., 
having  N.  and  E.  the  Pacific  ot-ean,  W.  the  China  sea,  and  S.  the  sca.s  of  Sooloo  and 
Celebes.  There  are  at  least  1,200  islands,  great  and  small.  Principal  islands,  Luzon. 
Mindanao,  and  Palawan,  with  Mindoro,  Panay,  Marindique,  Negros,  Zebu,  Bohol. 
Leyte,  Samar,  Masbato,  and  many  of  less  size.  Total  area  estimated  at  120,000 
square  miles.  The  Spanish  dominion  is  stated  to  extend  over  only  52,148  square 
miles.  Population,  1850,  3,815,878,  consisting  of  Europeans,  native  white.s,  the  Pa- 
puan negro  race,  independent  tribes,  Malay  Indians,  half  caster,  and  Chinese.  The 
high  temperature  and  abundance  of  moisture  produce  a  luxuriant  vegetation,  so  that 
they  are  capable  of  yielding  all  kinds  of  colonial,  and  probably  European  produce. 
Rice,  millet,  maize,  sugar,  indigo,  hemp,  tobacco,  coffee,  and  cotton  are  raised;  and 
eago,  cocoa-nuts,  bananas,  cinnamon,  betel,  etc.,  are  among  the  products. 


134  Foreign  Commercial  Statistics.  961 

CUBA, 

The  largest  and  richest  of  the  West  India  islands,  and  the  most  im- 
portant colony  of  Spain,  was  discovered  by  Columbus  on  28th  October, 
1492,  durinir  his  first  voyage.  It  was  first  called  Juana  in  honor  of  Prince 
John,  son  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella ;  but  after  Ferdinand's  death  it  re- 
ceived the  name  of  Fernandina.  It  Avas  subsequently  designated  San- 
tiago, from  the  patron  saint  of  Spain  ;  and  still  later,  Ave  Maria,  in  honor 
of  the  Virgin.  Its  present  name  is  that  by  which  it  was  known  among 
the  natives  at  the  time  of  its  discovery.  It  was  then  divided  into  nine 
independent  principalities,  under  as  many  caciques. 

The  island  of  Cuba  is  long  and  narrow,  somewhat  in  the  form  of  an 
irregular  crescent  with  its  convex  side  toward  the  north.  It  divides  the 
entrance  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  into  two  passages,  that  to  the  north-west 
being  32i  leagues  wide  at  the  narrowest  part,  between  the  points  of 
Ilicacos  in  Cuba  and  Tancha  on  the  Florida  coast ;  and  the  south-west 
passage  38  leagues  wide  between  the  Cabo  de  San  Antonio  of  Cuba,  and 
the  Cabo  de  Catoche,  the  most  salient  extremity  of  the  peninsula  of  Yu- 
catan. Cuba  lies  between  74°  and  85°  W.  longitude,  and  19°  and  23° 
N.  latitude.  Its  length,  following  a  curved  line  through  its  center,  is 
"790  miles,  and  its  greatest  breadth  (from  Cape  Maternillos  to  Mota  Cove) 
is  107  miles.  The  area  is  estimated  at  31,468  square  miles,  or  including 
the  other  sm^dl  islands  attached  to  it,  32,807  square  miles.  The  coast  of 
Cuba  is  generally  low  and  flat,  and  is  surrounded  by  numerous  islands 
and  reefs,  which  render  the  approach  both  difiicult  and  dangerous  to 
those  not  acquainted  with  the  proper  channels.  The  low  nature  of  the 
coast  subjects  it  to  frequent  floods  and  inundations ;  and  especially  on 
the  north  side  of  the  island  there  are  many  large  lagunes  from  which  a 
considerable  quantity  of  salt  is  obtained.  No  island,  however,  in  propor- 
tion to  its  size,  has  a  greater  number  of  excellent  harbors,  many  of  them 
accessible  even  to  ships  of  the  line. 

Conwierce  ivHh  Cuba. — The  increase  of  the  trade  of  the  United  States 
with  the  port  of  Havana  over  that  of  all  other  nations,  notwithstanding 
the  bad  feeling  that  has  existed  between  the  two  countries,  is  truly  won- 
derful. The  Havana  Mercantile  Report  of  the  7th  of  August,  1855, 
gives  a  statement  of  the  number  of  vessels,  their  tonnage,  and  the  nations 
to  which  they  belong,  which  entered  the  port  of  Havana  during  the  firet 
six  months  of  the  ten  years  last  past.  The  increase  in  the  total  tonnage 
for  the  first  six  months  of  the  year,  from  1846  to  1855,  is  a  trifle  more 
than  100  per  cent.  While  the  American  tonnage  has  increased  more 
than  200  per  cent.,  the  Spanish  and  British  is  nearly  stationary.  For  the 
first  six  months  in  1846,  the  American  tonnage  employed  in  this  trade 
was  71,722  ;  the  Spanish,  55,528;  aud  the  British,  32,969.  The  total 
number  of  vessels  which  entered  that  port  during  the  six  months  ending 
July  1st,  1855,  was  1,080,  of  a  tonnage  of  364^933  ;  and  of  these,  570, 
of  a  tonnage  of  231,484,  were  American;  58,338  Spanish;  32,165 
British.  The  French  tonnage  has  increased  from  1,761,  in  the  first  six 
months  of  1846,  to  8,269,  for  the  same  period  of  1854,  and  23,283,  more 
than  two  thirds  of  the  Biitish,  in  1855.  In  the  tonnage  of  other  nations, 
Belgian,  Dutch,  Danish,  Bremen,  Hamburg,  and  others,  there  has  been 
no  material  increase. 


960 


Cuba. 


135 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
WITH  CUBA, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Yeabs 

ENDING 

Sept. 
30. 

EXPOETS. 

IMPORTS 

Whereof  there  was 
,in  Bullion  &,  Specie. 

TON'GE  CLTD. 

Domestic. 

FOEEION. 

TOTAU 

Total. 

Export. 

Impoi:t. 

Amer. 

Foe. 

1821 

$2,950,055  '$1,5911,625 

$4,540,680  '  $6,534,849 

$265,162'$1,163,253 

103,822 

8.632 

1822 

8,201,045 

1,069,573 

4,270,618  1     6,967,054 

221,551       690,169 

99,838 

6.986 

1823 

3,271,270 

2,134,095 

5,405,365 

6,952,381 

353,406      271,764 

105,836 

4,756 

1824 

3,6n,()93 

2,195,340 

5,S07,.5;53 

7.399,:526 

262,093    1,102.746 

124,888 

4.845 

1825 

3,27G,.556 

1.344,140 

5.120.702 

7.556,412 

147,3151     545.164 

111,203 

1,212 

1826 

3.749.G53 

2,3y2,774 

6,132,4:52 

7,653,759 

403,923 

410,.506 

121,754 

2.1.34 

182T 

4,160,747 

2,655,341 

6,316,033 

7,241,849 

676,163 

478,590 

1:59,381 

3,543 

1823 

3,912,997 

2,490,994 

6,408,991 

6,12:5,135 

787,010 

579,228 

130,618 

:5,909 

1829 

8,719,263 

1,859,626 

5,578,339 

4,366,52-1 

5:52,144 

863,920 

114,.599 

8,120 

1830 
Total, 

3,4;".9,060 

1,477,675 

4.916,785 

5,577,2:30 

275,687 

862,0*4, 

114,054 

11,:556 

$35,292,844 

19,700,639 

54,993,033 

67,427,519 

4,129,969 

5,867,424J  |1,165,493 

50,498 

1831 

3,634,114 

1,259,693 

4,893,842 

8,371,797 

800,500 

131,774 

1-32,222 

17.816 

1882 

3,681,397 

1,630,754 

5,312,151 

7,063,W)7 

139,152 

91,065' 

12:3,588 

25,632 

1833 

8,966,113 

1.706.5S7 

6,672,700  '     9,754,7871 

453,223 

99,353 

1:53.693 

81,081 

1S34 

8,692,931) 

1,659.455 

5,352,4:55  1     9,090,002; 

14.3,469 

606,665 

129,524 

29,954 

1835 

8,917,4:56 

1,. 539,372 

5,500,303  !  ll.:54(i,615 

845,175 

266,256: 

151,813 

26.7aS 

1836 

4,601,717 

1,803,772 

6,40.'),4s9  '   12,7:54,375' 

516,142 

122,513 

166,460 

8,:529 

1837 

4,303,783 

2,063,320 

6,:5C7.0ii3l     1 '.',-147.922 

507,147 

1,643,110 

175,796 

1:5,194 

1883 

4,721,453 

1,454,325 

6,175,7.-.> 

ll,69-t,sl-.': 

235,280 

410,794 

19:5,746 

10,618 

1839 

5,025,626 

1,091,205 

6.116,8:51 

12,5;»'.»,Sl:{ 

173,497 

821,314 

194,573 

12.805 

1840 
Total, 

5,331,471 

979,044 

6,310,515 

9,8;5,%477 

149,570 

543,16:5 

192,548 

15.679 

$42,876,100 

15,233,032 

53,114,132 

104,950,987 

3,023,160 

4,296,517 

1,593,473 

191,891 

1841 

5,107,011 

632.071 

5,739,082 

!  11,567,027 

156,461 

1.34.909 

194,001 

14,163 

1842 

4,197.463 

572,931 

4,770,449 

7,650,429 

100,102 

2:55,940 

132.456 

9,719 

184;3* 

2,926,922 

399,s75 

3,;526,797 

5,015,9:33 

128,495 

655,205 

136,:333 

4.397 

1844 

4,304,062 

9:54.5:53 

5,238,595 

9,930,421 

573.910 

170.927' 

224,618 

7,533 

1845 

6,203.808 

3(;0,946 

6,564,754 

6.304,414 

1:5,699 

523.1 63 1 

171,892 

16.193 

1846 

4.713.966 

77:5,170 

5,487,130 

3,159,6:52! 

829,301 

.509.991! 

177.530 

12.:'.;3 

1S4T 

6,00.'),617 

972.0^9 

6.977.T06 

1 2,394.867  i 

61,5,774'     3si,757! 

243,515 

1>.493 

1843 

6,432,330 

4W.33:5 

6,s9G,T13;     12,.3-i:i,472' 

110,049.      763,2V.) 

231,251 

13.4:%5 

1S49 

4,C)41,14.5 

06S,0(is 

5.:5ii9,2i:V    io,c,.v.i.'.)5i; 

81 8.  son  1      442..">9:!; 

234,568 

19..'.64 

1850 
Total, 

4,530,256 

400,041 

4,990,297  j    lo,292,:593 

177,:3.">5|     236,011 

25-1,013 

29,70:5 

$49,062,635 

6,2:58,107 

55,300,742 

95,.32S,549 

2,.524,446|  4,113,790 

2,150,237 

146,098 

1851 

5,239,276 

1.2S4.S47 

6,524,12:5 

17,046,931 

l,0.34,0fa;      8.^9,01>^ 

361.7:32 

29,942 

1852 

5,808.196 

714,:!.Vi 

6.517,.55] 

17,361.728 

371,(>.-)7,      276.112 

370.603 

22.730 

1863 

5,773.419 

514.M0 

6.2^7,959 

ls,.585,755' 

TiS.-i-SO         3S.092 

3(;5,392 

22.7.30 

1854 

8,223,116 

823.6:i6 

8,551.752! 

17.124.339 

61,736      126,.V» 

893,049 

2.\138 

1855 

7,607,119 

397,46-3 

8.004.532 

is,  625,839 

49.:572'      13:5.4sT 

431.615 

81.190 

1856 

7,1119,0:35 

610,223, 

1 

7,309,263 

24,435,693 

8S4,062 

2:5,945 

438,796 

18,3{>6 

•  9  months  to  Juno  30,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORT. 
H.vvAXA,  or  IlAV.\XN-.4n,  on  the  north  coa.st  of  the  noble  island  of  Cub;i,  of  which 
it  is  the  capital,  tl)0  Moro  castle  beinj^.  according  to  Humboldt,  in  Kit.  2:5°  8'  15" 
N.,  long.  82°  22'  45"  W .  The  population  of  the  city  and  .s>ihurl)s  is  said  to  be 
(1851),  little  short  of  200,000.  In  1827,  the  resident  population  amounted  to 
94,023;  viz.,  4(J,62I  whites,  8,215  free  colored,  15,:347  free  blacks,  1,010  colored 
slaves,  and  22,8:S0  black  slaves.  The  port  of  Havana  is  the  finest  in  the  We.-^t  In- 
die.s.  or  perhaps  in  the  world.  The  entrance  is  narrow,  but  the  water  is  deep, 
without  bar  or  obstruction  of  any  sort,  and  within  it  expands  into  a  m;\gnificcnt  h.iy, 
capable  of  accommodating  1,000  largo  ships — vessels  of  the  greatest  draught  of  water 
coming  close  10  the  quays.  The  city  lies  along  the  entrance  to,  and  on  the  west  sido 
of;  the  bay.  From  its  position,  which  commands  both  inlets  to  the  gulf  of  Mexico^ 
its  great  strength,  and  excellent  harbor,  Hav.ana  i.s,  in  a  political  point  of  view,  by 
far  the  most  important  maritime  station  in  the  West  Indies.  As  a  commercial  citj- 
it  also  ranks  iu  the  first  class. 


136 


Foreign  Commercial  Statistics. 


963 


PORTO-RICO. 

The  island  of  Porto-Rico  lies  in  the  same  latitude  as  Jamaica.  Though 
the  smallest  of  the  greater  Antilles,  it  is  of  very  considerable  size.  Its 
form  is  (hat  of  a  parallelogram  ;  being  about  110  miles  in  length  from 
east  to  west,  -with  a  main  breadth  of  about  38,  containing  an  area  of 
3,750  square  miles.  Surface  pleasantly  diversified  with  hills  and  valleys  ; 
soil  generally  fertile.  It  has,  however,  suffered  much  from  hun-icanes ; 
those  of  1742  and  1825  having  been  particularly  destructive.  Since  the 
breaking  up  of  the  old  Spanish  colonial  system,  the  progress  of  Porto- 
Rico  has  baldly  been  less  rapid  than  that  of  Cuba.  Her  population, 
which  in  1778  was  estimated  at  80,650,  amounted,  according  to  a  census 
taken  in  1836,  to  357,086,  of  whom  188,869  were  whites,  and  only 
41,818  slaves.  It  is  obvious  from  this  statement  that  a  large  proportion 
of  the  free  inhabitants  are  colored  ;  but  the  law  knows  no  distinction 
between  the  white  and  the  colored  roturier  ;  and  this  circumstance,  as 
well  as  the  whites  being  in  the  habit  of  freely  intermixing  with  people 
of  color,  has  prevented  the  growth  of  those  prejudices  and  deep-rooted 
antipathies  that  prevail  between  the  white  and  the  black  and  colored 
population  in  the  United  States,  and  in  the  English  and  French  islands. 
The  population  is  now  (1856),  probably  above  500,000. 

Trade. — Sugar  and  coffee  are  by  far  the  greatest  articles  of  export. 
Next  to  them  are  molasses,  tobacco,  cotton,  rum,  etc.  The  imports  con- 
sist pnncipally  of  flour,  fish,  and  other  articles  of  provision  ;  lumber,  etc., 
from  the  United  States ;  cotton,  hardware,  machinery,  etc.,  from  En- 
gland ;  wines,  silks,  jeweliy,  perfumery,  etc.,  from  Spain  and  France  ;  linen 
from  the  Ilanse  Towns ;  iron  from  Sweden,  etc.  Large  quantities  of 
rice,  maize,  etc.,  are  raised  in  the  island.  The  pasture-lands  in  the  north 
and  east  are  superior  to  any  in  the  West  Indies  for  breeding  and  fatten- 
ing cattle. 

Previously  to  1815,  Porto-Rico  being  excluded  from  all  direct  inter- 
course with  other  countries,  excepting  Old  Spain,  was  either  stationary  or 
but  slowly  progressive,  the  entire  value  of  the  exports  in  that  year  hav- 
ing amounted  to  only  65,274  dollars  !  But  at  that  epoch  a  royal  decree 
appeared,  which  exempted  the  trade  between  Spain  and  the  Spanish  col- 
onies and  Porto-Rico  from  all  duties  for  15  years;  and  she  was  then, 
also,  permitted  to  carry  on  a  free  trade,  under  reasonable  duties,  with  other 
countries. 


AOCOTJNT   OF   TIIK   QUAHTITIF.6   OF  TnH   DIFFERENT  AETICLK8   OF  COLONIAL   PRODUCE   EXTORTED 
FKOM    PORTO-RICO   IN   1851. 


Articles. 

Quantities. 

Articles. 

Quantities. 

Sugar,  lbs., 

118,416,300 

Cocoa-nuts, 

40,363 

Coffee,  do. 

12,111,900 

Cocoa,  lbs., 

9,000 

Tobacco,  do.     . 

6,478,100 

Ox  horns,  no.,    . 

6,925 

Molasses,  hhds., 

45,976 

Oranges,  M., 

1,669 

Hides,  lbs., 

632,700 

Plantains,  do.,    . 

675 

Cotton,  do.. 

366,600 

Cigars,  do , 

34,800 

Ram,  hhds., 

347 

Lignum  vitaj,  tons. 

4 

Oxen,  no., 

6,881 

Logwood,  do.,    . 

178 

Horses  and  mules,  do., 

172 

Pimento,  lbs.,     . 

6,800 

Bay-water,  galla, 

6,161 

Amotto,  do., 

.      7,862 

Com,  ears, 

1,429 

Castor  Oil,  qts.,  . 

600 

962 


Spanish  West  Indies. 


137 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  AVTTn 
SPANISH  WEST  INDIES  [CUBA  EXCEPTED], 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Yeahs 

ENDING 

EXPORTS 

IMPORTS 

■Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullion  <fc  Specie. 

'  TONGE  CL-D. 

Sept. 
30. 

Domestic. 

FOKEIGN. 

Total. 

TOTAI. 

1  EXPOKT. 

iMPonx 

AilER. 

For. 

1821 

$175,217 

$33,604 

$208,821 

$626,616 

$12,787 

11,134 

1822 

150,435 

7,006 

153,041 

9:33,667 

85,029 

10,650 

1823 

250.033 

25.495 

281  ..528 

813,076 

22,788 

8,409 

1,128 

1824 

300,^96 

23.3,713 

540,614 

856,696 

8,895 

5,063 

180 

1825 

216,102 

22.1.56 

233,258 

79:3,627 

6,659 

5,969 

75 

1826 

210,S5S 

12,608 

223,526 

770,770 

7,841 

6,879 

1827 

213,156 

10.363 

22-3,519 

969,612 

$2',o66 

13,760 

7,194 

"608 

1828 

222.191 

15,677 

287,868 

1,129,180 

1,950 

3,446 

7.843 

82:3 

1829 

209,780 

38.900 

243,680 

893,332 

81,505 

8.664 

11.051 

216 

1830 
Total, 

245,036 

27,523 

273,159 

1,307,143 

21,650 

7,718 

8,734 

489 

$2,211,804 

427,710 

2,639,014 

9,099,174 

57,105 

127,137 

82,931 

8,014 

1831 

261.801 

63,245 

815,046 

1,. 580,166 

85,683 

16.173 

8.272 

1,051 

18;32 

822,559 

72.552 

895,111 

1,389.132 

42.360 

9,127 

QfiVi 

717 

1833 

893,992 

27,398 

421,390 

1,379,324 

7,030 

8.992 

13,369 

219 

1834 

431,805 

59,722 

491,527 

2,246,413 

11.050 

11.160 

15,769 

741 

1835 

556,035 

91,622 

677,657 

2,364.170 

70,950 

15,256 

21,140 

172 

18;36 

594,559 

65,899 

660,458 

8,209,043 

47.036 

8,600 

22,079 

423 

ia37 

617,778 

52,1.38 

669,916 

2,481,032 

42,323 

68,725 

17,071 

1.155 

1833 

692,568 

80,484 

723,052 

2.6.36,152 

80,498 

86,783 

19,6.33 

2.406 

1S39 

779,049 

87,348 

866.397 

3,742.549 

115,207 

28,144 

22.547 

1,160 

1840 
Total, 

770,420 

29,208 

799,628 

1,898,732 

31,272 

46,695 

22,559 

952 

$5,350,566 

569,616 

6,920,182 

23,926,303 

434,004 

234,655 

172,187 

8,996 

1841 

721,845 

28,087 

749,932 

2,560,020 

28,92:5 

17,799 

80,129 

780 

1842 

610,813 

19,718 

680,.531 

2,517,001 

12,757 

63,467 

29.565 

1,184 

184;?* 

442,034 

11,321 

453.8.55 

1,076,125 

1,872 

47,940 

13,361 

840 

1844 

636,962 

5,177 

642,139 

2,425,202 

4,033 

27,021 

23,143 

683 

1S45 

688,149 

20,775 

708,924 

2,026,253 

11,608 

5:5,45:3 

23.575 

623 

1846 

675,441 

25,905 

701,846 

2,277,110 

15,054 

62,679 

80.0.56 

1,873 

1847 

825.079 

83,985 

859,064 

2,141,929 

21,394 

14,157 

20.707 

1,879 

1848 

801.722 

87,012 

&33,734 

2.106,296 

21,.5.56 

29,919 

85,241 

1,150 

1349 

523.292 

33,2:34 

556,526 

1,964,361 

23,005 

27.664 

25.S70 

8,eS8 

1850 
Total, 

816,062 

93,591 

909,653 

2,067,866 

88,768 

2,600 

30,744 

8,108 

$6,741,899 

303,805 

7,050,204 

21,162,663 

234,015 

846,692 

288,451 

14,917 

1851 

961.410 

57.200 

1,018,610 

2.480,.329 

99,900 

845 

86,320 

6,018 

1852 

1,01. \563 

8!),.542 

1,055,105 

3,001,22:5 

61,306 

26,277 

85,010 

6,644 

1853 

810,411 

54,143 

8(>4,.554 

2,S{|0,936 

47,957 

18,016 

30,815 

9,429 

18&t 

990,836 

60,997 

1,051,88.3 

2,S5«),:35;3 

133.790 

19,179  1 

81,014 

8,528 

1855 

1,144,.'-)3I 

83,937 

1,18:5,513 

2,475,993 

16.000 

23,625 

&*,190 

6,69-2 

1856 

1,099,599  j 

43,125 

1,142,724 

8.370,963 

23,250 

14,700  1 

83,964 

1,990 

*  9  months  to  June  30,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORT. 
Porto  Rico,  the  capital  of  the  valuable  Spani.'^h  island  of  tho  same  namo,  on  tlio 
north  side  of  tho  island,  on  a  peninsula  joined  to  the  main  land  b}'  a  narrow  isthmiw, 
lat.  18°  29'  10"  N.,  loup.  60°  7'  2"  W.  Tho  fortitication.s  arc  very  strong.  The 
town,  which  stand.s  on  a  pretty  steep  declhity,  is  well  built,  clean,  and  contain.s 
about  12,000  inhabitants.  Tho  harbor  of  Porto  Rico  litus  a  striking  resemblance 
to  that  of  H.avana,  to  which  it  is  but  little  inferior.  Tho  entrance  to  it,  al>ouf  300 
fathoms  in  width,  h.is  tlio  Jloro  castle  on  its  oast  side,  and  is  defended  on  tiio  west 
side  by  forts  erected  on  two  small  islands.  "Within,  tlio  harbor  expands  into  a  capa- 
cious basin,  the  depth  of  water  varying  from  five  to  six  and  seven  fathom.s.  On  tho 
side  opposite  to  the  town  there  are  extensive  sand  banks;  but  the  entrance  to  the  port, 
as  well  as  the  port  it.sellj  is  unobstructed  by  any  bar  or  shallow.  Long-voyago  ves- 
sels, which,  eitlier  f()r  convenience  or  otherwise,  shall  pass  from  one  port  of  tho  island 
to  another,  after  being  furnished  with  tho  requisite  permission,  must  pay  at  every 
port  they  enter  tho  same  dues  aa  for  a  fresh  arrival. 


138 


Foreign  Gommercial  Statistics. 


PORTUGAL. 

Spain  and  Portugal,  though  they  be  two  distinct  and  separately  inde- 
pendent kingdoms,  form,  nevertheless,  only  one  geographical  region,  em- 
phatically called  "the  Peninsula."  The  country,  above  the  maritime 
lo-wlands,  generally  consists  of  high  valleys  and  table-lands,  separated  by 
long  ranges  of  rugged  mountains,  which  extend  in  an  easterly  and  west- 
erly direction,  and  terminate  with  promontories  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
while  they  are  connected  in  the  east  by  their  diverging  offshoots.  The 
climate  and  natural  productions  are  consequently  very  various.  The 
maritime  lowlands  on  the  Mediterranean,  and  the  south-western  portion 
of  the  Atlantic  shores,  are  almost  tropical  in  respect  of  climate  and  vege- 
table productions ;  but  the  temperature  of  the  inland  regions  is  cool  and 
mild,  and  generally  dry,  though  the  extremes  of  summer  and  winter  are 
excessive.  At  Madrid,  for  example,  the  summer-heat  is  always  so  great 
that,  according  to  the  Spanish  proverb,  that  city  has  "nine  months  of 
winter  and  three  of  hell !"  In  addition  to  silk,  tobacco,  vines,  olives,  and 
all  the  productions  of  France  and  Germany,  the  Peninsula  produces  the 
orange,  citron,  sugar-cane,  cork-tree,  dates,  figs,  and  cotton.  Wheat  is 
the  grain  most  generally  cultivated  ;  barley  and  rye  are  next  in  quan- 
tity ;  considerable  quantities  of  maize  and  rice  are  also  raised,  but  httlo 
of  oats  and  potatoes.  Wine,  brandy,  and  wool,  are  the  principal  and 
most  valuable  articles  of  export.  Both  kingdoms,  however,  are  in  a  very 
low  estate,  in  respect  of  material,  commercial,  and  social  well-being. 
Since  1807,  they  have  been  undergoing  continual  political  changes  and 
revolutions,  which  seem  not  yet  to  have  reached  their  consummation, 
though  Portugal  is  somewhat  more  settled  than  Spain.  In  such  circum- 
stances their  political  importance  is  almost  null,  and,  in  relation  to  the 
vast  natural  resources  of  the  country,  the  population  is  very  small. 

NAVIGATION,  1852. 


VESSELS. 

Imports. 

Tonnage. 

Crew. 

Exports. 

Tonnage. 

Crew. 

Portugal,   . 

5,447 

315,708 

45,349 

5,777 

319,834 

45,752 

Foreign,    . 

2,891 
8,338 

327,675 

2G,211 

3,010 
8,787 

365,658 

28,448 

Total,     . 

643,383 

71,560 

685,492 

74,200 

COnNTRIKS. 

Portugal,  . 

5,447 

315,708 

45,349 

5,777 

319,834 

45,752 

England,   . 

1,145 

159,537 

11,255 

1,223 

196,074 

13,863 

Spain, 

917 

11,306 

5,287 

952 

10,695 

5,381 

Sweden,    . 

219 

40,328 

2,107 

217 

42,446 

2,088 

United  States,  . 

136 

37,G17 

2,699 

125 

34,925 

2,532 

France, 

98 

11,741 

791 

95 

11.684 

780 

Netherlands,     . 

90 

9,840 

621 

88 

8,709 

610 

Austria,    . 

286 

57,246 

3,391 

310 

60,125 

3,194 

COMMEIICE  IN 

1S52  AND  1853. 

Year. 

Imports 

Francs. 

Exports, 

Francs. 

1852, 

33,20C 

,570 

13,179,375 

1853, 

36,34t 

),560 

21,902,862 

The  wines  which,  at  the  exportation  of  1853,  were  valued  at  6,186,680 
francs,  were  not  put  in  the  account  of  the  crop  of  1852.  The  imports  of 
wine  from  Madeira  into  the  United  States  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June 
30,  1856,  were  23,649  gallons;  and  from  Portugal,  62,533  gallons. 


964 


Portugal. 


139 


FOREIGN   COMMERCE  OF  TUE  UNITED  STATES 
WITH  PORTUGAL, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Yeaes 

ENDING 

Sept. 
80. 

KXPOKTS. 

IMPOETS- 

Whereof  tlie-re  was 
iu  BuUloQ  <fc  Specie. 

TON'GE  CL'D. 

1 

Domestic. 

FOBEION. 

TOTAU 

Total. 

Export. 

Impoet. 

Ameb. 

Foe.      1 

1321 

$147,726 

$66 

$147,792 

$8.56,116 

.... 

$140  775 

5,106 

1 

1822 

102,935 

18,5.55 

121,490 

422,606 

$14,000 

800 

8,439 

1823 

43,077 

300 

43,377 

131,094 

18,037 

1,470 

I'.osi 

1S24 

77.255 

5,168 

82,423 

242.304 

'190 

28,745 

8,441 

152 

1825 

nn,oi5 

2,824 

112,839 

221,072 

15,160  ; 

8,241 

723 

1826 

99,945 

538 

100,483 

349,9s9 

89,605 

0,436 

132T 

110,108 

220 

116,323  1 

263,091 

1^666 

81,554 

4,1.33 

1823 

77,010 

1.104 

73.174  1 

112,559 

2,600 

8,453 

'eii 

1829 

42,033 

628 

42,716 

237,351 

13.935 

2..397 

1830 
Total, 

43,403 

1,303 

45,211 

165,821 

8,154 

2,248 

'i.vi 

$364,562 

31,266 

895,823  1 

2,556,503 

28,190 

289,465 

85,423 

2,757 

1831 

39,149 

2,356 

41,505 

124,446 

4.746 

1.598 

1832 

28,263 

800 

23,502 

123,316 

1,600 

1.177 

'666 

ia33 

73.313 

5,330 

73.64i3 

170,139 

4^100 

4,005 

2,i;'.8 

1,026 

1334 

42,542 

16..5S3 

59.125 

215,3it9 

11,013 

2.928 

556 

1835 

162.703 

107,602 

270,305 

547,974 

18,266 

27,895 

5.627 

6.59 

1836 

83,3% 

18,247 

51,532 

275,273 

8,531 

990 

1,434 

1,290 

1837 

124.:«7 

17.072 

141,409 

187,643 

15,440 

8,226 

10,407 

1838 

67,970 

8,093 

76,063 

296,864 

9,6o6 

22,577 

2,922 

1,041 

1339 

59,711 

6.093 

65,304 

537,778 

6,000 

17.707 

8,061 

2,085 

1840 
Total, 

97,341 

5,724 

103,065 

222,834 

8,053 

8,851 

587 

$733,663 

182,400 

916,063 

2,752,176 

40,391 

109,036 

27,962 

18,251 

I'^l 

114,443 

7,321 

121,764 

236,563 

25,567 

4,801 

728 

1842 

72,723 

1,338 

74,111 

142..5S7 

5,546 

8,305 

787 

1843* 

59.096 

1.5.38 

60,634 

46.713 

612 

2,557 

643 

1344 

99.5.53 

3,565 

10.3,118 

199,705 

8,830 

6,743 

172 

1345 

124,3.50 

.5.419 

129,769 

296,903 

7,216 

6,803 

990 

1846 

96,316 

8,458 

104,769 

878,2,50 

2,566 

4,815 

1,874 

1S4T 

56,893 

1,335 

58,223 

283,330 

2'.372 

2,537 

1.83;} 

1843 

112,260 

2,984 

115,244 

214.782 

8,944 

6,342 

5,418 

1849 

169,721 

6,273 

17.5,994 

322.220 

510 

4,837 

5,023 

1850 
Total, 

172,978 

.5,236 

178,214 

389,76:j 

2,970 

7,681 

$1,078,333 

43,512 

1,121,845 

2,510,826 

2,500 

49,547 

43,216 

24,949 

1851 

167.842 

4,996 

172.3.3S  : 

367..'>18 

2,470 

5,170 

1852 

234,064 

4,129 

2;iS.193 

266,36-1 

856 

6,807 

6,3W 

1853 

223.651 

2ii,r*2 

250,208  ' 

411,1.55 

2.666 

5,476 

8,096 

1854 

127,150 

2.3,715 

150,865 

24;?,592 

200 

2.860 

5,(;94 

1855 

270,716 

24,867 

205,.583 

136.067 

5.670 

9,5<i3 

185G 

844,093 

34,101 

373,199 

287,166 

'830 

6,282 

6,748 

■•■  9  months  to  Juno  80,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORT. 

LiSRON,  the  capital  of  Portucral,  situated  on  tlio  north  bank  of  the  river  Taprus,  tho 
observatory  of  the  fort  being'  in  lat.  38°  42  24"  N.,  long.  9°  5'  50"  W.  Populii- 
tion  about  240,000.  The  harbor,  or  rather  road,  of  Lisbon  is  one  of  tho  finest  in  tho 
world,  and  the  quays  are  at  onco  convenient  and  beautiful.  Fort  St.  Julian  marks 
tho  northern  entrance  of  the  Tagus.  It  is  built  on  a  ?tccp,  projecting  rock.  Tliero 
is  a  lighthou.se  iu  tlie  center,  120  feet  above  the  level  of  tlie  .sea.  At  the  inoutli  of 
tho  Tagu.s  are  two  large  bank.s,  called  tho  North  and  Soxith  Cachops.  Tliere  are  tvs'o 
channels  for  entering  the  river :  tho  nortn  or  little,  and  the  south  or  great  cliannel. 
On  tho  middle  of  tho  South  Cachop,  about  1^  miles  from  Fort  St.  Julian,  is  tho  Bugio 
fort  and  liglithouse,  the  latter  being  G6  feet  in  Iieiglit.  The  least  depth  of  water  in 
tho  north  channel,  on  the  bar,  is  four  fathoms,  and  in  the  south,  .'^ix.  Tlie  only  <lan- 
ger  in  entering  the  port  arises  from  the  strength  of  tho  tide,  the  ebb  running  down 
at  tho  rate  of  seven  miles  an  hour ;  and  after  heavj*  rains,  the  difficulty  of  entering 
is  considerably  augmented. 


140  Foreign  Commercial  Statistics.  967 


MADEIRA  ISLES. 

Madeira  Isles,  a  group  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  belonging  to  Por- 
tngal,  from  the  S.  W.  coast  of  which  they  are  distant  660  miles  to  S.W. 
They  consist  of  the  islands  of  Madeira  and  Porto  Santo,  and  the  islets 
called  the  Desertas,  situated  between  32°  23'  15"  and  33°  7'  50"  N. 
latitude,  and  16°  13'  30"  and  16°  38'  W.  longitude.  The  largest 
island,  Madeira,  is  31  miles  long  and  12  miles  broad.  Population,  1850, 
108,464.  Capital,  Funchal.  It  consists  of  a  mass  of  volcanic  rocks, 
which  in  Pico  Ruivo  rise  to  6,056  feet  in  elevation.  From  the  central 
mass  steep  ridges  extend  to  the  coast,  where  they  form  precipices  of 
1,000  to  2,000  feet  in  height.  The  only  plains  are  a  small  portion  of 
the  W.  coast,  and  the  table-land  of  Paul  de  Serra  in  the  interior.  The 
roads  are  very  steep,  and  unfit  for  carriages.  Oxen  are  the  only  beasts 
of  draught,  and  ponies  are  used  in  traveling.  Climate  remarkably 
equable,  and  celebrated  for  its  salubrity,  on  which  account  numerous 
visitors,  afflicted  with  disease  of  the  lungs,  constantly  resort  to  Madeira. 
The  soil,  which  on  the  S.  side  extends  two  miles  and  a  half  inland,  is 
well  watered,  and  extremely  productive.  Sugar,  once  extensively  cul- 
tivated, is  now  neglected.  Cotfee  is  grown  of  superior  quality,  and  the 
arrow-root  is  excellent.  The  orange,  banana,  and  guava,  are  abundant. 
Wheat,  maize,  beans,  and  barley,  are  cultivated  to  a  small  extent,  but 
quite  insufficient  for  home  consumption.  The  failure  of  the  potato, 
formerly  the  chief  support  of  the  population  of  the  villages  and  remote 
districts,  has  added  to  the  existing  distress,  and  the  condition  of  the 
lower  orders  is  that  of  squalid  poverty.  Madeira  was  settled  by  the 
Portuguese  in  1431. 

It  is  said  that  plants  of  the  vine  were  conveyed  from  Crete  to  Ma- 
deira in  1421,  and  have  since  succeeded  extremely  well.  There  is  con- 
siderable ditterence  in  the  flavor  and  other  qualities  of  the  wines  of 
Madeira ;  the  best  are  produced  on  the  south  side  of  the  island.  The 
method  of  cultivation  most  generally  followed  is  to  trench  the  ground 
from  three  to  seven  and  seven  to  nine  feet  deep,  according  to  the  nature 
of  the  soil,  and  lay  a  quantity  of  loose  and  stony  earth  at  the  bottom, 
to  prevent  the  roots  from  reaching  the  clayey  soil  beneath,  which  would 
otherwise  oppose  their  growth.  The  ground  is  watered  three  times  if 
the  summer  has  been  very  dry,  the  sluices  being  left  open  until  the 
ground  is  pretty  well  saturated  ;  the  less  the  ground  is  watered,  the 
stronger  the  wine,  but  the  quantity  is  diminished  in  proportion.  The 
vines  are  found  to  bear  fruit  as  high  as  2,700  feet,  but  no  wine  can  be 
made  from  it. 

Adjacent  to  ^ladeira  is  the  island  of  Porto  Santo,  about  six  miles  long, 
and  two  and  a  half  broad.  It  is  high  and  rocky,  composed  principally 
of  sand-stone,  and  a  calcareous  tulFa  of  a  greenish  gray  color.  The 
vine  is  cultivated  in  considerable  quantities,  and  the  soil  yields  good 
crops  of  wheat,  Indian  corn,  barley,  and  beans.  The  population  is  es- 
timated at  1,400,  and  there  are  300  militia.  It  possesses  a  good,  road- 
stead, but  the  landing-place  is  bad.  The  Desertas  are  small,  uninhabited 
islands,  which,  with  Madeira  and  Porto  Santo,  form  the  group  called  the 
Madeiras. 


966 


Madeira. 


Ul 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
WITH  MADEIRA, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Years 

ENDING 

EXPORTS 

IMPORTS 

1  Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullion  &,  Specie. 

TON-GE  CL'D. 

8  KPT. 

80 
1821 

1 

Domestic. 

FOEEIGN. 

Total. 

Total. 

$190,289 

Export. 

Import. 

Amkr. 

Fob. 

$193,414 

$26,607 

$220,081 

$2,000 

$10,236 

8,082 

1822 

180,902 

4.01)2 

191,014 

183,757 

5,600 

5,099 

iii 

1823 

117,655 

3,976 

121,661 

244.203 

435 

12.363 

4.973 

1824 

815,896 

26,347 

842,24;} 

247,510 

22,271 

8.059 

1825 

1 '22,8 10 

55,326 

17.s,106 

301,010 

53,056 

850 

5,861 

'135 

1826 

119,053 

25,.')49 

144.007 

224,s:« 

12,150 

5,200 

4.220 

1827 

100,153 

18,231 

lls,434 

229,-.'32 

21,424 

4.083 

1828 

101.943 

9,985 

111.933 

103,610 

l',i67 

7,791 

4,387 

'aii 

1829 

175,074 

15,089 

19(1,163 

403,056 

500 

9,660     1 

6,091 

669 

1830 
Total, 

155,719 

12,:358 

168,077 

239,652 
2,497,263 

1,633 

5,000     i 

6,080 

$1,588,739 

198,240 

1,780,979 

70,990 

100,895 

67,485 

1,126 

lasi 

171,563 

5,728 

177,291 

177.309 

8.667     1 

5,1&3 

1832 

145,607 

929 

140.590 

223,318 

6,186     j 

4.G28 

124 

1833 

119,:341 

15,642 

134,9S3 

319.349 

5,482 

8,801 

869 

1834 

100,910 

4:^,595 

144,505 

424.6:»9 



2,066 

4.089 

698 

1835 

73,893 

28,595 

102.4^8 

••a  1,206 

•      5,674 

2,595     ! 

8,700 

241 

1836 

88,945 

17,393 

50,333 

806,210 

4.0U 

95     ! 

2,414 

183T 

82,  .'47 

18,522 

101,209 

672,732 

14,493 

4,250 

1888 

36,422 

4,535 

40,9.-)7 

860,2  i4 

:}.100 

8,4W 

1889 

64,082 

15,046 

79,123 

5:39,300 

14,143 

4,273 

1840 
ToUI, 

93,819 

22,858 

116,077 

309,524 

14,612 

3,695     1 

8,963 

$927,889 

172,343 

1,100,232 

3,935,591 

61,531 

22,188 

89,740 

1,427 

1841 

107,905 

20.370 

128,275 

229.519 

19.920 

5,200 

4,626 

827 

1842 

43,054 

1,930 

44,9S4 

146,182 

1.822 

100 

2,2M 

1843* 

87,049 

8,.8.'i6 

41,505 

7,100 

2^006 

1,657 

1844 

44,703 

7,523 

52.230 

22,904 

8,025 

2,404 

'122 

1345 

59,312 

1.784 

61.096 

163,074 

2,000 

2.081 

491 

1846 

60,94:} 

8,257 

64.200 

127,070 

1,600 

8,535 

477 

I'y^l 

105,031 

1.389 

100,420 

95.857 

8.343 

1,046      ' 

iat8 

110,842 

7,407 

118,249 

9,132 

"592 

4.524 

1.444 

1849 

117,878 

759 

118,037 

73,759 

4,300 

8.744 

1,673 

1850 
Total, 

186,874 

6,527 

143,401 

114,729 

868 

4,182 

1,879 

$824,251 

54,802 

879,053 

996,236 

42,833 

6,800 

82,804 

6,959 

1351 

94,589 

7,176 

101,765 

102,443 

9.626 

8.879 

1,314 

1852 

87,932 

7.4>0 

95.412 

90,003 

7,000 

4.171 

596 

1858 

101,524 

15,574 

117,093 

77,593 

15.902 

8,707 

843 

1854 

47,708 

47.703  1 

80,00" 

2,000 

821 

286 

1855 

48,502 

5,261 

r)3.763 

25.933 

2,286 

2.50 

1.894 

811 

1856 

27,655 

932 

28,5-j7 

19,7S:J 

800 

870 

♦  9  months  to  June  80,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 


COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WITH  PORTrCVL  AND  MADEIR.V. 


TRSSf 

LS    EN'TKUED. 

VESSELS   CtKAREH 

National  Character. 

'No. 

Tonnage. 

No.           Tonnapi 

From  Portugal. 

Portuguese,  .... 

.     18 

3,727 

15              .S,30.T 

British,         .... 

.       8 

2,420 

1                  201 

Swedish,      .... 

1 

8.{0 

4               1,24!) 

Danish 

I 

309 

2                  524 

Prussian,      .... 

1                  28G 

Bremen,       .... 

.       1 

GtS 

United  States, 

10,879 

6,232 

From  Madeira: 

Portuguope,  .... 

2 

234 

3                 370 

United  States, 

. 

I                390 

142  Foreign  Commercial  Statistics.  969 

AZORES. 

Azores,  or  Western  Islands. — These  form  a  range,  situated  in  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  extending  in  an  oblique  line  fi'oni  N.W.  to  S.E.,  between 
37°  and  40°  N.  latitude,  and  25°  and  32°  W.  longitude.  It  has  been  a 
subject  of  some  controversy  among  geographers,  to  what  division  of  the 
globe  they  ought  to  be  referred  ;  but  they  are  now  generally  considered 
as  pertaining  to  Europe. 

It  does  not  appear  that  the  ancients  had  any  knowledge  of  the  Azores, 
or  any  group  in  this  sea,  except  the  Canaries,  to  which  they  fiually  a{> 
plied  the  celebrated  appellation  of  the  Fortunate  Islands.  But  the 
Arabian  geographers,  Edrisi  and  Ibn  al  Vardi,  describe,  after  the  Ca- 
naries, nine  other  islands  in  the  Western  Ocean.  That  these  were  the 
Azores  is  highly  probable,  since  their  number  is  exactly  nine  ;  and  be- 
cause a  species  of  hawk  is  specially  noticed  by  these  writers  as  existing 
there  in  great  abundance — a  circumstance  that  afterward  appeared  to 
the  Portuguese  so  remarkable,  that  they  gave  tbem  the  name  of  Azores, 
or  Hawk  Islands.  The  climate  in  which  they  are  placed  also  makes 
them  north  of  the  Canaries.  Some  other  coincidences  also  might  be 
pointed  out ;  and,  upon  the  whole,  there  appears  no  reason  to  doubt 
that  the  Azores  are  really  the  nine  islands  enumerated  by  the  Arabians. 
The  Arabian  writers  represent  them  as  hanng  been  populous,  and  as 
having  contained  cities  of  some  magnitude ;  but  they  state  that  the  in- 
habitants had  been  greatly  reduced  by  intestine  warfare.  At  the  time 
of  their  discovery,  they  were  uninhabited,  and  covered  with  forests  and 
underwood,  which  have  now  entirely  disappeared. 

The  first  European  discovery  of  this  group  is  claimed  by  the  Flemings. 
A  Flemish  merchant  named  Van  der  Berg,  is  reported,  in  sailing  from 
Lisbon,  to  have  been  driven  upon  these  shores  in  the  year  1439.  The 
intelligence  soon  reached  the  court  of  Lisbon,  where  it  excited  con- 
siderable interest ;  and  the  navigator  Cabral  was  sent  to  prosecute  the 
discovery.  In  1459  the  islands  began  to  be  planted  and  coloTiized,  and 
in  so  fertile  a  soil  the  inhabitants  rapidly  multiphed.  In  1580  they  fell, 
with  the  other  Portuguese  teriitories,  under  the  dominion  of  Spain.  At 
this  time  the  Azores  were  the  grand  rendezvous  in  the  voyage  home- 
ward of  the  fleets,  which  came  laden  with  the  wealth  of  both  the  In- 
dies. Hence  they  became  a  theater  of  that  maritime  warfare  which  was 
carried  on  with  such  spirit  by  the  English  under  Queen  Elizabeth  against 
the  peninsular  powers.  In  1586  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  equipped  two  pin- 
naces of  35  and  40  tons,  the  command  of  which  he  gave  to  Captain 
Whiddon.  Having  taken  two  or  three  prizes,  they  fell  in,  ofi"  St.  Michael, 
with  the  great  fleet  of  Spanish  galleons,  consisting  of  24  sail,  two  of  them 
caracks  of  1,000  or  1,200  tons.  They  attacked  them,  however,  without 
hesitation,  hoping  to  cut  oflf  some  straggling  member  of  this  great  body, 
but  were  unable  to  make  any  impression  upon  it.  In  1587  Sir  Francis 
Drake,  after  having  swept  the  harbor  of  Cadiz,  sailed  for  the  Azores, 
where  he  took  an  East  India  catack,  richly  laden,  and  the  first  that  had 
ever  fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  English.  In  1589  the  Earl  of  Cumber- 
land fitted  out  a  squadron,  sailed  for  the  Azores,  and  made  numerous 
prizes. 


968 


Fayal  and  other  Azores. 


143 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WITH 
FAYAL  AND  OTHER  AZORES,     - 

FEOii  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Tears 

ENDING 

EXPORTS 

IMPORTS 

Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullion  &  Specie. 

TON'GE  CL'D. 

Sept. 
80. 

Domestic. 

Foreign. 

Total. 

Total. 

$137,983 

Export. 

Import. 

Amer. 

For. 

1821 

$26,837 

$11,158 

$37,995 

$1,070 

2,6.38 

1822 

33,160 

10,454 

43,614 

202,445 

2,668 

'124 

1823 

27,841 

15,704 

4:3,545 

41,429 

$8,500 

l',22i 

1,562 

261 

1834 

17,463 

4,023 

21,4^6 

45,103 

4,978 

9:39 

805 

1825 

33,421 

4,695 

38,116 

61,763 

3,407 

1,751 

266 

1826 

16,976 

2,495 

19,471 

86,261 

5,766 

753 

1827 

13,487 

4,861 

18,:348 

84,203 

8',666 

21,299 

&39 

1828 

19,559 

4,719 

24.278 

70,323 

12,773 

1,931 

1829 

7,949 

78 

8.027 

21,302 

3,000 

672 

'137 

1830 
Total, 

6,649 

1,524 

8,1  ?3 

32,912 

11,340 

244 

137 

$208,342 

59,711 

263,063 

783,728 

16,500 

64,854 

13,890 

1,730 

1S81 

in,.549 

6,049 

16,598 

32,092 

3,200 

475 

251 

1S32 

23,402 

11,363 

34,765 

4.5,424 

7,384 

812 

1833 

18,337 

3,528 

21,915 

26.281 

3,250 

910 

1834 

9.553 

3,911 

13,469 

13.431 

2,707 

760 

18;55 

12,033 

6,400 

18,433 

26,678 

5,666 

4,736 

1,179 

1836 

7,181 

450 

7,631 

17,374 

432 

691 

1837 

13,408 

3,531 

16,939 

29,023 

2,364 

436 

1838 

7,556 

1,681 

9,237 

82,746 

509 

"63 

18:39 

9,130 

4,739 

1-3,869 

15.222     \ 

819 

1840 
Total, 

10,471 

5.623 

16,094 

38,1.33 

1,089 

$121,675 

47,275 

168,950 

281,459     '■ 

5,000 

24,073 

7,730 

il9^ 

1841 

1.3,137 

5,785 

18,922 

16,093 

2,000 

1,068 

1842 

49,183 

19,600 

68,783 

41,049 

1,666 

1,622 

'ioo 

184.3* 

8,.569 

621 

9.190 

12,783 

742 

1844 

19.246 

6,933 

26,229 

29,570 

2,266 

l',5i5 

1,115 

•  ••• 

1845 

2,8:31 

51 

2,8S2 

28,573 



1S4 

1846 

4,225 

4,225 

41.297 

1.000 

152 

"isi 

1847 

9,466 

525 

9,991 

34,564 

10,500 

1,103 

1S48 

3,660 

3,660 

11,4.33 

315 

.... 

1849 

14,204 

1.889 

16,043 

17,052 

3',.566 

1.234 

1850 
Total, 

14,421 

2,153 

16,573 

16,-328 

....     1 

908 

'iei 

$138,942 

37,556 

176,498 

246,747 

4,200 

17,515    . 

8,498 

412 

1851 

20,240 

1,045 

21,285 

32,852 

4.357 

1,15-32 

723       ! 

1852 

17,760 

1,3S6 

19,1.52 

29.346 

i;333     j 

1,447 

686 

1853 

2I,:3n7 

4,440 

25,747 

10.S92     1 

1,777 

1854 

10,030 

440 

10,470 

21,584     1 

500 

ivj 

1865 

13,972 

593 

14,565 

199,111 

1.5.)2 

1,380 

1856 

15,959 

490 

16,449 

22,383 

1 

1,713 

*  9  months  to  June  30,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 


PRINCIPAL  ISLANDS. 

Fayal  is  the  most  frequented  of  all  the  islands  after  St.  Michael,  as  it  has  one  of 
the  best  harbors  in  the  Azores,  and  lies  directly  in  the  track  of  vessels  that  are 
crossing  the  Atlantic  in  any  direction.  Its  principal  town  is  Villa  de  Horta.  Cap- 
tain Cook  found  that  all  sorts  of  fresh  provisions  might  be  obtained  there ;  the  bul- 
locks and  hogs  are  good,  but  the  sheep  small  and  poor.  The  town  is  defended  by 
two  castles  and  a  wall,  both  in  decay,  and  serving  rather  for  show  than  strength. 
The  city  contains  two  convents  for  monks  and  three  for  nuns,  with  eight  churchea 
These  are  the  only  good  buildings  in  it,  no  other  having  glass  windows.  The  baV 
is  two  miles  in  length  and  three  quarters  of  a  mile  in  breadth,  and  the  depth  of  water 
from  6  to  20  fethoms.  Though  a  good  road,  it  is  not  altogether  free  from  danger  in 
S.S.W.  and  S.E.  winds.     Population,  23,000. 

Pico. — A  considerable  quantity  of  wine  is  e.^ported  from  Fayal,  under  the  appel- 
lation of  Fayal  wine,  but  re.illy  the  produce  of  Pico,  one  of  the  most  remarkable  of 
the  Azores.     Population,  26,000. 


144  Foreign  Commercial  Statistics.  971 

LIBERIA. 

The  treaty  concluded  in  1852  between  France  and  the  Republic  of 
Liberia  was  finally  ratified  in  the  year  1856.  The  independence  of 
the  Republic  was  recoijuized  successively  by  the  United  States,  England, 
Belgium,  Prussia,  and  Brazil,  from  1847  to  1854.  To  this  hst  France 
has  at  last  added  her  name  by  the  late  treaty. 

The  original  colony  of  Liberia  was  founded  by  the  American  Colon- 
ization Society,  under  the  direction  of  its  first  president,  Mr.  Finley.  It 
is  situated  at  the  northern  extremity  of  the  coast  of  Guinea,  and  is  about 
370  miles  in  length.  Its  capital,  Monrovia,  is  on  the  former  site  of  the 
principal  slave  market  on  this  part  of  the  African  coast,  and  stands  as  a 
living  protest  against  the  slave-trade,  in  the  abolition  of  which  the  colony 
has  been  largely  instrumental. 

In  February,  1820,  the  first  shipload  of  emigrants  left  New  York  for 
the  coast  of  Guinea.  They  were  eighty  in  number — forming  twenty- 
five  families — under  the  care  of  three  citizens  of  the  United  States,  a 
clergyman,  a  lawyer,  and  a  physician.  In  1847,  Liberia  emerged  from 
its  dependent  colonial  condition,  and  became  an  independent  State.  In 
1854,  it  contained  a  population  of  about  twelve  thousand  black  colonists, 
chiefly  Americans,  and  from  one  hundred  and  forty  to  one  hundred  and 
fifty  thousand  natives,  whose  social  and  religious  condition  is  far  in  ad- 
vance of  that  of  their  blood-thirsty  and  idolatrous  ancestors. 

The  capital  is  now  a  flourishing  maritime  city,  having  a  fort,  a  light- 
house, a  commercial  market,  a  small  marine,  and  schools,  churches, 
newspapers,  charitable  associations,  and  other  institutions  similar  to  those 
in  the  United  States.  The  sixth  article  of  the  Constitution  of  the  Re- 
public declares  that,  inasmuch  as  the  essential  object  of  its  foundation 
was  to  open  an  asylum  for  the  scattered  and  oppressed  children  of 
Africa,  and,  at  the  same  time,  to  regenerate  the  people  of  the  vast  con- 
tinent of  Africa,  yet  enveloped  in  the  darkness  of  ignorance,  none  but 
]>ersons  of  color  will  be  allowed  to  become  citizens  of  the  Republic. 

The  exports  of  Liberia,  consisting  chiefly  of  palm-oil,  logwood  and 
other  dye-woods,  which  are  transported  to  England  and  the  United 
States,  amount  to  about  a  million  dollars  annually.  Beside  all  the  usual 
tropical  productions,  it  produces  Indian  corn,  rice,  the  potato,  sugar, 
cofi'ee,  and  cotton.  Gold  is  also  found  in  considerable  quantities.  The 
cotton  of  Liberia,  which  has  been  highly  approved  in  the  Manchester 
market,  has  lately  attracted  much  attention,  and  its  probably  successful 
cultivation  promises  to  exert  a  most  important  influence  on  the  future  of 
the  Republic.  A  communication  from  a  highly  respectable  and  rehable 
source  recently  appeared  in  the  National  Intelligencer^  the  writer  of 
which  gave  a  decided  prefei'ence  to  the  cotton  of  Liberia  over  that  of 
Brazil,  in  point  of  quality,  cheapness  of  production,  and  facility  of  trans- 
portation to  market.  The  subject  deserves  further  and  full  investigation. 
.  Considered  simply  as  an  experiment  in  practical  benevolence,  Liberia 
deserves  and  will  receive  the  protection  of  the  great  Powers  of  the 
world.  Whether  or  not  it  be  destined,  as  some  have  thought,  to  work 
out  the  solution  of  the  vexed  question  of  slavery  in  the  United  States, 
it  will  yet  gain  the  great  glory  of  redeeming  from  barbarism  and  idol- 
atry many  millions  of  the  human  race. 


970 


Cape  de  Verd  Islands. 


145 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WITH  THE 
CAPE  DE  VERD  ISLANDS, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Tears 

ENDING 

Sept. 
30. 

EXPOETS. 

IMPORTS 

Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullion  &  Specie. 

1 

1  TON'GE  OLD. 

1 

Domestic. 

Foreign. 

Total. 

Total. 

Export. 

Import. 

Aaieb. 

For. 

1S21 

$22,1T6 

$7,656 

$29,832 

$64,086 

$•3,200 

825 

1822 

84,041 

85,832 

70.773 

47.422 

$97'.525 

17,078 

1,049 

1S23 

22,055 

11,010 

33.065 

56,849 

17,412 

689 

1824 

51,019 

21,665 

72,084 

66,805 

2,277 

80,142 

1,781 

"67 

1S25 

60.072 

18,907 

79,039 

89,592 

82.650 

2,680 

1826 

89,693 

9.299 

48,992 

104.120 

21,448 

754 

134 

1S27 

80,010 

24,155 

104,165 

77,425 

24,6{J0 

2,129 

1828 

67,502 

9,727 

77,229 

82,058 

17,545 

2,4;3;3 

1829 

68,528 

13,477 

82,005 

26,460 

7,068 

3,268 

"83 

1830 
Total, 

50.560 

7,778 

5S,338 

83,758 

15,457 

2,628 

$496,556 

159,566 

656,122 

643,525 

99,802 

215,400 

18,236 

284 

1831 

4.5.4-32 

13,557 

58,989 

63,643 

82,327 

1,200 

2-36 

18-32 

66,858 

19.437 

86,295 

87,706 

'4fi6 

27,631 

2,648 

162 

1833 

162,0:i3 

44.987 

207,020 

89,318 

1,453 

11,570 

5,944 

816 

1834 

79.511 

25,886 

105,397 

40,633 

1,2.50 

20.028 

3,391 

1S35 

102.440 

27,747 

1.30,187 

19,795 

975 

9,987 

2,643 

1836 

67,210 

8,246 

75,456 

13,813 

4,100 

6,422 

2,9S7 

18;?7 

136,201 

27,887 

164,083 

88,843 

8,685 

15,673 

8,725 

2,143 

1838 

96,941 

8,933 

105,874 

29,174 

800 

9,-396 

8,224 

■    568 

1839 

77,138 

8,415 

85,553 

89.523 

680 

4,160 

8,836 

1S40 
Total, 

82,611 

2,809 

85,420 

2;1,:348 

2,262 

'946 

$916,375 

187,904 

1,104,279 

401,796 

18,293 

136,194 

31,855 

4,876 

1841 

66,926 

13,226 

80,152 

42,661 

8,603 

9,360 

1,996 

1842 

103,.')57 

11,529 

115,086 

17,866 

300 

8,704 

8,210 

1843* 

52.227 

4.978 

57,205 

4.713 

8.200 

1,802 

'iCT 

1844 

C5.2;38 

5,299 

70,.537 

4.8:36 

3,000 

1,697 

382 

1845 

50,599 

2,8:34 

53,483 

7,579 

4,256 

170 

1S46 

31,097 

685 

31,782 

857 

1,004 

M8 

184T 

71,084 

17,848 

88,932 

2,399 

io',666 

2,266 

1,798 

240 

1848 

101,723 

6,849 

108.572 

225 

1,900 

4.084 

2.0-38 

1849 

62.647 

8,815 

66,402 

1,,S53 

1,575 

2,714 

4,773 

1850 
Total, 

47,043 

2,167 

49,210 

1,886 

611 

$652,141 

69,230 

72],;371 

82,989 

22,378 

21,464 

23,947 

8,929 

1851 

57,476 

2,437 

59,913 

1.850 

1,505 

730 

1852 

54,425 

9,651 

64.076 

18.129 

4,i66 

1,628 

1,152 

laiS 

2:3,275 

1,604 

24,879 

41.053 

13,957 

2,181 

1854 

80,037 

2,208 

82,245 

8.985 

'sio 

1.500 

4,891 

1855 

56,496 

3,120 

59,616 

24,300 

3,443 

7,000 

5,743 

'2-43 

1856 

51,415 

2,294 

53,709 

36,910 

450 

12,053 

8,183 

400 

*  9  months  to  June  30,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  ISLANDS. 
Cape  Verd  Islands  are  situated  329  miles  west  of  Cape  Verd,  between  lat. 
14°  45'  and  17°  13'  N.,  and  long.  22°  45' and  25°  25'  W.  The  Arcliipelago  con- 
sists of  the  following  ten  i.slands :  Sal,  Boavist;i,  M.ajo,  Santiago  (St.  James),  the 
largest,  Forgo,  Brava,  Grande,  Rombo,  St.  Xicoliio,  and  St.  Luzia,  and  four  islets, 
Branco,  Razo,  St.  Vicente,  and  St.  Antao.  Area  estimated  at  1,680  square  miles. 
Population  in  1850,  86,738.  The  white  population,  in  the  whole  Archipelago  is  to. 
the  colored  as  one  to  twenty.  The  surfiiee  of  the  i.slands  is  in  gcnerajj  niountain-. 
ous,  and  some  of  their  peaks  have  a  considerable  elevation.  The  volcano  of  Fogo  is 
9,157  feet  in  height.  The  soil  is  extremely  various,  but  mostly  fertile;  the  ab.^ence 
of  trees  and  the  scarcity  of  water,  are  the  causes  of  frequent  and  severe  distress. 
Chief  vegetable  products,  maize,  rice,  and  French  beans.  Coffee,  introduced  ia 
1790,  has  completely  succeeded;  the  cotton  shrub  is  indigenou." ;  indigo  grows  wild, 
and  tobacco  is  cultivated  in  some  of  the  islands ;  little  sugar  ia  grown,  a»d  wine 
of  inferior  quality ;  tropical  fruits  are  abundant. 


146  Foreign  Commercial  Statistics.  973 


ITALY. 

The  Italian  peninsula  possesses  a  remarkably  well  defined  boundary, 
not  merely  in  its  long  line  of  sea  coasts,  but  also  in  the  Alps,  which 
separate  its  northern  provinces  from  France,  Switzerland,  and  Germany ; 
not  forming,  however,  such  an  impassable  frontier  as  to  have  saved  the 
country  from  the  invasion  and  domination  of  the  northern  races.  In  the 
north,  the  Alps  and  the  Apennines  inclose  between  them  the  rich  plains 
of  Lorabardy,  drained  by  the  Po  and  its  numerous  tributaries.  Further 
south,  the  peninsula  consists  of  a  long  hill  country  traversed  by  the 
A{)eniiines,  and  bordered  by  maritime  valleys  and  plains,  which  are  gen- 
erally more  extensive  toward  the  Tuscan  than  toward  the  Adriatic  Sea. 
The  south-western  portions  of  Tuscany  and  the  Roman  States,  called  the 
Maremma,  are  rendered  almost  uninhabitable  in  summer  by  the  preval- 
ence of  malaria.  They  are  likewise  marshy,  and  in  consequence  left 
almost  uncultivated;  they  feed,  nevertheless,  large  herds  of  beeves  and 
buffaloes.  The  climate  of  Italy  is  humid  and  not  generally  salubrious, 
for  while  the  northern  regions  are  exposed  to  frequent  piercingly-cold 
blasts  from  the  snow-capped  mountains,  the  southern  provinces  are  op- 
pressed by  sultry  winds  that  seem  to  blow  from  the  African  deserts,  and 
are  often  loaded  with  an  impalpable  dust.  The  natural  productions  are, 
however,  rich  and  various.  Every  thing  that  grows  in  France  and  Spain 
grows  at  least  equally  well  in  Italy,  and  the  people  of  the  northern  prov- 
inces, especially  Lombardy,  are  sufficiently  industrious.  The  country 
has  long  been  divided  among  a  number  of  petty  princes,  and  oppressed 
by  the  heavy  weight  of  both  spiritual  and  political  despotism.  The  peo- 
ple, nevertheless,  by  their  talent  and  industry,  have  kept  their  country  in 
a  relatively  more  respectable  position  than  those  of  the  Spanish  penin- 
sula ;  and  the  example  set  by  the  introduction  of  liberal  principles  and 
practices  in  the  States  of  the  King  of  Sardinia  is  not  likely  to  remain 
long  without  effect  on  the  other  States. 

The  commerce  of  Italy  has  suffered  from  the  derangement  of  the  gov- 
ernment ;  and  although  favorably  situated  for  a  large  trade,  the  merchant 
marine  is  small,  and  confined  almost  entirely  to  coasting  vessels. 

The  value  of  the  imports  in  1852,  was,  ....         10,218,426  scudo. 

"  "      exports  "         "  ....         10,474,013      " 

The  Scudo=$1.08  of  United  States  currency. 

VALUE  OF  THE  IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS  OF  LEGHORN. 
Year  ending  October,  Imports,  Francs.  Exports,  Francs. 

1852, 85,520,000  54,300,000 

1853, 115,400,000  71,220,000 

1855, 142,260,000  

NAVIGATION  OF  THE  PORTS  OF  CIVITA-VECCHIA,  AND  OF  ANCONA  (1852). 
VESSELS.  EntPrcd.        Tonnage.  Crew.  Cleared.        Tonnage.  Crev. 

Roman,     .         .         1,080  67,096  7,439         1,082  66,679  7,393 

Foreign,    .         .         1,231         187,728         20,117         1,210         185,313         19,729 


Total,     .         .         2,311         254,824         27,556         2,292         251,992         27,122 

The  mercantile  marine  numbered  at  the  close  of  the  year  1854,  1,893 
vessels  (of  which  210  were  vessels  of  war),  having  a  total  tonnage  of 
31,637,  with  9,711  men. 


972 


Italy. 


147 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WITH 

ITALY  (INCLUDING  MALTA  TO  OCT.  1,  1833), 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1855. 


Years 

ENDING 

EXPORTS 

IMl  UlvlS   j„  bullion  &  Specie. 

TON'GE  CL'D. 

Sept. 
30. 

Domestic. 

FOEEION. 

Total. 

Total. 

Export.  1  I.mpop.t. 

Amer. 

For. 

1821 

$410,171 

$689,496 

$1,099,667 

$973,463 

....     i  $3.55,211 

8,802 

1S22 

560,714 

889,470 

1,450,184 

1.562,033 

....     !    211,944 

10.0.56 

1823 

115,994 

951,911 

1,067,905 

1,369,440 

....     :    215,197 

6,057 

1824 

76,808 

587,480 

664,348 

1,029,4;39 

....     1      70,893 

5,111 

'46i 

1825 

66,605 

578,434 

645,039 

1,451,022 

....     !    1CK),034 

7,015 

1826 

81,622 

448,599 

530,221 

1,120,749 

....     1      74,259 

5,208 

1827 

74,417 

535,804 

610,221 

1.013,126 

102,.592 

5,391 

1828 

279,520 

641,230 

920,750 

1,607.417 

$25,000          67,532 

6,515 

767 

1829 

289,755 

611,257 

901,012 

1,409,588 

,    33,592            1,200 

7,031 

1830 
Total, 

326,239 

414,121 

740,360 

940,254 

■       ....            2,570 

6,626 

'418 

12,281,905 

6,347,802 

8,629,707 

12,479,531 

!    58,592 

1,201,432 

67,812 

1,646 

1831 

371,515 

323,010 

694,525 

l,704,2f>l 

1 

87,938 

9,120 

1832 

178,507 

509,056 

687,563 

1,619,795 

!       '660 

4,400 

6,042 

1833 

70,364 

301,822 

372,186 

999,134 

1,200 

6,055 

'832 

1&34 

105,786 

387,771 

493,557 

1,422,063 

18..305 

4,482 

426 

1835 

178,545 

107,396 

285,941 

1,4.57,977 

14,004 

4,544 

206 

1836 

139.473 

524,586 

664,059 

1,970,246 

2,514 

5,863 

258 

ias7 

205,268 

418,409 

623,677 

1,827,181 

2,637 

3,5:31 

1838 

318,536 

141,357 

459,893 

944,2;38 

88',6i.S 

8,041 

1,310 

1839 

815,399 

122,753 

4=38,152 

1,182,297 

6,723 

1,016 

1,835 

1840 
Total, 

1,189,838 

28:3,347 

1,473,185 

1,157,200 

\ 

57,672 

8,071 

2.602 

$3,073,231 

3,119,507 

6,192,738 

14,284,395 

i        660 

180,769 

50,871 

11,000 

1841 

731,411 

180,907 

912,318 

1,151,2.36 

i     8,750 

3,!M1 

6.282 

1,267 

1842 

515,577 

304,940 

820,517 

987,528 

'    16,000 

1,414 

7,367 

1,402 

184;^* 

541,500 

186,721 

728,221 

394,564 

1 

3,3.50 

1,117 

1844 

318,566 

258,257 

576,823 

1,096,926 

l',36i 

2,340 

941 

ia45 

587,569 

230,352 

817,921 

1,301,577 

2,400 

5,9S1 

914 

18i6 

942,263 

424,652 

1,366,915 

1,189,786 

1,196 

184T 

1,056.022 

93,333 

1,149,355 

1,279,936 

13,475 

1848 

1,101,113 

159,488 

1,260,601 

1,616,100 

7,719 

1849 

81 1,4^)0 

293,419 

l,104.s09 

1,550,896 

8,000 

1850 
Total, 

1,567,166 

239,904 

1,807,070 

2,105,077 

.... 

4,028 

$8,172,687 

2,371,973 

10,544,610 

12,673,626 

19,750 

42,233 

26,519 

6,641 

1851 

1,786,834 

127,406 

1,804,2411 

2,051,897 

1S52 

1,573,8.^)2 

20.'i.:«2 

1,7  79.  I'M 

1,234.905 

1853 

2,173,745 

159,S;33 

2,3*3,578 

9.-)3.714 

1854 

1,586.327 

165.4;59 

1,751.706 

971,728 

]a^)5 

506,657 

42,736 

r)49,393 

1. 773.488 

2,893 

'237 

1856 

457,4;37 

5,58;3 

463,020 

1,085,805 

4,179 

763 

*  9  months  to  June  80,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORTS. 

Genoa,  a  maritime  city  of  Italy.  It  is  situated  at  the  bottom  of  the  extensive  gulf 
to  which  it  gives  its  name,  the  lighthouse  being  in  lat.  44°  24'  40"  N.,  long.  8°  25' 
55"  K.  The  harbor  is  semicircular,  the  diameter  being  about  G,000  feet.  It  is 
formed  of  two  gigantic  moles,  having  opposite  directions.  There  is  no  difficulty  in 
entering  the  harbor,  the  ground  being  clean,  and  plenty  of  water.  Ships  sometimes 
anchor  without  the  harbor,  in  60  to  100  feet  of  water.  The  south-west  winds  occa- 
sion heavy  swells,  but  the  bottom  is  clay,  and  holds  well. 

Leghorn,  a  seaport  of  Ital)^  in  Tuscany,  lat.  4;}°  33'  5"  N..  long.  10°  IG'  45"  E. 
Leghorn  has  an  outer  harbor,  protected  by  a  line  mole,  running  upward  of  half  a 
mile  into  the  sca^  and  a  small  inner  harbor  or  basin.  The  water  in  the  harbor  is 
rather  shallow,  varying  from  8  feet  in  the  inner  basin  to  18  or  19  feet  at  the  end  of 
the  mole.  Rise  of  tlie  tide  about  14  inches.  The  roadstead  outside  has  moro  water 
and  good  holding-ground. 

Naples,  a  city  of  Italy,  lat.  40°  50'  12"  N.,  long.  14°  14'  15"  E. 


148  Foreign  Commercial  Statistics.  975 

SARDINIA. 

Almost  all  tlie  trade  of  Sardinia  is  carried  on  by  strangers ;  and  even 
the  fish  on  its  coast  and  in  its  harbors  is  caught  by  Sicilians,  Neapolitans, 
Tuscans,  and  Genoese.  Com  is  the  principal  article  of  export.  In  good 
years,  the  exports  from  the  whole  island  may  amount  to  400,000  starelli, 
or  about  500,000  bushels  of  wheat,  200,000  starelli  of  barley,  6,000  ditto 
of  maize,  100,000  ditto  of  beans,  200,000  ditto  of  peas,  and  1,000  ditto 
of  lentils.  The  culture  of  vines  is  gradually  becoming  of  more  import- 
ance ;  and  about  3,500  Catalan  pipes  are  exported,  principally  from 
Alghero  and  Ogliastro.  Cheese  is  an  important  object  in  the  rural  econ- 
omy of  Sardinia,  and  considerable  quantities  are  exported.  Salt  is  a  royal 
monopoly  and  affords  a  considerable  revenue.  Until  recently,  Sweden 
drew  almost  all  her  supplies  of  this  important  necessary  from  Sardinia, 
and  it  continues  to  be  exported  in  considerable  quantities.  Flax,  linseed, 
hides,  oil,  saffron,  rags,  alquifoux,  etc.,  are  among  the  articles  of  export. 
The  tunny  and  coral  fisheries  employ  a  good  many  hands ;  but,  as  already 
observed,  they  are  almost  wholly  managed  by  foreigners. 

Almost  every  article  of  dress,  whether  for  the  gentry  or  the  peasantry, 
is  imported.  Soap,  stationery,  glass,  earthenware,  and  furniture,  as  well 
as  sugar,  coffee,  drugs,  etc.,  are  also  supplied  by  foreigners;  and  not- 
withstanding the  Sards  possess  many  rich  mines,  several  of  which  were 
successfully  wrought  in  antiquity,  they  import  all  their  iron  and  steel. 
The  only  manufactures  carried  on  in  the  island  are  those  of  gunpowder, 
salt,  tobacco,  and  woolen  caps. 

ACCOUNT  OF  THE  QUANTITIES  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  ARTICLES  EXPORTED  FROM 
THE  ISLAND  OF  SARDINIA  TO  FOREIGN  COUNTRIES  IN  1849,  1850,  AND  1851. 

QUANTITIES. 

I ^ 

AETICLES.  1810.  1850.  1851. 

Barilla,  cwts., 802  427  2 

Bones,  cwts., 8,636  9,253  5,855 

Bullocks,  no. 2,753  1,430  211 

Calves,  no., 70  93  19 

Cheese,  cwts, 29,880  25,606  24,986 

Cork-wood,  cwts., 2,158  G,782  3,819 

Cows,  steers,  and  bulls,  no.,      ....  674  456  394 

Firewood,  cwts., 3,788  1,508  577 

Fruit,  fresh,  cwts., 732  858  79 

Goats,  sheep,  and  lambs,  no 232  594  237 

Grain,  cwts., 1,723  567  2,494 

Lead  ore,  cwts., 8,701  4,296  16,497 

Olive  oil,  imperial  gallons,        ....  5,390  49  .... 

Skins,  cwts., 17,664  41,097  1,530 

Timber,  oak,  val.  lire, 10,220  668  67,712 

Tunny  fish,  cwts., 2,339  2,547  2,839 

Wine,  imperial  gallons, 47,761  269,402  19,743 

But  salt,  of  which  the  export  may  be  estimated  at  14,000  or  15,000 
tons  a  year,  is  excluded  from  this  table,  on  which,  indeed,  but  little  reli- 
ance can  be  placed. 

These  statements  sufficiently  show  that  the  commerce  of  Sardinia  is 
very  far  from  being  what  might  naturally  be  expected  from  her  extent, 
fertility,  admirable  situation,  and  the  excellence  of  her  many  harbors. 


974 


Sardinia. 


149 


FOREIGN    COMMERCE    OF  THE   UNITED    STATES 
WITH  SARDINIA, 

From  October  1,  1840,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Tears 

ENDING 

Sept. 
80. 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS 

Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullion  &  Specie. 

TON'GE  CL'D. 

Domestic. 

Foreign. 

Total. 

Total. 

$19,859 

'287 

42,538 
205 

Export. 

Import. 

Amer. 

Fon. 

1841 

1842 

1S43* 

1844 

1845 

1846 

1847 

1848 

1849 

1850 

Total, 

1851 
1852 
1853 
1S54 
1855 
1856 

$47,000 
40,208 
108,091 
92,522 
162,827 
283,283 
630,282 
175,583 
460,950 
170,764 

$32,976 
976 
16,870 
18,389 
21,414 
86,186 

$47,000 
40,208 
108,091 
92,522 
195,797 
284,259 
647,102 
193,972 
482,364 
256,900 

$l",266 
42,270 

1,15.3 
1,951 
4,895 
4.832 
9.865 

10,2:i5 
9,162 

12.397 
7,791 

'776 
260 
1,581 
1,411 
1,191 
8,313 
1,988 
4,843 
6,300 

$2,171,460 

810,888 
769,209 
195,880 
188,805 
1,838,186 
2,143,977 

176,755 

19,401 
42,286 
27,926 
2,020 
143,844 
60,961 

2,348,215 

380,289 
811,495 
228,306 
190,325 
1,982,030 
2,204,938 

C2,8S9 

2,802 

74,901 

171,583 

85,676 

217,2:32 

317,179 

48,470 
2,666 

61,281 

6,741 
18,443 
11.821 
10,6.S8 
16,754 
17,958 

21,663 

8,479 
6,069 
7,018 
2.246 
4,597 
8,501 

*  9  months  to  June  80,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  tlmo  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORT. 

Cagliari,  the  capital  of  Sardinia,  on  the  north-east  shore  of  a  spacious  bay  on 
the  south  coast  of  the  island,  lat.  39°  12'  13"  N.,  Ion.  9°  7'  44"  E.  Population  in 
1850,  30,000  (?)  The  city  stands  on  a  rising  ground,  and  has  an  imposing  effect 
from  tlie  sea.  The  pubhc  buildings  and  churches  are  numerous,  and  some  of  them 
splendid;  but  the  streets  are,  for  the  most  part,  narrow,  steep,  and  filthy.  The 
Gulf  of  Cagliari  extends  from  Pula  on  the  west,  to  Cape  Carbonara  on  the  east,  a 
distance  of  about  24  miles  across,  and  about  12  in  depth,  with  good  anchorage 
everywhere  after  getting  into  soundings.  A  mole  projects  from  the  Pratique  office, 
and  ships  usually  He  about  1  mile  south-west  by  south  from  it,  in  6  or  8  fathoms 
water,  on  an  excellent  bottom  of  mud.  There  is  a  very  convenient  pier  harbor  at 
the  south  angle  of  the  tower  waU,  capable  of  containing  14  or  16  vessels  of  a 
tolerable  size,  beside  small  craft.  Altogether  Caghari  is  one  of  the  best  and  safest 
ports  in  the  Mediterranean.  Vessels  belonging  to  Sardinia  are  admitted  by  treaty 
into  the  ports  of  the  United  States  on  the  same  terms  as  American  vessels,  with  the 
produce  or  manufactures  of  their  own  or  any  other  country. 

Within  the  last  few  j'cars  some  very  important  changes  for  the  better  have  been 
introduced  into  the  island,  and  some  of  the  worst  of  the  abuses  generally  noticed 
have  been  obviated.  In  1836,  in  pursuance  of  inquiries  previously  commenced, 
feudal  jurisdictions  were  completely  aboUshed ;  and  since  then  the  feudal  system  has 
been  wholly  subverted.  And  if,  as  is  to  be  hoped,  government  follow  up  the  en- 
lightened course  of  policy  on  which  it  has  entered,  by  giving  freedom  to  commerce, 
the  probability  is,  that  the  island  will,  at  no  very  remote  period,  recover  a  large 
share  of  its  ancient  prosperity.  According  to  a  law  passed  in  1839,  all  lands  were 
declared  to  be  the  property  of  individuals,  communes,  or  the  crown ;  the  latter  be- 
coming the  possessor  of  all  waste  lands,  or  those  to  which  neither  private  parties  nor 
communes  could  show  any  title.  Lands  whicli  had  been  cultivated  or  applied  to 
use,  whether  inclosed  or  not,  were  assigned  in  perpetuity  to  the  occupiers,  undis- 
turbed possession  being  held  to  confer  a  sufficient  right  to  the  property  in  the 
absence  of  any  other  title ;  those  whose  interests  were  at  all  affected  by  the  new 
changes  received  compensation  in  money  or  lands,  or  by  an  assignment  of  public 
funded  property.  The  king  substituted  himself  in  the  place  of  the  barons;  ho  took 
all  the  feudal  rents  into  his  own  hands  ;  and  their  value  being  estimated  at  twenty 
years'  purchase,  public  securities  to  that  amount,  bearing  five  per  cent,  interest, 
were  made  over  to  the  nobles  in  exchange  for  their  deprived  privileges. 


150 


Foreign  Commercial  Statistics. 


19 


SICILY. 

Trinacria  and  Sicilia,  the  largest  and  finest  island  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, between  latitude  36°  38'  and  38°  18'  N.,  and  longitude  12°  25' 
and  15°  40'  E.,  separated  on  the  N.E,  from  south  Italy  by  the  Straits  of 
Messina,  2  miles  broad,  and  forming  the  Dominii  al-dl-la  di  Faro,  or 
the  territory  "  beyond  the  strait"  of  the  kingdom  of  the  "  Two  Sicihes." 
Shape,  triangular;  length,  E.  to  W.,  185  miles;  greatest  breedth  N.  to 
S,  along  its  E.  coast  120  miles.  The  papyrus,  sugar-cane,  date,  palm, 
and  other  tropical  products  ripen  at  a  height  of  GOO  feet;  evergreens 
flourish  at  2,000  feet ;  oak  and  chestnut  woods  cover  the  mountain  sides 
to  the  height  of  4,000  feet ;  wheat  thrives  at  4,500  feet,  and  beech  woods 
prevail  to  G,000  feet  in  elevation.  Under  the  Romans,  Sicily  was  con- 
sidered the  granary  of  Italy,  but  owing  to  oppressive  exactions  and  re- 
strictions, there  are  few  countries  in  which  agriculture  is  so  ill  conducted; 
and  it  is  stated  that  instead  of  corn,  nearly  one  third  of  the  population 
derive  their  subsistence  mainly  from  the  fruit  of  the  Indian  fig,  a  species 
of  cactus,  which  grows  wild  in  profusion.  Other  chief  crops  are  beans, 
pulse,  maize,  rice,  olive  oil,  oranges,  lemons,  almonds,  and  other  fruits, 
potatoes,  tobacco,  flax,  hemp,  sumach,  liquorice,  and  manna. 

Vessels  belonging  to  the  Two  Sicilies,  are  admitted  into  the  ports  of 
the  United  States  on  the  same  terms  as  American  vessels,  only  when 
laden  with  the  home  produce  or  home  manufactures. 


COMMERCE  AND  NAVIGATION  AVITH  FOREIGN  COUNTRIES. 

ENTEEED.  CLEARED. 


OOtn^  TREES. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

Vessels. 

Tons. 

r 
Vessels. 

Tons. 

Austria,     . 

5,206,304 

488,866 

960 

69,504 

859 

59,309 

Denmark,  . 

•    .   •   > 

6 

1,308 

1 

163 

Modena,    . 

3 

161 

3 

267 

Roman  States,  . 

HGOS 

600,167 

545 

22,787 

577 

23,422 

Spain, 

3,734,826 

12 

2,160 

6 

868 

United  States,    . 

1.283,216 

547,477 

8 

2,807 

17 

5,153 

Franco, 

10,283,455 

14,752.017 

383 

101,886 

395 

103,759 

Great  I3ritain,    . 

19,144,604 

12,607,584 

279 

53,943 

200 

43,430 

Greece, 

1,069,304 

79,695 

21 

1,703 

12 

1,239 

Holland,    . 

4,276,207 

256,171 

27 

6,242 

14 

2,727 

Ionian  Islands,  . 

91 

4,781 

61 

3,213 

Sweden  &  Nora 

ay,       540,000 

14 

2,950 

6 

1,525 

Russia, 

26,282,407 

275,738 

9 

2,727 

12 

3,214 

Tuscany,    . 

3,023,807 

3,899,936 

123 

12,091 

65 

5,300 

Turkey,     . 

2,768,260 

136,702 

7 

1,441 

20 

5,577 

Sardinia,    . 

2,460,871 

3,006,882 

210 

31,188 

254 

36,651 

Prussia 

•   .    .  • 

.... 

3 

1,146 

2 

778 

Tunis, 

11 

1,263 

10 

1,036 

All  others, 

122,609 

66,504 

2,712 

.... 

2,514 

Total,  franca. 

80,270,478 

36,717,739 

320,088 

297,631 

SHIPPING  IN  18&4. 

Vessels. 

Tons. 

Continent, 

. 

10,863 

202,318 

Two  Sicilies, 

.         .         . 

2,031 

47,438 

Total     . 

12,894 

249,756 

18 


Sicily. 


151 


FOREIGN    COMMERCE  OF  THE    UNITED  STATES 

WITH  SICILY, 

From  October  1,  1830,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Yeaiis 

ENDING 

8ept 

EXPORTS. 

IMPOBTS 

Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullion  &  Specie. 

j  TOITGE  CL'D. 

80  ' 

1831 

Domestic. 

FOBEIGN. 

Total. 

Totau 

j  Export. 

IlfPOuT. 

Ajieb. 

Fob. 

12,869 

$2,369 

878 

1832 

3,083 

8,088 

$156'6i7 

■433 

lasa 

6,123 

$2',946 

9,003 

165,714 

876 

1834 

4,000 

4,060 

254,966 

311 

1835 

17,373 

10,884 

28,257 

274,548 

$608 

l/ioi 

1,223 

1886 

146,183 

49,714 

195,897 

642,090 

1,457 

3,143 

1887 

18,620 

5,877 

24,497 

411,959 

1,280 

2,105 

183S 

25,.532 

21,813 

47,^15 

845,362 

20^600 

1,012 

1,824 

1839 

192,462 

84,607 

277,069 

592,951 

2.2.33 

2,298 

1840 
Total, 

303,217 

33,923 

8;37,140 

649,525 

"566 

1,006 

3,176 

$719,027 

209,758 

928,785  1 

3,498,782 

21,708 

8,620 

14,898 

1841 

474,470 

11. .'592 

486,062 

683,057 

14,.300 

1,913 

8.566 

1842 

237,861 

19.5,797 

4.3;3,658 

589,419 

6.54 

1,272 

3,016 

1843* 

32,5.58 

51,871 

84,429 

169,6M 

4,706 

665 

680 

1844 

75,624 

278,692 

854,316 

462,773 

1,045 

3,286 

1845 

70.625 

334,667 

405,292 

529,493 

445 

8,628 

1846 

819,441 

298,391 

617,832 

51.3,235 

767 

i.318 

1847 

56,899 

7,218 

64,117 

550,988 

1,428 

649 

1&4S 

17,754 

9,075 

26,829 

618,029 

4^526 

924 

399 

1849 

W,.S.59 

4,854 

29,213 

630,244 

1,858 

2:^ 

1850 
Total, 

50,577 

13,024 

63,601 

622,629 

22,625 

8,826 

1,633 

$1,860,168 

1,205,181 

2,565,349 

5,324,681 

46,811 

13,588 

21,407 

1851 

41,743 

8,193 

49,936 

825,924 

2,S4S 

1,916 

1852 

65,649 

10,890 

66,.539 

600,.'>11 

6,609 

3.427 

1853 

130,:5:i7 

24.818 

15.5,155 

86.3,351 

20,666 

1254 

24fi,l.'il 

13,900 

260,051 

9,59,300 

8,862 

8,713 

1855 

207,790 

443.686 

651,476 

1,718,949 

4^870 

4,.509 

.3.444 

1856 

303,576 

75.195 

378,771  ; 

1,483,526 

1,642 

1,621 

*  9  months  to  June  80,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORT. 

Palermo,  anciently  Pa  norm  cs,  a  larpe  city  and  seaport,  tlio  capital  of  the  noble 
island  of  Sicily,  on  the  north  coa.st  of  wliich  it  is  situated,  the  lightiiou.«c  being  in 
lat.  38°  8'  15""  N.,  long.  13°  21'  5G"  E.  Population,  170,000.  The  bay  of  Palermo 
is  about  five  miles  in  depth,  the  city  being  situated  on  its  south-west  shore.  A  fino 
mole,  fully  one  quarter  of  a  mile  in  length,  having  a  lighthouse  and  battery  at  it3 
extremity,  projecting  in  a  southerly  direction  from  the  arsenal  into  nine  or  ten  ftith- 
oms  of  water,  forming  a  convenient  port,  capable  of  containing  a  great  number  of 
vessels.  This  immen.se  work  cost  about  £1,000,000  sterling  in  its  construction ;  but 
tlio  lighthouse,  though  a  splendid  structure,  is  said  to  bo  very  ill  lighted.  There  is 
an  inner  port,  which  is  reserved  for  tlie  use  of  the  arsenal.  Sliips  that  do  not  mean 
to  go  within  the  mole  may  anchor  about  lialf  a  mile  from  it,  in  from  16  to  2,'J  fathoms, 
mole  light  bearing  N.W.  f  W.  A  heavy  sea  .sometimes  rolls  into  the  bay,  but  no 
danger  need  bo  apprehended  by  ships  properly  found  in  anchors  and  cliain  cables. 
In  going  into  the  bay,  it  is  neccs.sary  to  keep  clear  of  the  nets  of  the  tunny  tlshery,  for 
the.se  arc  so  strong  and  well  moored,  as  to  bo  capable  of  arresting  a  ship  under  sail. 

Money. — Since  1818,  the  coins  of  Sicily  have  been  the  same  as  tiio.se  of  Naple.",  their 
names  only  difl'ering.  The  ducat  =- 3s.  5-2d.  sterling,  is  subdivided  into  100  ba- 
jocchi  and  10  piccioli;  but  accounts  are  still  generall\'  kept  in  oncie,  tarie,  and 
grani:  20  grani  =  1  taro;  30  tari  —  1  oncia  ;  the  oncia  =  3  ducat.s;  and  1  cai-- 
lino  of  Naples  =  1  taro  of  Sicily.     The  Spani.sh  dollar  is  current  at  1 2  tari  8  grani. 

Weights. — 100  Sicilian  pounds  of  12  ounces  =  70  lbs.  avoirdupois  ^  8511  Iba 
Troy=  31-76  kilog. —  64-23  lbs.  of  Am.stordam  =  65-58  lbs.  of  Hamburg. 

Measures. — The  salma  grossa  —  9-48  Winchester  bushels;  the  salma  generale  ^ 
7-G2  Winchester  bushels. 


152 


JForeign  Commercial  Statistics. 


21 


AUSTRIA. 

Trieste,  a  city  and  seaport  of  the  Austrian  dominions,  the  capital  of  a 
district  of  Illyria,  situated  near  the  N.  E,  extremity  of  the  Gulf  of 
Venice,  latitude  of  lighthouse  45°  38'  6"  N.,  longitude  13°  46'  5" 
E.  Population,  in  1850-1,  of  the  city  only,  50,000,  and  including  the 
district  comprised  within  the  limits  of  the  free  port,  82,596.  It  is  di- 
vided into  the  old  and  new  towns.  The  former  is  built  upon  elevated 
ground  ;  the  latter,  Avhich  is  lower  down,  is  laid  out  with  great  regu- 
larity, and  is  partly  intersected  by  a  canal,  into  which  vessels  not  drawing 
more  than  9  or  10  feet  water  enter  to  load  and  unload. 

Harbor. — The  harbor  of  Trieste,  though  rather  limited  in  size,  is  easy 
of  access  and  convenient.  It  is  protected  from  the  southerly  gales  by  the 
Molo  Teresiano,  so  called  from  the  Empress  Maria  Theresa,  at  the  ex- 
tremity of  which  the  new  lighthouse,  mentioned  above,  has  been  con- 
structed. The  port,  with  a  mole,  forms  a  crescent,  li  miles  in  length, 
being  a  continued  quay,  faced  with  hewn  stone,  with  stairs  and  jetties  for 
the  convenience  of  embarkation.  On  the  north  side  of  the  port  is  a  dock 
or  harbor,  appropriated  exclusively  for  vessels  performing  quarantine. 
It  is  walled  round,  and  is  furnished  with  hotels,  warehouses,  and  every 
sort  of  accommodation  required  for  the  use  of  passengers  and  goods. 
Ships  under  300  tons  burden  lie  close  to  the  quays ;  those  of  greater 
size  mooring  a  little  further  out. 

The  principal  defects  of  the  port  are,  its  limited  size,  and  its  being  ex- 
posed to  the  N.  W.  winds,  which  sometimes  blow  Avith  much  violence, 
and  throw  in  a  heavy  sea. 


COMMERCE  OF  TRIESTE  AND  VENICE  FOR  THE  YEAR  1851 


TRIESTE. 

VENICE. 

ENTEEED. 

CLEARED. 

ENTEEED. 

CLEABED. 

C0UNTBIE8. 

Vessels 

Tons. 

Vessels 

.     Tons. 

Vessels 

.     Tons. 

Vessels.      Tons. 

American,     . 

55 

26,007 

56 

28,981 

8 

2,749 

7 

2,445 

Hanse  Towns, 

29 

5,753 

30 

6,733 

13 

2,319 

19 

1,967 

Belgian, 

4 

673 

5 

729 

1 

155 

1 

155 

Brazilian, 

2 

830 

3 

990 

Danish, 

1(5 

2,079 

16 

2,910 

4 

622 

2 

354 

French, 

IG 

2,268 

14 

2,080 

15 

1,757 

15 

1,757 

Greek  and  Ionian, 

443 

60,818 

452 

62,302 

127 

17,641 

150 

20,090 

English, 

.       86 

22,438 

87 

24,230 

86 

20,156 

96 

22,657 

Neapolitan,    . 

447 

41,544 

440 

36,603 

191 

18,009 

205 

22,411 

Holland, 

.       62 

9,663 

61 

9,535 

13 

1,974 

13 

1,958 

Turkey, 

191 

21,538 

234 

27,724 

41 

5,083 

59 

7,055 

Pontilical  States, 

397 

23,319 

681 

37,245 

13 

2,074 

12 

1,820 

Portuguese,  . 

5 

1,116 

5 

1,2.34 

1 

100 

1 

100 

Prussian, 

10 

2,194 

8 

2,010 

Russian, 

2 

260 

,    . 

Sardinian, 

19 

3,577 

20 

3,986 

13 

2,104 

13 

2,104 

Spanish, 

23 

4,955 

24 

5,721 

4 

1,227 

4 

1,227 

Swed.  and  Nor., 

37 

7,487 

37 

9,227 

26 

5,033 

26 

4,502 

Tuscan, 

8 

1,852 

1,559 

8 
2,181 

1,363 

10 
566 

1,945 

9 
632 

1,783 

Total,     . 

238,078 

263,603 

82,948 

92,385 

Austrian, 

11,410 

624,625  11,112 

604,433 

4,871 

388,628 

4,655 

383,903 

General  total,    13,262    862,703  13,293   868,036  5,437     471,576   5,287    476,288 


20 


Trieste  and  other  Austrian  Ports  on  the  Adriatic.      153 


FOREIGN   COMMERCE  OF  THE    UNITED  STATES  WITH 

TRIESTE,  AND  OTHER  AUSTRIAN  PORTS 

ON  THE  ADRIATIC, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Years 

EJTDING 

Sept. 
80. 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS 

Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullion  <fc  Specie. 

TON-GE  CL'D. 

Domestic. 

Foreign. 

Total. 

Total. 
$229,792 

Export. 

Import. 

Amer. 

For. 

1821 

$31,781 

$308,580 

$340,361 

$98,189 

1.895 

1822 

38,752 

4;^6,968 

475,720 

274,375 

9,200 

2.851 

1823 

25,697 

919,018 

945.315 

189,137 

13,288 

8,818 

1824 

6,596 

518,057 

524,653 

268,867 

157,717 

2.185 

1825 

8,8:i4 

643,568 

652,402 

105.889 

2,03;3 

8.246 

1826 

13,387 

273,933 

287,320 

193,152 

4,000 

1,879 

1827 

42,671 

234,122 

276,793 

163,546 

10,804 

2,090 

1828 

119,233 

205.255 

324,488 

237,378 

8,068 

1829 

409,288 

280,200 

689,488 

191,896 

'•ieo 

6,884 

'129 

1830 
Total, 

800,859 

293,261 

594,120 

132,093 

912 

4,662 

282 

$997,098 

4,113,562 

5,110,660 

1,986,075 

296,053 

81,578 

411 

1831 

276,561 

262,808 

539.369 

161,062 

1,900 

4.215 

1832 

199,911 

936,775 

1,136,686 

802,027 

6.497 

l'.52i 

1833 

146,517 

408,447 

654,964 

314,611 

3,304 

1.701 

1884 

518,609 

954,728 

1,473.337 

5S0.614 

liim 

7,530 

8,897 

1835 

818,375 

884,033 

1,202,413 

492,567 

4,477 

6,592 

2,618 

1836 

1,138,431 

829,674 

1,968,105 

1,020,(199 

$2.3(i6 

2,800 

8,944 

4,981 

1837 

1,233,370 

878,221 

1,611,591 

629,465 

44,1.50 

2,179 

12.919 

1838 

643,223 

125,740 

768,963 

872,:i78 

7,9i9 

4,974 

2,703 

1839 

429,578 

102,671 

592,249 

477,539 

1,500 

3,069 

2,874 

1840 
Total, 

1,590,356 

190,264 

1,786,620 

873,365 

11,823 

6,081 

$6,994,931 

4,639,366 

11,634,297 

4,78.3,727 

46,450 

40,596 

59,132 

38,745 

1841 

1,258,776 

52,980 

1,311,756 

418,606 

10,350 

1,201 

1842 

748,179 

136,526 

884,705 

413,210 

10,520 

361 

1843* 

460,240 

118,938 

579,178 

72,957 

8,679 

1,782 

1844 

1,257.285 

168,735 

1,426,020 

232,089 

8,(338 

10,597 

3,918 

1845 

1,433,103 

368,775 

1,801,878 

821,5.50 

15,470 

9,198 

1846 

1,104,468 

366,143 

1,470,611 

379,719 

12,852 

3,.341 

1847 

1,175,375 

78,348 

1,248,723 

187,341 

7,58-3 

7,801 

5.279 

1848 

1,701,495 

107,727 

1,809,222 

8S5.813 

1,287 

16,229 

4.693 

1849 

942,4S9 

464,376 

1,406,865 

409,178 

8,900 

11,176 

6,753 

1850 
Total, 

1,179,893 

812,111 

1,492,004 

467,601 

5,968 

6,889 

$11,201,303 

2,169,659 

13,480,902 

8,288,064 

15,808 

109,702 

42,415 

1851 

2,265,573 

280,894 

2.496,467 

730,788 

10.179 

13,871 

1852 

2,403,530 

329,889 

2,733,419 

3(18.749 

14,(124 

13,400 

1853 

2,062,484 

171,804 

2,234,288 

528,507 

11,735 

9,244 

1854 

1.697.319 

206,290 

1,90.3,609 

741,919 

147,736 

13.015 

6,401 

1865 

1,277,527 

122,274 

1,399,801 

4'»6.283 

9,517 

7,029 

1856 

2,238,783 

206,005     2,444,848  1 

476,541 

16,916 

6,562 

9  months  to  June  80,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 


STEAM  COMMUNICATION. 

Commerce  of  tfie  Mediterranean. — The  United  States  Consul  at  Trieste  communi- 
cates to  the  Department  of  State  the  following  (ietails  as  to  increased  stcamnavigation 
with  the  southern  ports  of  the  Mediterranean  : 

Steam  Communication. — The  project  of  establishing  steam  communication  with 
the  Mediterranean  has  long  been  a  favorite  one  with  a  respectable  class  of  mer- 
chants in  the  Atlantic  States ;  and,  if  wo  are  not  mistaken,  the  experiment  of  a  line 
to  Genoa  was  tried  some  years  ago,  but  without  success.  Tiiere  is  every  prospect 
of  the  accomplishment  of  tins  important  object,  under  the  immediate  patronage  of 
the  Austrian  govcrimient.  It  is,  in  fact,  proposed  to  construct  tiirco  first-class 
steamships  of  3,200  ton.s,  builder's  measurement,  and  1,000  horse  power,  to  run  be- 
tween Trieste  and  Now  York,  making  fiflccn  trips  each  way  per  annum,  and 
touching  at  Corfu,  Malt;i,  Algiers,  Cadiz,  and  Lisbon. 


154  Foreign  Commercial  Statistics.  23 


TURKEY  AND  GREECE. 

The  south-eastern  peninsula  of  Europe  is  occupied  by  Turkey  and 
Greece,  both  of  which  may  be  described  as  mountainous  countries,  in- 
cluding within  their  ridges  numerous  fertile  valleys,  and  in  some  places 
extensive  lowland  plains.  The  climate  and  productions  of  the  country 
are  generally  the  same  as  those  of  Italy.  The  two  governments  that 
pos.sess  it  are  equally  inefficient  for  good,  though  the  one  be  that  of  a  great 
and  powerful  empire,  apparently  in  the  last  stage  of  decay,  and  the  other  a 
newly-established  kingdom.  The  dominant  people  of  Turkey  are  the 
Osmanlee  or  Ottoman  Turks,  a  branch  of  the  great  Toorkee  family  of 
Central  Asia.  There  are,  however,  various  other  races,  some  of  them 
more  numerous  than  the  Turks,  as  the  Roumi  or  Greeks,  Arnauts  or  Al- 
banians, Bulgarians,  and  other  Slavonians,  Vallachians,  Jews,  Gypsies,  and 
Franks.  Greece  is  now  possessed  almost  exclusively  by  a  people  who 
boast  of  their  descent  from  the  ancient  Hellenes,  and  speak  a  language 
not  very  much  altered  fi'om  the  classic  fonn ;  but  they  are  not  the  less 
evidently  much  mixed  with  Slavonic  and  other  barbarian  blood.  Their 
independence  was  estabHshed  in  1827,  but  as  yet  it  has  been  unproduc- 
tive of  any  good. 

Under  the  existing  treaty  between  the  United  States  and  Turkey,  our 
commerce  is  placed  on  the  footing  of  the  most  favored  nations  ;  thus 
securing  to  our  merchant-vessels  the  privilege  of  trading  to  all  the  points 
of  Turkey  in  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa,  on  the  same  conditions  as  those 
granted  to  the  most  favored  nations.  Thus  our  vessels  may  now  trade 
to  the  ports  of  Egypt  and  Asia  Minor,  to  the  Turkish  islands  of  the 
Archipelago,  and  to  the  Ottoman  ports  of  Europe,  and  on  the  Asiatic 
shore  of  the  Black  sea.  This  is  at  once  an  immense  field  for  the  enter- 
prise of  our  merchants  and  seamen.  Many  facilities  are  thus  offered  for 
the  extension  of  our  commerce  with  the  nations  of  the  East ;  and  con- 
sular officers  may  render  important  services  to  their  countrymen  by  col- 
lecting all  the  information  in  their  power  in  regard  to  the  productions 
and  commerce  of  these  countries,  and  transmitting  it  to  the  State  Depart- 
ment, by  which  it  will  be  published  from  time  to  time  for  the  general 
advantage  of  American  citizens. 

Galatz,  a  town  of  Moldavia,  Turkey,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Danube, 
in  latitude  45°  25'  N.,  longitude  28°  E.  Though  at  some  distance  inland 
Galatz  may  be  said  to  be  the  port  of  the  Danube.  Of  the  three  principal 
mouths  of  the  river,  the  Soulineh  (or  middle)  mouth,  in  latitude  45°  10' 
30"  N.,  and  longitude  29°  41'  20"  E.,  is  the  only  one  accessible  by  ves- 
sels of  large  burden.  The  depth  of  water  at  its  entrance,  varies  from  10 
to  14  feet ;  from  the  bar  up  to  Galatz,  there  is  nowhere  less  than  18  feet. 
Lighters  are  stationed  without  the  bar  to  partially  unload  large  vessels. 
Vessels  of  300  tons  burden  can  lie  at  the  quays. 

COMMERCE  OF  MOLDAVIA  IN  1856. 

Imports.  Exports. 

Port  of  Galatz, 1,377,638,00  126,451,025,22 

By  Austria, 42,277,577,20  37,014,262,90 


Total,  (Piasters)     ....      43,655,315,20  163,465,288,12 


22 


Turkey^  the  Levant^  etc. 


155 


FOREIGN    COMMERCE  OF  THE   UNITED    STATES  WITH 

TURKEY,  THE  LEVANT,  ETC., 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Years 

EN  DIN  a 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS 

[Whereof  there  was  j 
in  Bullion  &,  Specie.] 

TON'GE  CL'D. 

Sept. 
30. 

1821 

Domestic. 

I'OREIGN. 

Total. 

]    Total. 
$395,080 

Ex  POET. 

I.MPOBT. 

Ameu. 

For. 

$30,883 

$400,997 

$437,880 

$91,878 

1,.393 

1822 

6,124 

405.197 

411,:>21 

864,077 

$157,666 

13,870 

1,413 

1823 

4,S77 

559,783 

564,660 

70.3,701 

68,000 

79,881 

1,876 

1824 

25,171 

384,257 

409,428 

47I,2:i8 

48.530 

2,158 

1825 

34,373 

304,591 

898,904 

840,799 

22,600 

1,817 

1826 

46,897 

271,4:38 

318,3;« 

,      421,932 

4,901 

1,323 

1827 

131,7;-!4 

470,325 

602.059 

733,128 

50,666 

11,587 

8,109 

1828 

78.374 

124,507 

202,941 

498,533 

11,405 

603 

1829 

27,600 

47.:}.84 

74,984 

293,237 

488 

637 

1330 
Total, 

75,801 

837,539 

413,:«0 

417,392 

45,018 

2,887 

$401,884 

3,372,078 

3,833,912 

5,190,377 

275,006 

829,158 

17,266 

lasi 

88,.503 

298.304 

336,807 

521,598 

29.500 

6,368 

2,935 

18;?2 

64,722 

681,886 

746,608 

928,029 

2,100 

4,819 

4.805 

1833 

167,2U8 

513,471 

685,679 

730.044 

26.451 

8,674 

4,514 

'263 

1834 

62,458 

321,221 

888,679 

509,511 

26,340 

821 

2,246 

1835 

63,?02 

216.822 

280,034 

887,5.53 

2.752 

7,860 

3,010 

1836 

99,085 

534,949 

6:34,0:U 

975,371 

23,000 

8,531 

1837 

36,059 

74,653 

111,312 

69;3,161 

2,766 

484 

l',759 

1838 

142,448 

115,401 

257,909 

296,5:3;3 

'366 

4,282 

1,293 

1839 

83,320 

200,054 

349,374 

629,190 

2,5:30 

2,232 

1840 
Total, 

119,745 

156,873 

276,018 

56^3,476 

l',928 

2,187 

$377,350 

3,184,094 

4,002,044 

6,346,066 

112,871 

81,554 

27,287 

1,962 

1841 

200,934 

179,012 

880,546 

614,872 

900 

2,319 

1842 

125.521 

70,515 

202,036 

370,248 

1,815 

184;}* 

108,405 

6s;.014 

176,479 

132,854 

2,s66 

i..5.-5;i 

1844 

186,139 

97,245 

283,384 

835,306 

23 

2,773 

1845 

115,55;? 

49,546 

16.%o99 

731,517 

1,897 

1846 

126,193 

7:i,910 

200,103 

700,998 

3,203 

1847 

01.570 

6.5,072 

127,242 

577,710 

2,666 

1,118 

1S4S 

114,830 

110,:!21 

225,151 

400,023 

85,275 



1,966 

"2;36 

1849 

193,876 

85,120 

278,996 

374,004 



1,912 

300 

1850 
Total, 

204,397 

5:i,344 

257,741 

801,023 

2,689 

$1,4;37,478 

859,299 

2,296,777 

5,255,180 

86,175 

4,823 

21,730 

530 

1851 

162,204 

65,529 

227.733 

901,236 

4,208 

1852 

2t).5.S25 

50,371 

316,196 

556,100 

j         

3,909 

'82-2 

1853 

207,3.j8 

79,981 

287,339 

727,516 

4.36.) 

1854 

219,496 

10.'>,T02 

32.5,198 

80.3,114 



3.94S 

"569 

1855 

794.259 

10;J,780 

953,039 

790,339 

8.4')2 

902 

1856 

1,404,768 

106,657 

1,511,425 

741,871 

18,409 

1,845 

*  9  months  to  Juno  30,  and  the  ftscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 


PRINCIPAL  PORTS. 

COXSTANTIXOPLE,  ill  Turkey,  situated  on  a  triangular  point  of  land,  on  the  Euro- 
pean side  of  the  sea  of  Marmora,  at  the  point  -where  it  unites  with  the  Bosphoru.s, 
the  channel  leading  to  the  Black  sea,  lat.  41°  0'  12''  N.,  long.  28°  59'  2"  E.  Tho 
harbor  is  excellent,  consisting  of  an  arm  of  the  sea,  stretching  along  tho  north-east 
side  of  tho  city.  It  ha-s  suflicient  depth  of  water  for  tho  largest  vessels,  and  can  ac- 
commodate 1,000  sail.  The  ((uays  are  good,  and  ships  are  moored  clo.so  alongside. 
The  Bosphorus,  or  channel  of  Constantinople,  runs  in  a  N.E.  by  N.  direction,  about 
fifteen  miles,  varying  iii  breadth  from  one  half  to  one  and  a  quarter  miles.  It  has  a 
rapid  current  and  a  great  depth  of  water. 

Saloxica,  a  large  .seaport  of  European  Turkov,  at  tho  north-east  extremity  of  tho 
gulf  of  tho  same  name,  in  lat.  40°  38'  47"  N.,  long.  22°  57'  13"  E.  There  is' no  port 
at  Salonica,  but  an  excellent  roadstead  opposite  the  town.  Vessels  of  800  to  1,000 
tons  find  no  difficulty. 

Smyrna,  a  largo  seaport  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  on  the  western  sido  of  Asia  Minor. 


156  Foreign  Commercial  Statistics.  25 


nAYTI. 

IIayti,  though  applicable  to  the  whole  island,  is,  under  the  present  ar- 
rangement, ap])lied  to  that  portion  in  the  possession  of  the  empire,  ex- 
tending from  Lasabon,  on  the  Massacre  river  in  the  north,  to  the  Rio 
Pedernales,  in  the  south.  Its  area  is  estimated  at  11,400  square  miles. 
Capitjil,  Cape  Uaytien. 

The  government,  first  a  kingdom  under  Christophe,  and  afterward  a 
republic  under  Boyer,  etc;,  was  transformed  into  an  empire  on  the  26th 
of  August,  1849,  when  the  present  Emperor,  Faustin  Soulouque,  was 
dignified  by  a  servile  legislature  with  the  title  of  Faustin  L,  with  heredi- 
tary succession.  Otherwise  the  form  of  government  adopted  by  the  lie- 
public,  was  not  materially  changed.  The  present  population  is  approxi- 
mately stated  at  700,000,  composed  chiefly  of  blacks,  mulattoes,  and 
other  mixed  races. 

The  principal  staples  of  Hayti  cultivated  for  export,  are  cofiee  and 
cotton.  Formerly,  under  the  French,  it  was  one  of  the  most  productive 
colonies  of  the  West  Indies ;  but  at  the  present  it  affords  one  of  the  most 
abject  pictures  of  human  degradation.  The  exports  of  the  principal  pro- 
ducts of  the  colony  in  1789,  the  last  year  of  French  domitiion,  were — 
clayed  sugars,  47,516,531  pounds  ;  muscovado  sugar,  93,573,300  pounds  ; 
coffee,  76,835,219  pounds;  and  cotton,  7,004,274  pounds.  In  1841,  the 
total  export  of  sugar  amounted  to  1,363  pounds;  of  coffee,  34,114,717, 
and  of  cotton,  1,591,451  pounds.  Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  the  cultiva- 
tion of  sugar  has  been  abandoned,  that  that  of  coffee  has  decreased  one 
half,  and  that  of  cotton  four  fifths.  These  statistics  are  not  as  recent  as 
desirable,  but  they  are  the  latest  of  which  we  have  any  knowledge. 

The  commercial  statistics  of  the  Empire  and  Republic,  as  supplied  by 
the  Register  of  the  United  SUites  Treasury  are  not  separated,  and  hence 
the  commerce  of  the  island  with  the  United  States,  must  be  considered 
in  the  aggregate.  The  extent  and  value  of  the  commerce  of  the  United 
States  with  the  island  of  San  Domingo,  in  the  year  ending  30th  of  June, 
1856,  was  as  follows  : 

Imports  into  tho  United  States, $1,92'1:,259 

Exports  from  the  United  States, 

Domestic  produce  and  manufacture,  ....   $1,862,823 

Foreign  produce  and  manufacture,    ....         2G3,G21 —    2,120,454 


Total  value  of  commerce, $4,050,713 

A  GENERAL  TABLE  OF  EXPORTS  FROM   HAYTI,  DURING  THE  YEAP.S  1780,  1801, 
AND  FROM  ISIS  TO  1S26,  BOTH  INCLUSIVE. 

Tears.     Mus.  Sugar.      Coffee.  Cotton.       Cacao.  Dye-woods.  Tobacco.  Mah(;gany.  Cigars. 

Lbs.              Lbn.  Lhs.            Lbs.           Lhis.            Lbs.         Feet. 

1789,     .    9.3..')7;3,300      76,S:t.'),2I9      7,004,274  ....  ....  ....  

1801,     .     18,518,572      4;l,42ii,270  2,4S(l,.>U0      64S,.518      C,7f.8,C:!4            ....             .'>„217 

1818,  .      5,44:^,567      2G,iiG5,2(lO         474,118      4:M,8G8      G,sl!),«i)0        19,140         129,962  

1819,  .      8,790,143      29,240,919  216.1(i3      37o,439      3,094,4(19        89,698         141,.577 

1820,  .      2,514,5112      8.5,1.37,759  .346,SW      556.424      1,919,748        97,600         129,509 

1821,  .         600,934      29,925,951  820,,563      264,792      8,728,186        70,400          .55,(105 

1822,  .  200,454  24,235,372  .592,368  4(U,154  8,295,080  58P,,957  2,622,277  279,000 
182.3,  .  14,920  33,8(12,8.37  3:52,256  335,540  6,607,808  88T,(JU  2,869,(147  89.3,800 
ISai,     .             5,106      44,269,084  I,(i28,u45      461,694      3,858,151      718,679      2,181.747      175,000 

1825,  .            2,020      86,0.34,:j(lO  815,697      3:'.9,9:}7      .3,948,190      503,425      2,986.469 

1826,  .           82,864      32,189,784  620,972      457,593      5,307,745      340,588      2,136,984      179,608 

Gum  Guaiacum,  In  1822,  7,3.38  pounds— 1823, 13,066  pounds— 1824,  68,692  pounds. 


24 


Hayti. 


157 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
WITn  HAYTI, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Tbaks 

ENDING 

EXPOKTS. 

IMPORTS 

Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullion  &  Specie. 

TON'GE  CL'D. 

Sept. 
80. 

DoMESTir. 

FORKIGN. 

Total. 

TOTAU 

'.$2,240,2.57 

Export. 

Impobt. 

Ameb. 

Fob. 

1821 

$1,740,383 

$r).30,2]S 

.$2,270,001 

$60,164 

$.504,409 

40,171 

647 

1822 

1,740,107 

373,704 

2,119,811 

2,341, sl7 

1.525 

229,439 

4;3,107 

946 

1823 

1,070,140 

708,042 

2,.'!78,T8-i 

2,:i.5'.i,T33 

104,697 

5^v5()2 

87,480 

880 

1824 

1,901,926 

403,229 

2,305,155 

2,247,235 

51,402 

169,027 

40.207 

489 

1825 

1,648,0.55 

400,500 

2.0.54,615 

2,005,329 

21,100 

01.235 

39,806 

466 

1826 

1,252,910 

160,584 

1.414,494 

l,511.,8;i6 

120,945 

H2.-'U9 

1,468 

1827 

1,102,473 

109,-130 

1,331.909 

l,7sl.309 

47,132 

2.5.720 

8,774 

1828 

1,123,405 

209,.306 

1,832,711 

2.103,585 

20.5:.;3 

69,703 

24,727 

.^,863 

1829 

814,987 

160,171 

97.5,1.58 

1,799.809 

8,438 

46,o;33 

18,164 

2,988 

laso 

Total, 

714,791 

108,387 

823,178 

1,597,140 

81,718 

19,395 

1,748 

.$13,775,177 

8,291,237 

17,000,414 

20,107,050 

267,939 

1,:J41,143 

333,166 

19,118 

1831 

1,126.698 

191,677 

1,318,375 

1,580,578 

11,0-32 

85.714 

27,807 

1,006 

1832 

1,24;?,510 

425,493 

1,069,003 

2.0.53,386 

800 

16,150 

29,990 

1,279 

1833 

1,147,809 

280,154 

l,427,96;i 

1.740,058 

6..395 

22,073 

2-<,425 

6.56 

1834 

1,244,424 

192,528 

1,436.952 

2.113,717 

6,965 

13,009 

32.682 

617 

1835 

1,538.475 

277,337 

1,815,812 

2.:>47,.550 

11,270 

3s,274 

847 

1836 

1,0.^4.974 

185,005 

l,24lt,o;!9 

1.82s.(ili) 

5.3,.544 

67,299 

24,26:3 

84S 

1837 

871,938 

140,04:3 

l,011,9sl 

1,440,^50 

3S.247 

9.940 

17,642 

1,382 

1838 

814,421 

95,834 

910,-J55 

1.275,702 

8;$.37:! 

6,408 

15,066 

2,914 

1839 

931,205 

131,294 

l,122,r),59 

1,377,989 

210,4.58 

8.102 

21,031 

2,047 

1840 
Total, 

945,:)05 

81,849 

1,027,214 

1,252,824 

10-3,510 

10,433 

20,66:3 

2,818 

$10,978,879 

2,001,274 

12,980,153 

17,010,745 

580,324 

202,05:3 

255,843 

14,26* 

1841 

1,09.3,034 

61.923 

1,15.5,557  1 

1,809,084 

187,167 

10.900 

26,904 

76.3     i 

1842 

844,4.-)2 

5.5,514 

.s99,900 

],2(;t;,997 

68,148 

36,26-4 

21,115 

863 

184^5* 

01(1,796 

42,574 

0,53,370 

^US,147 

37,898 

87,138 

16,006 

7ir 

1844 

l,i)8-i,soT 

45,549 

l,12s,35(i 

1.441.244 

63.016 

90,468 

26,710 

649 

1S45 

1,327,891 

77,s49 

1,40.5,740 

l.HM3,::07 

5.5.544 

237,617 

27,919 

5.34 

1846 

1,114,013 

43,129 

1.1^57,142 

1.5t-.'.!ll!2 

90.001 

200.272 

2:5,425 

1,6-42 

1847 

1,187,017 

111,7.56 

1,29n773 

l.:iyi..5Si) 

39,062 

217,725 

27.959 

2.500   , 

1843 

937,686 

156,229 

1,093.815  t 

1,307.174 

l-3,7s7 

42.955 

2:3..340 

2,M9 

1849 

5.32,577 

70,015 

0i!2,592 

901.724 

37-776 

42,174 

16.r..56 

4.553 

1850 
Total, 

1,2:1,007 

1.39,181 

1,350,188 

1,544,771 

164,687 

1.3,123 

29.981 

8,127 

$9,941,780 

808,719 

10,745,499  1 

13,550,950 

757,036 

1,088,636 

240,515 

22,496 

1851 

1,679.372 

107,913 

1,847,290 

1,889.9(;8 

131.494 

111.183 

.m.52 

7.680 

1852 

1,479,-326 

239,577 

],71\9(« 

l,>7o,072 

90,098 

87,125 

82.:irh5 

7..»20 

1853 

1,738,413 

200,520 

1.99s,93! 

1,;'8.5.(;24 

i;i4,6;i9 

!U,7-34 

31.309 

6,121 

1S54 

1,880,187 

829,.5.38 

2,209.725 

2,:!57,'.'.52 

4.5,6:U 

2-3,845 

3s.'245 

4,797 

la'is 

1,929,3:U 

315,718 

2,2-1.5,052 

2,01.5,.5i;5 

60.373 

10,956 

37,193 

9.a51 

1866 

1,862,823 

263,031 

2,120,454 

1,924,259 

104,095 

16,949 

81,200 

4,750 

*  9  months  to  June  30,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORT. 
Port-au-Prince,  tho  capital  of  Ilayti,  or  St.  Domingo,  in  lat.  18°  33'  42"  N., 
long.,  72°  27'  11"  W.  Population  variou,«ly  estimated,  probably  from  18,000  to 
20,000.  It  is  situated  on  tlio  west  coa.st  of  the  island,  at  tlie  bottom  of  a  larpo  and 
deep  gulf.  It  was  founded  in  1749,  since  when,  witli  few  intcnals,  it  iia.s  been  tlio 
capital  of  French  St.  Domingo,  a.s  it  is  now  of  the  entire  island.  It  is  partially  fort- 
ified; tho  harbor  being  protected  by  a  battery  on  a  .small  island,  at  a  little  distance 
from  the  shore.  Tho  country  round  is  low  and  m;ir.shy;  and  tiie  heat  in  the  sum- 
mer months  being  excessive,  tho  climate  i.s  then  exceedingly  unhealthy.  The  liuild- 
ings  are  principally  of  wood,  and  seldom  exceed  two  stories  in  height.  The  entranco 
to  tho  harbor  is  between  White  island  and  the  .southern  shore.  The  depth  of  water 
varies  from  about  18  feet  at  ebb-tide  to  about  21  feet  at  full  tide.  It  is  customary, 
but  not  compulsory,  to  employ  a  pilot  in  entering  the  harbor.  They  are  always  oa 
the  look-out.  Shiiis  moor  head  and  .stern,  at  irom  100  to  500  yards  from  shore, 
loading  and  unloading  by  means  of  boats. 


168  Foreigyi  Commercial  Statistics.  27 


SPANISH  COLONIES. 

The  Spaniards  who  first  resorted  to  America  after  its  discovery  had 
no  intention  of  settling  in  the  country,  or  of  colonizing  it.  The  idea 
that  gold  and  silver  alone  constituted  wealth  was  then  universally  prev- 
alent ;  and  the  bold  and  enterprising  companions  and  followers  of  Co- 
lumbus, instead  of  engaging  in  industrious  undertakings,  which  they 
neither  understood  nor  relished,  sought  only  to  enrich  themselves  by 
plundering  the  feeble  and  defenseless  natives  of  the  gold  and  silver  in 
their  possession,  and  of  the  abundance  of  which  the  most  exaggerated 
accounts  were  immediately  spread  throughout  Europe.  When  new  ad- 
venturers arrived  on  an  unknown  coast,  their  single  inquiry  was,  whether 
it  abounded  in  gold.  If  it  did,  they  remained,  for  some  time  at  least, 
in  the  coimtry ;  if  not,  they  immediately  set  sail  for  some  other  quarter. 
Auri  rahida  sitis  a  cultura  Hispanos  divertit,  is  the  expressive  statement 
of  a  cotemporary  writer  (Petrus  Martyrus,  in  the  Novus  Orbis  of  Gry- 
naeus,  p.  511).  The  slow  progress  of  the  Spanish  colonies  after  their  first 
discovery  must  principally  be  ascribed  to  this  cause.  The  gold  and 
silver  accumulated  by  the  natives  were  very  soon  exhausted  ;  and  the 
skill  and  energy  of  the  successive  swarms  of  adventurers,  who  continued 
to  pour  into  the  country,  were  principally  directed  to  the  unproductive 
and  generally  ruinous  trade  of  mining.  The  few  large  fortunes  that  were 
made  in  this  way,  like  the  large  prizes  in  a  lottery,  inflamed  the  cu- 
pidity of  the  multitude,  and  gave  an  appearance  of  credibility  to  the 
fabulous  accounts  of  the  excessive  productiveness  of  the  mines.  After 
the  gambling  spirit  which  had  exclusively  actuated  the  early  adven- 
turers had  begun  to  subside,  the  colonists  gradually  betook  themselves 
to  agricultural  and  commercial  pursuits ;  and  the  vast  variety  of  valuable 
productions  with  which  Mexico  and  the  other  Spanish  colonies  abounded, 
the  extreme  richness  of  the  soil,  and  their  advantageous  situations, 
would,  had  they  been  only  tolerably  well  governed,  have  occasioned 
their  rapid  increase  in  wealth  and  civilization.  But  a  blind  and  in- 
tolerant despotism  paralyzed  their  energies,  and  fettered  and  retarded 
their  progress.  All  the  abuses  and  defects  of  the  government  of  OM 
Spain  were  transferred  to,  and  multiplied  in,  the  colonies.  The  whole 
property  of  those  vast  regions  was  considered  as  vested  in  the  crown  of 
Spain ;  and  every  law  or  regulation,  whether  of  a  local  or  general  nature, 
afi'ecting  their  government,  emanated  from  the  council  of  the  Indies,  in 
which  it  was  supposed  the  king  was  always  present.  We  can  not  stop 
to  describe  the  sort  of  regulations  to  which  the  colonists  were  subjected 
with  any  degree  of  minuteness ;  but  we  may  notice  a  few  of  them,  to 
furnish  the  means  of  judging  of  their  general  spirit  and  probable  effect. 
It  was,  for  example,  made  a  capital  offense  to  carry  on  any  intercourse 
with  foreigners  ;  and  the  inhabitanis  of  the  different  colonies  were  even 
forbidden  any  intercourse  with  each  other,  unless  under  the  strictest  and 
most  vexatious  regulations.  There  were  several  articles,  such  as  flax, 
hemp,  and  wine,  which  they  were  not  permitted  to  cultivate  ;  at  the 
same  time  that  the  crown  reserved  to  itself  the  monopoly  of  salt,  to- 
bacco, gunpowder,  and  some  other  less  important  articles.  Under  such 
circumstances,  we  can  not  be  surprised  that  these  colonies  should  have 
languished  for  above  two  centuries  in  a  state  of  sluggish  inactivity. 


26 


Spanish  American  Colo7iies. — Texas. 


159 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WITH 
SPANISH    AMERICAN    COLONIES*  (INCLUDING    MEXICO), 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  September  30,  1824. 


Years 

EKDINO 

Sept. 
30. 

1821 

1823 
1823 

1824 

Total, 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS 

Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullion  &  Specie. 

TON'GE  CL'D. 

Domestic. 

P'oREiQN.     Total. 

Total. 

Export. 

Import. 

Amer. 

For. 

$508,176 
1,592,767 
1,372,526 
2,827,521 

$529,559 
1,828,286 
3.229,347 
5,040,966 

$1.0.37,7:^5 
8,421.().5:? 

4.601,873 
7,868,487 

$1,114,117 
2,522,983 
4.842,503 
6,786,769 

$54,893 
57,693 

$129,462 

661,117 

1,950,416 

3,674,800 

13,208 
31,747 
83,112 
61,651 

282 
3M 

l",554 

$6,300,990 

10,628,158 

16,929,143 

15,266,377 

112,591 

6,415,795 

139,718 

2,200 

FOREIGN    COM^IERCE   OF    THE   UNITED   STATES 

WITH  TEXAS, 

From  Octobjie  1,  1836,  to  July  1,  1846. 


18.37 

797,312 

210,616 

1,007,923 

163.884 

1,700 

12,989 

1,092 

18:38 

1,028,813 

219,062 

1,247,880 

16.5.718 

825 

28,195 

897 

1839 

1,379,065 

308.017 

1,087,082 

318,116 

17,409 

48,503 

1,008 

1840 

937,072 

231.199 

1,218,271 

303,847 

55,062 

41.177 

5.30 

1841 

516,255 

292,041 

808.296 

89.5,026 

65.688 

32,833 

13 

1842 

278,978 

127,951 

406,929 

480.892 

25,510 

24,816 

1.369 

1843t 

105,240 

37,713 

142,95:5 

445,399 

17,174 

16,185 

927 

1844 

196,447 

81,101 

277,543 

678,.551 

10,114 

20,065 

1,779 

1845 

210,736 

153,056 

86:3,792 

755,:324 



40,427 

18,9:30 

2.221 

1846 
Total, 

250,240 

223,363 

473,603 

183,053 

10,699 

28,204 

3.245 

$5,700,163 

1,934,119 

7,634,282 

3,889,315 

1       2,525 

248,083 

271,852 

12,581 

*  The  commerce  of  Texas  from  1346,  when  it  became  one  of  the  United  States,  may  bo  found 
under  the  head  of  Texas;  and  the  commerce  of  Mexico  since  its  Independence  under  the  head 
of  Mexico. 

t  9  montlis  to  Juno  30,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 


SPANISH  COLONIES. 

Owing  chiefly  to  tlie  total  incapacity  of  old  Spain  to  furnish  her  tran.'^atlantic 
provinces  with  a  sufficient  sup[)ly  of  the  articles  .she  had  forced  them  to  import  from 
Europe,  and  the  consequent  extension  of  tlie  contraband  trade  carried  on  with  them 
by  the  other  European  nations,  she  had  been  compelled  f:rradually  to  relax  the  sever- 
ity of  her  commercial  monopoly.  A  new  impulse  was  thus  given  to  the  spirit  of 
industry.  The  colonists  began  to  be  more  sensible  of  the  natural  advantages  of  their 
situation,  and  less  inclined  to  submit  to  the  blind  and  bigoted  policy  of  the  Spanish 
court.  In  1781,  a  rebeUion  broke  out  in  Peru,  in  consequence  of  an  attempt  made 
by  the  government  to  establish  a  now  monopoly  in  that  province,  which  threatened 
to  end  in  the  total  dissolution  of  the  connection  between  Spain  and  South  America, 
and  was  not  quelled  without  great  difficulty  and  much  bloodshed.  But  the  spirit 
of  liberty,  when  once  excited,  could  not  be  suppressed.  It  continued  to  gain  ground 
progressively,  until  the  commencement  of  the  last  contest  between  Franco  and  Spain 
interrupted  the  communication  with  the  mother-country,  and  gave  the  colonisl.s  an 
opportunity  of  proclaiming  that  independence  which,  after  a  lengthened  and  bloody 
struggle,  they  happily  succeeded  in  achieving. 

There  is  not  at  this  time,  nor  has  there  ever  been,  a  commercial  treaty  between 
the  government  of  the  United  States  and  tluat  of  Spain.  But  two  treaties  of  any 
kind  have  been  negotiated  between  the  two  governments — one  purporting  to  be  "  A 
treaty  of  friendship,  limits,  and  navigation,"  signed  October  27,  1796;  the  other, 
"A  treaty  of  amity,  settlement,  and  limits,"  February  22,  1821. 


160  Foreign  Commercial  Statistics.  29 

MEXICO 

Mexico  extends  from  15°  37'  to  32°  22'  N.  latitude,  and  86°  42'  to 
117°  13'  W.  loncjitude.  Area,  855,965  square  miles.  Length  (average) 
about  1,100  miles,  and  breadth  (averafje)  about  600  miles. 

Mexico  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  California,  New  Mexico,  and  Texas, 
the  Rio  Giln,  and  the  Rio  Grande  demarking  the  greater  part  of  the 
boundary;  on  the  E.  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  Caribbean  Sea;  on  the 
S.  by  British  Honduras  and  Guatemala,  and  on  the  S.W.  and  W.  by  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  The  entire  length  of  its  sea-coast  is  6,248  miles.  Cap- 
ital, Mexico. 

The  following  account  of  the  trade  and  commerce  of  the  Republic  for 
the  year  1851-52  is  compiled  from  the  official  returns: 

Ports. 

Vera  Cruz, 

Tampico,  . 

Metamoras, 

Campeachy, 

Sisal, 

Tabasco,   . 

Iluatulco, 

Acapulco, 

Mauzatiilla, 

San  Bias, 

Mazatlan, 

Altata, 

Guayamas, 

Total, 

Of  the  vessels  an-iving,  68  belonged  to  Mexico,  435  to  the  United 
States,  108  to  England,  69  to  France,  60  to  Spain,  13  to  Hamburg,  24 
to  Peru,  5  to  Belgium,  8  to  Bremen,  and  one  each  to  Portugal,  Nicar- 
agua, Sweden,  Hanover  and  Venezuela.  Among  the  arrivals  were  219 
steamers,  viz.,  145  at  Acapulco,  7  at  Vera  Cruz,  4  at  Tampico,  27  at  San 
Bias,  35  at  Mazatlan,  and  1  at  Guayamas.  Of  these  145  were  United 
States  vessels.  Of  the  classes  of  vessels,  besides  steamers,  there  were  55 
frigates  (vessels  of  war),  114  barks,  165  brigs,  63  hermaphrodite  brigs, 
155  schooners,  and  68  pilot-boats. 

An  official  letter  to  the  Department  of  State,  Washington  city,  dated 
October  10,  1855,  at  Vera  Cruz,  remarks  as  follows  upon  the  Mexican 
tariff: 

"  Nothing  can  be  more  corrupt,  false,  unjust,  unequal,  and  generally 
pernicious,  than  the  entire  Mexican  commercial  system.  There  are  now 
no  less  than  four  distinct  tariffs  in  operation  and  counter-operation  here; 
not  to  mention  concessions  and  special  privileges  granted  to  certain 
places  and  favored  individuals — all  to  the  great  prejudice  of  the  regular 
American  merchant  transacting  business  under  the  protection  guarantied 
by  solemn  treaties.  Merchants  are  even  now  continually  imposed  on,  and 
openly  robbed,  under  one  or  the  other  of  them ;  the  custom-house  electing 
the  tariff  under  which  any  given  importation  shall  be  entered  to  suit  its 
own  convenience ;  for  come  wdiat  may  in  the  shape  of  reform  the  un- 
lucky foreigner  has  to  pay  for  it." 


Total 
Tonnage. 

Passengers 
Arrived. 

Passengers 
Departed. 

.     28,203 

1,429 

1,346 

.       7,704 

178 

126 

6,992 
.       4,239 
.       3,739 

4^975 
43 
81 

1 
95 
21 

'.  isi'sso 

31,242 

28,540 

.       1,402 

11 

.     30,321 

4,863 

4.920 

.     30,762 
.       1,158 

6,095 
81 

5,000 
9 

.       4,835 

718 

35 

.  256,692 

43,816 

40,153 

28 


Mexico. 


161 


FOREIGN    COMMERCE    OF  THE   UNITED    STATES 

WITH  MEXICO, 

From  October  1,  1824,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Years 

ENDING 

Sept. 
80. 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS 

1  Whereof  there  was 
|in  Bullion  &  Specie. 

TON'GE  CL'D. 

Domestic. 

Foreign 

Total. 

Total. 

$4,041,647 

Export. 

Import. 

Amer. 

For. 

1825 

$951,040 

$.5,519,104 

$0,470,144 

$199,946 

$2,603,108 

20.4S7 

2.618 

1826 

1,024,275 

[  5,256,775 

6,281,050 

3.910,198 

l,.5O0 

2,800,4fl9 

23..526 

2.452 

182T 

886,907 

!  8,280,:»(: 

4,173,257 

5,231, s07 

800 

4,005.255 

2:3,494 

:      2,123 

1828 

622,016 

2,304,468 

2,SS6,484 

j  4.S14.25S 

4,850 

8,8.5.3,880 

26,870 

8,181 

1829 

495,(126 

1,8;35.525 

2,331.151 

5.020,701 

4,640 

4,:344,946 

21.682 

4,719 

1830 
Total, 

9s5,764 

8,851,694 

4,837,453 

5,235,241 

4,708,716 

27,L'95 

3,561 

$4,865,628 

22,113,916 

20,979,544 

28,268,972 

211,736 

22,371,814 

148,.354 

18,644 

1S31 

1,091,489 

5,086,729 

6,178,218 

!  5,166,745 

24,210 

4,464,134 

22,803 

10,019 

1832 

845,777 

2.621,764 

8,467,541 

1  4.293.954 

1.600 

8,626,704 

24,111 

9,364 

1833 

1,649,314 

3,758,777 

5,408,091 

5,452,818 

1,410 

4,592,8y2 

3n,.^4S 

4,859 

18.M 

1,192,646 

4,072,407 

5.265,058 

8,066,068 

7,204,517 

2.5,5ti4 

6,032 

1835 

8,016,612 

6,012,609 

9,029,221 

9,490,446 

8^895 

8,34.3,181. 

44,4.^3 

11,169 

1836 

1,.500,639 

4,540,996 

6,041,6;35 

5,615,819 

4,5:37,418 

27,273 

4,583 

1S::JT 

939,613 

2,940,710 

8,880,323 

6,654,002 

4,650,978 

17,502 

4,018 

1838 

1,040,906 

1,123,191 

2,164.097 

8,500,709 

22,732 

2,689.426 

11,.3.38 

2,725 

1839 

816,600 

1,970,702 

2,787,862 

8,127,153 

4,200 

2,273,.54S 

17.816 

6.620 

1840 
Total, 

969,938 

1,545,403 

2,515,841 

4,175,001 
54,542,715 

8,458,892 

13,348 

8,025 

$13,063,594 

33,678,288 

46,736,882 

62,547 

45,841,690 

2.34,196 

60,914 

1841 

886,513 

1,1.50,107 

2,086,620 

8,284.957 

6,204 

1.938,0,83 

14,018 

4,9.35 

1842 

969.371 

504,802 

1,534,233 

1,995,696 

8,6S0 

1,842,817 

15,912 

1,226 

1848* 

907,745 

564,192 

1,471,937 

2,782,406 

11,S25 

2.176,608 

22,727 

2,360 

1844 

1,202,752 

502,081 

1,794,833 

2,387,002 

6,000 

1,780,'267 

22.6.S6 

1,804 

1845 

784,154 

86s,177 

1,152,3:31 

1,702.936 

956,407 

16,952 

4,500 

1846 

901.333 

629,847 

1,531,180 

l,s36,021 

1,440 

698,558 

14,224 

8,964 

1847 

530,641 

15.5,787 

092,428 

740,818 

828.008 

10,716 

2,155 

1848 

2,095.-tS5 

1.902,951 

4.(i5s.4:ii; 

1.5S1.247 

850,146 

62,083 

4,626 

1849 

1,047,999 

1,042.809,   L'.iiOii.-iis 

2.210,719 

6,290 

1,528,225 

29,s20 

10,140 

1850 
Total, 

1,498,791 

514,036,  L^ol■J.^J7 

2,135,366 

1,560,166! 

24,518 

30,104 

$10,920,784 

7,454,909 1 18,875,698 

20,669,768 

40,439 

13,159,835 

2:38,006 

65,714 

1851 

1,014,690 

567,093    1..5«!1.7S3 

1,804,779 

1,0S3.993 

81,019 

20.145 

1852 

1,400,372 

87s,,V)7    2.2S4.VP-29 

1,049.206  ' 

1,093,942 

22,719 

17.974 

1853 

2,529,770 

1,029. (i.">l    :\.V.s,vJ4 

2.167.98.5 

1,411,885 

8n,sl0 

15.804 

1854 

2.091,870 

1,(I4-S,010    3.I3.-,,J,S0 

3,4C:!.190 

2.525,3:34 

29,758 

15.173 

1855 

2,253,368 

G09.4;M    2,!I22,M>4 

2,'-;■_'.^30 

1,200 

1.978,(W) 

41.458 

10.428 

1856 

2,404,942 

1,237,297|  8,7o2,'J39 

3,50s,081 

450 

2,714,923| 

47,129 

7,106 

*  9  months  to  Juno  30,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORTS. 

AcAPULCO,  lat.  16'=  50'  30"  N.,  lonp.  90°  4G'  W.,  the  best  senport  on  the  wejiem, 
coast  of  Mexico,  and  is  capable  of  containing  a  large  navy  with  perfect  safet.v. 

Tampico,  a  con.siderable  commercial  port  on  the  ea.stcrn  coast  of  Mexico,  in  lat. 
22°  15'  30"  N.,  long.  97°  52'  W.  The  .shifting  of  the  bar  at  tlie  mouth  of  6bo  river,, 
and  the  shallowness  of  the  water  on  it,  wliich  is  sometimes  under  8  fce\  and  rarely 
above  15  feet,  are  serious  obstacles  to  the  growth  of  the  port.  Vessels  Uiat  c^a  not 
enter  the  port  load  and  unload  by  means  of  lighters,  mooiing  outside  of  the  bar,  so, 
that  in  event  of  a  gale  from  tlie  north,  they  can  readily  get  to  sea. 

Vera  Cruz,  the  principal  seaport  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Mexico,  lat.  19°  11'  52"' 
N.,  long.  9G°  8'  45"  W.  The  harbor  lies  between  the  town  and  the  i.sland  of  San 
Juan  d'UUoa,  about  2,400  feet  wide;  it  is  insecure,  the  anchorage  being  very  bad, 
and  no  vessel  is  safe,  unless  made  fast  to  iron  rings  fixed  into  the  wall  of  the  castle, 
on  the  island,  and  even  then  accidents  sometimes  occur. 

GuAYMAS,  a  .seaport  town  of  Sonora,  Mexico,  on  the  gulf  of  Califomi.i,  at  tho 
mouth  of  a  considerable  river,  lat.  27°  55'  N.,  long.  110°  IG'  W.  It  is  neither  large 
nor  well  built,  but  its  harbor  is  the  best  on  tho  western  coast  of  Mexico,  and  it  has 
an  active  and  increasing  trade. 


162  Foreign  Commercial  Statistics.  31 

MONTEVIDEO, 


seaport,  and  the  capital  of  the  Republic  of  Uruguay,  on  the  north 
:  of  the  Rio  de  l:i  Plata,  latitude  34°  54'  11"  S.j'^longitude  56°  13' 


A 

bank 

18"  W.  The  population,  which  is  variously  estimated,  may  probably  be 
about  12,000.  The  town  is  built  in  the  form  of  an  amphitheater,  on  a 
regular  plan,  and  is  well  fortified.  It  has  suftered  much  from  the  various 
revolutions  to  which  it  has  been  subject  during  the  last  thirty  years. 

Montevideo  is  situated  2°  3'  33"  W.  of  Cape  St.  Mary,  the  northern 
limit  of  the  embouchure  of  the  La  Plata.  Vessels  from  the  north  bound 
to  Montevideo  generally  make  this  cape,  entering  the  river  between  it 
and  the  small  island  of  Lobos,  in  from  14  to  17  fathoms.  The  course  is 
thence  nearly  west  to  the  Isle  of  Flores,  on  which  is  a  lighthouse  112 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  with  a  revolving  light.  From  Flores  to 
Montevideo  is  16  miles  in  a  direct  line,  and  the  course  W.  by  S.  by  com- 
pass. A  lighthouse,  475  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  has  been  erected 
on  the  summit  of  the  Montevideo,  whence  the  town  has  its  name.  The 
latter  is  built  on  a  projecting  tongue  of  land,  the  port  being  on  its  south 
side.  This,  which  is  the  best  on  the  La  Plata,  is  a  large  circular  basin 
open  to  the  S.W. ;  generally  the  water  is  shallow,  not  exceeding  ti'om  14 
to  19  feet,  but  the  bottom  being  soft  mud,  vessels  are  seldom  damaged 
by  grounding.  It  should,  however,  be  observed  that  the  depth  of  water 
in  the  harbor,  as  well  as  throughout  the  whole  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  de- 
pends very  much  on  the  direction  and  strength  of  the  winds.  The  S.W, 
wind,  called  pamperos,  blows  right  into  the  Bay  of  Montevideo  with  much 
force,  not  uufrequeutly  causing  a  rise  of  a  fathom  or  more  in  the  depth 
of  water.  But  it  rarely  occasions  much  damage  to  vessels  properly  moored 
with  anchors  to  the  S.W.,  S.E.,  and  one  to  the  N. — {BlunCs  American 
Pilot,  pp.  542-555  ;   Coulier  sur  les  Phares,  etc.) 

Montevideo  has  a  considerable  commerce.  The  gi'eat  articles  of  export 
consist  of  animal  products,  or  of  hides,  beef,  tallow,  hair,  bones,  grease, 
wool,  etc.  The  imports  principally  consist  of  British  cottons,  woolens, 
and  hardware,  flour,  wine  and  spirits,  linens,  sugar,  tobacco,  boots  and 
shoes,  salt,  etc. 

Vessels  belonging  to  Uruguay  are  admitted  into  the  ports  of  the 
United  States  on  same  terms  as  respects  tonnage  and  navigation  duties, 
as  American  vessels,  with  the  produce  or  manufactures  of  her  own,  or  any 
other  country.  And  by  a  law  of  Uruguay,  passed  June  17,  1854,  sim- 
ilar privileges  are  granted  to  vessels  belonging  to  the  United  States. 

National  vessels,  and  vessels  belonging  to  the  provinces  of  Buenos 
Ayres,  employed  within  the  river  Plata,  willed  coasting,  pay  a  license  for 
each  voyage, 

Hoapntal  Dues. — National  and  foreign  vessels,  sailing  for  a  foreign 
port  beyond  sea,  or  in  the  river  Plata,  pay  two  dollars  for  the  vessel,  four 
reals  for  the  captain,  two  reals  for  each  seaman,  one  dollar  for  each  pas- 
senger. 

Money,  Weights,  and  Measures. — Paper  money  there  is  none.  Current 
money,  the  Brazilian  patacon  and  Spanish  dollar ;  they  pass  for  960  con- 
tesimo.  100  cents  make  a  real.  800  cents,  or  8  reals,  make  a  dollar. 
060  cents,  or  9  reals  60  cents,  make  li  current  dollar,  or  1  hard  dollar 
or  patacon.     "Weights  and  measures  same  as  those  of  Spain. 


30 


Uruguay. 


163 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
WITH  URUGUAY 

(^Formerly   Cisplatine  Republic), 
From  October  1,  1830,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Years 

ENDING 

Sept. 
80. 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS 

i  Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullion  &  Specie. 

TON'GE  CL'D. 

Domestic. 

FOBEION. 

Total. 

Total. 

EXPOET. 

Ihfobt. 

Ameb. 

For. 

is;^ 

1 

856 

183-2 

$3,:K5 

$.3,325  i 

.... 

879 

1833 



1,129 

1834 

4,774 

1835 

6,.391 

349 

18;^6 

5,7;u 

1837 

7",8(!4 

7,864 

$lfl,5i6 

3.562 

'ii5 

1S3S 

35,7<!2 

$24,567 

60,329 

18,631 

$6.50 

8,112 

170 

is;b9 

50,998 

38,302 

89,300 

625,432 

7,875 

8.536 

262 

1&40 
Total, 

82,102 

67,623 

149,739 

494,402 

31,667 

$T,397 

8,197 

230 

$180,051 

130,497 

310,548 

1,148,975 

40,192 

7,897  j 

42,170 

1,446 

1841 

140,031 

16,193 

1.56,224  ! 

345,2.34 

600  j 

10,107 

1842 

201,999 

67,968 

269.0C7  i 

581,918 

10,432 

4,697 

14,215 

"812 

1843* 

219,576 

75,549 

295.125  ! 

121. 7.5.3 

7,803 

6,a58 

393 

1844 

394,266 

67,910 

462,176 

14-{,763 

2.5,674 

22',683 

12,519 

1,159 

1845 

140,986 

16,150 

157,136 

20,573 

23,964 

1 

8,252 

614 

1846 

210,406 

15,493 

225,904 

26,472 

5,516 

8,000  1 

5,599 

303 

1847 

180,536 

56.303 

236,8:19 

112,810 

83,300 

1,806 

3,5:?6 

786 

1843 

839,859 

43,869 

88;B,72S 

52;{,0(!4 

2,692 

400 

11,949 

4,413 

1849 

1.34,638 

13,089 

147,727 

79,924 

8,600 

2,34,5 

2,6:« 

1850 
Total, 

60,024 

1,518 

61,542  1 

867 

1,167 

$2,022,321 

374,047 

2,.396,86S 

1,956,511 

117,981 

32,591 

71,247 

12,232 

1851 

82,711 

1.3,078 

45,789 

,19.114 

12,500 

1.320 

647 

1852 

181,156 

11,917 

193,073 

40,707 

2,906 

8..537 

1S53 

296,0^ 

12,358 

30^,446  , 

302.9S0 

8,700 

i,;«6 

1854 

450,8.^5 

62.102 

512,957 

457.179 

17.892 

1,751 

1&55 

894,657 

27,515 

422,172 

242.709 

ijm 

16,.^56 

8,165 

1856 

517,849 

33,430 

551.329 

361,036 

4,3.33 

12,784 

535 

*  9  months  to  Juno  30,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

REPUBLIC  OF  URUGAT. 
Uruguay,  othonvise  known  as  the  Banda  Oriental,  or  the  Cisplatino  Republic,  lies 
on  the  northern  coast  of  the  estuary  of  the  Rio  do  la  Plata,  and  is  bounded  W.  by 
the  river  Uruguay,  and  S.K.  by  the  Atlantic  ocean.  Lat.  30°  27'  and  34°  53'  S., 
long.  52°  31'' and  57°  47'  W.  Area,  120,000  square  miles.  Length,  N.  and  S., 
about  280  miles,  breadth,  E.  and  W.,  about  250  miles.  On  the  N.E.  and  X.  its 
limits  are  co-terminous  with  those  of  Brazil.  Capital,  Montevideo.  The  population 
in  1850  was  variously  estimated  at  40,000  or  50,000,  of  which  about  one  fourth  are 
found  in  Montevideo.  The  other  inhabited  places  are  Maldonado,  Colonia,  Santa 
Lucia,  Camelones,  San  Jos6,  San  Carlos,  Soriano,  and  Cerro  Largo,  which  are  all 
towns ;  and  the  villages  are  Toledo,  Pando,  Rocha^  Penarol,  Piedras,  San  Salvador, 
Mina-s,  Floridsx,  Porongaa,  Colla,  Buc.as,  Ncvora.s,  Espenella,  Mercedes,  Paisanda, 
and  Heroidera.  In  1810  this  country,  then  a  province  of  the  viceroyalty  of  Buenos 
Ayres,  contained  from  60,000  to  70,000  inh.abitants.  Tho  decrea.so  in  population  is 
ascribed  to  the  revolution  against  Spain,  to  civil  wars,  .ind  to  the  occupation  o'"  the 
country  by  the  Portuguese  or  Brazilians,  which  nations  being  univers;illy  detested  by 
the  n.atives  caused  great  numbers  to  leave  tho  country.  Tho  country  '\^  highly 
favored  by  nature.  It  is  everywhere  well  watered  Viy  lino  rivers.  Its  soils,  fertile 
even  to  the  hill-tops,  are  peculiarly  adapted  to  agriculture  and  grazing,  and  animal 
products  have  ever  been  tho  staple  m.aterial  of  the  commerce  of  Montevideo.  Nearly 
the  whole  country  abounds  in  pastures  of  excellent  quality,  and  llio  scenery  pre- 
sents a  constant  succession  of  hills,  eminences,  meadows,  wilds,  rugged  dolilea,  and 
mountains. 


164  Foreign  Commercial  Statistics.  33 


COLOISIBIA. 

Colombia,  an  extensive  region  of  South  America,  formerly  under  the 
Spanish  government.  Tlie  independent  republic  of  Colombia  was  es- 
tablished by  Bolivar  in  December,  1819,  comprising  the  then  republics 
of  Venezuela  and  New  Granada. 

Colombia,  so  named  in  honor  of  Columbus,  comprised,  under  the 
Spanish  government,  the  ancient  \ace- royalty  of  New  Granada  and 
Quito,  and  the  capitania  general  of  Venezuela.  The  Republic  v/as 
bounded  E.  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  extended  from  Cape  Nassau  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Essequibo  (N.  latitude  7°  39',  W.  longitude  53°  47'^ 
to  Cape  Gracias-a-Dios,  in  the  province  of  Honduras  (N.  latitude  15"  1  , 
W.  longitude  82°  46'),  including  the  islands  of  Margarita,  St.  Andrews, 
and  others.  On  the  Pacific,  the  western  boundary  commenced  at  Golfo 
Dulce  (N.  latitude  8°  20',  W.  longitude  83°),  and  extended  along  the 
Pacific,  comprehending  the  adjacent  islands,  as  far  as  the  river  Tumbes 
(S.  latitude  3°  34',  W.  longitude  86°  30').  On  the  south  it  was  sep- 
arated by  the  Tumbes  and  a  lofty  mountain  ridge  from  Peru,  Brazil,  and 
the  British  possessions  on  the  Essequibo.  The  boundary  line  between 
Colombia  and  Guatemala  on  the  north,  although  highly  important  to 
both  countries  on  account  of  the  proposed  water  communication  between 
the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific  at  lake  Nicaragua,  Avas  not  accurately  de- 
fined. The  extent  of  territory  comprised  within  these  limits  has  been 
estimated  at  92,000  square  leagues,  of  which  58,000  belonged  to  New 
Granada  and  Quito,  and  33,700  to  Venezuela. 

The  llanos  of  Colombia  are  extensive  plains,  about  200  or  300  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea ;  which  are  watered  by  the  Caqueta,  Meta, 
Guaviare,  Casanare,  Apure,  and  other  tributaries  of  the  Orinoco.  Their 
area  is  estimated  at  17,000  square  leagues,  and  their  climate  is  hotter 
and  less  healthy  than  that  of  the  mountains.  Toward  the  south  they 
are  covered  with  immense  forests  ;  their  vegetation  throughout  is  ex- 
tremely luxuriant;  and  they  teem  ,with  an  endless  variety  of  animals, 
birds,  reptiles,  and  insects.  The  river  Meta,  in  connection  with  the 
Orinoco,  affords  water  communication  from  the  Atlantic  to  within  a 
few  leagues  of  Bogota,  a  distance  of  1,500  miles.  By  means  of  the 
Cassiquiari,  a  branch  of  the  Orinoco,  this  river  is  connected  with  the 
Rio  Negro,  a  tributary  of  the  Maraiiou,  and  thus  a  water  communication 
is  established  between  two  of  the  largest  rivers  of  the  world.  In  addi- 
tion to  these,  the  Magdalena,  which  is  navigable  to  within  a  short  dis- 
tance of  Bogota ;  the  Guayaquil,  important  as  furnishing  an  outlet  to 
the  commerce  of  Quito  ;  and  the  extensive  lake  of  Maracaybo,  with  its 
large  tributaries,  afibrd  great  facilities  for  internal  commimication. 

Colombia,  embracing  in  climate  all  the  gradations  of  temperature 
from  extreme  heat  to  extreme  cold,  would  long  before  this  have  become 
one  of  the  most  prosperous  countries  of  the  world,  had  not  its  political 
condition  under  Spanish  rule  greatly  retarded  the  development  of  its 
natural  resources.  The  cultivation  of  the  vine  and  olive,  the  breeding 
of  the  silk-worm,  and  the  working  of  the  iron  mines  were  prohibiterl  by 
the  Spaniards  in  South  America  under  severe  penalties,  lest  they  should 
interfere  with  the  industry  of  Spain.  The  natural  productions  of  Colum- 
bia are  cacoa,  cofiee,  cotton,  sugar,  cinchona  bark,  dyewoods,  etc. 


32 


Colombia. 


165 


FOREIGN    COMMERCE    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES  WITH 

COLOMBIA, 

From  October  1,  1824,  to  October  1,  1838. 


Teaks 

ENDING 

EXPORTS 

IMPORTS 

"Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullion  &  Specie. 

TON'GE  CL'D. 

Sept. 
30. 

Domestic.    Foeeign. 

Total. 

Total. 

ExPOttT. 

I 

IlfPORT. 

Amer. 

Fob. 

1825 

$1,118,280  $1,120,975 

$2,239,255 

$1,837,050 

$18,400' 

$199,459 

25,928 

1,858 

1826 

946,014    1,006.658 

1,952,672 

2.079.724 

10,500' 

462.617 

19,776 

2,039 

1827 

611,312       833,222 

944,534 

1,550,248 

84,.'>71! 

665,88] 

13,042 

603 

1828 

560,846      323,6TS 

884,524 

1,4.84,856 

29,200 

420,524 

10,366 

88 

1829 

625,783      241,565 

767,348 

1,2,55,810 

880: 

222,337 

8,490 

138 

1S30 
Total, 

316,732      180,258 

496,990 

1,120,095 

1 

414,996 

5,955 

62 

$4,078,967 

3,206,356 

7,285,323 

9,827,283 

$143,551  $2,286,8141 

83,651 

4,787 

1S31 

375,319 

282.830 

658.149 

1,207,154 

1 

284,903 

7,188 

1S32 

406,857 

710,167 

1,117,024 

1,439,182 

58,7921 

289,386 

9.443 

269 

183:3 

439,9.84 

517,559 

957,54;? 

1.524.G22 

7S,.i64 

209,166 

9,467 

1.014 

ISM 

420.758 

874,809 

795,667 

1, 727-,!  88 

26.977 

246,103( 

8.778 

866 

1835 

458,068 

605,948 

1,064,016 

1,662,7641 

175,716 

186,253 1 

10,180 

6,-)9 

1836 

893,687 

435.568 

829,256 

1,696,650 1 

161,989 

156.243 

8,368 

1,252  , 

18;37 

540,150 

539,959 

1,080,109 

1,567,845 

100,681 

144,053 

7,815 

1,893  1 

1838 
Total, 

406,564 

318,175 

724,739 

1,615,249, 

114,117 

226,615, 

6,823 

1,917 

$3,441,387^  3,785,015 

7,226,402 

12,440,154 

j     716,726^ 

1,742,622 

68,047 

T,870 

For  the  commerce  of  the  United  States  with  Colombia  subsequently  to  the  year  1S38,  see 
Venezuela  and  New  Gkanada. 


PRINCIPAL  PORT. 

Guayaquil,  a  city  and  port  of  Colombia,  on  the  western  coast  of  South  America, 
lat.  2°  11'  21"  S.,  long.  79°  43'  W.  Population,  20,000.  The  town  is  situated  oa 
the  banks  of  the  river  of  the  same  name,  about  six  or  seven  leagues  from  the  Isla 
Verde,  or  nine  leagues  from  the  Isla  Puna,  in  the  gulf  of  Guyaquil,  opposite  to  the 
mouth  of  the  river.  Ships  bound  for  Guyaquil  generally  call  at  the  Isla  Pima, 
where  expert  pilots  may  be  had,  who  carry  them  up  to  the  town  by  night  or  by  day, 
according  to  the  state  of  the  tides.  The  town  is  old,  but  as  the  houses  are  of  wood, 
and  it  has  frequently  suffered  from  fires,  much  of  it  is  comparatively  modern,  and  has 
a  good  appearance.  There  is  a  dry-dock  on  the  south  bank  of  the  river,  where  sev- 
eral ships  of  a  superior  construction  have  been  built.  The  district  in  which  Guyaquil 
is  situated  has  for  a  considerable  period  formed  a  part  of  Ecuador  or  Equator.  Its 
prmcipal  article  of  export  is  cocoa,  of  which  large  quantities  are  shipped  ;  and  next 
to  it  are  straw  hats,  timber,  tobacco,  hides,  bark,  etc.  The  principal  articles  of  im- 
port are  manufactured  cottons  and  hardware,  silks,  wine,  flour,  etc. 

ACCOtINT  OF  TETE  QUANTITIES  AND  VALUES  OF  THE  PRINQPAL  ARTICLES  OF 
PRODUCE  EXPORTED  FROM  GUAYAQUIL,  IN  1849,  1850,  AND  1861. 


1849. 


1850. 


1851. 


Akticles. 


Cocoa, 

Straw  hats 

Tanned  hi< 

Tobacco, 

TirabcT, 

Mangles, 

Flax, . 

Orchilla 

Tamarinds. 

Bark, 


Quantities.       Values. 


.      lbs. 

14,020.446 

£139.408 

.    doz. 

21.101 

73,856 

.  sides 

22,367 

6,871 

quintals 

2,123 

9,289 

.    loss 

8,24,3 

1,418 

.  poles 

1,419 

62 

.      lbs. 

17,156 

563 

quintals 

706 

1,236 

180 

229 

.    " 

714 

1,499 

Quantities. 

11,171,318 

26,336 

26,400 

1,622 

7,571  I 

8,458  f 

7,55.8 

1,240 

175 

1,045 


Quantities. 

9,567.068 

&'>.854 

17.113 

2,.'i08 

16,244 

10.027 

860 

1,138 

867 

2,683 


Total  Value, 


£284.020 


£279,626 


Values. 

£100,000 

107.700 

6,100 

12.400 

16.300 

700 

60 

2,0(X» 

600 

14,000 

£287,800 


166  Foreign  CommercicU  Statistics.  35 


CENTRAL 

AMERICA. 

states. 

Pop. 

Capitals. 

Guatemala, 

600,000 

Guatemala,  50,000  inhabitants. 

Honduras, 

230,000 

Comayagua. 

St.  Salvador,    . 

280,000 

San  Salvador,  5,000         " 

Nicaragua, 

264.000 

Leon,  80,000 

Costa  ilica, 

100,000 

St.  Jose,  18,000 

The  above  is  probably  not  accurate,  but  as  nearly  so  as  is  known. 
Guatemala  has  the  largest  territory,  and  San  Salvador  has  the  smallest. 
Costa  Rica  has  the  Gulf  of  Nicoya  on  the  Pacific,  latitude  niue  and  a 
half  north.  San  Salvador  and  Honduras  have  the  bay  of  Fonseca,  also 
on  the  Pacific,  latitude  13  degrees.  In  this  bay  is  Tiger  island,  on  which 
is  a  mountain  over  4,000  feet  high. 

The  city  of  Guatemala  is  4,950  feet  above  the  ocean.  It  is  tliirty 
leagues  from  the  Pacific.  The  State  has  only  one  seaport,  or  rather 
roadstead,  on  the  Pacific — the  small  town  of  San  Jose,  eight  miles  west 
of  Istapa,  which  is  closed.  A  high  surf  makes  it  dangerous  to  land.  la 
this  State  is  a  volcano  14,000  feet  high. —  W.  Neilson,  of  Panama. 

San  Salvador  was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake,  April,  1854.  Santa 
Tecla  is  the  new  capital,  12  miles  distant  from  the  city. — Neilson. 

Punta  Arenas,  in  the  Gulf  of  Nicoya,  is  the  only  port  open  to  foreign 
commerce  in  Costa  Rica.  Coffee  is  the  principal  production.  A  good 
many  Germans  are  settled  in  the  country. — Neilson. 

Cartago,  the  former  capital,  with  about  25,000  inhabitants,  was  en- 
tirely destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in  September,  1841.  The  volcano  of. 
Catjigo  is  about  11,000  feet  high.  It  was  ascended  by  Mr.  Stephens  in 
January,  1840. 

La  Union,  or  Conchagua  bay,  St.  Salvador,  C.  A.,  is  a  fine  sheet  of 
water,  forms  a  part  of  the  Bay  Fonseca,  possessing  an  anchorage  of  from 
3  to  12  fathoms,  free  from  shoals,  and  well  protected  from  all  winds, 
being  a  near  approach  to  a  circle,  and  about  10  miles  in  diameter.  It 
is  surrounded  on  three  sides  by  high  land,  and  the  entrance  is  protected 
by  a  number  of  islands,  with  many  deep  and  safe  channels,  only  one  of 
which  is  at  present  used  by  ships  entering  and  leaving,  although  many 
of  the  others  are,  no  doubt,  equally  good,  and  would  be  quite  as  avail- 
able, if  surveyed.  The  port  of  the  Union  is  by  far  the  best  in  the  State 
of  San  Salvador.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the  Gulf  of  Fonseca,  is  the 
port  of  San  Lorenzo,  in  Honduras,  the  above  State  being  here  bounded, 
for  a  short  distance,  by  the  waters  of  the  Pacific  ocean.  The  port  is 
safe  and  convenient,  and  of  ea.sy  access ;  but  as  nearly  all  the  commerce 
of  this  State  is  carried  on  by  the  Atlantic  coast,  it  is  but  little  resorted 
to  by  vessels. 

Ports  on  the  Pacific  side. — Commencing  at  the  most  northerly  part 
of  the  S.W.  coast,  the  first  of  the  ports  upon  the  Pacific  is  Jacos,  which 
is  the  only  place  in  the  province  of  the  Altos  ever  visited  by  vessels.  It 
is  an  open  roadstead,  where  a  landing  is  always  eftected  with  some  dif- 
ficulty, on  account  of  the  continual  heavy  surf  breaking  upon  the  shore. 
Iztapa,  the  port  of  Guatemala,  and  Acajuntla,  the  port  of  San  Salvador, 
are  the  next  in  rank.  Port  of  Realcjo  in  Nicaraugua,  is  said  to  be  one 
of  the  best  ports  on  the  Pacific. 


34 


Central  Republic  of  South  America. 


167 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WITH  THE 

CENTRAL  REPUBLIC  OF  SOUTH  AMERICA, 

From  October  ],  1824,  to  July  1,  185G. 


Tears 

ENDING 

EXPORTS 

IMP0ET3 

]  Whcroof  there  'was 
in  Bullion  &,  Specie. 

TON'GE  CL'D. 

Sept. 

30." 

Domestic. 

I'OKEIGN. 

Total. 

Total. 

Export. 

iMronT. 

Axes. 

For. 

1825 

$4fl,3T7 

$59,145 

$99,.522 

$56,789 

$3,200 

8,128 

1826 

79,294 

4(I,4S0 

119.774 

204270 

$43,618 

2,598 

1827 

147,.')74 

77,198 

224,772 

251,342 

106,609 

6,015 

1828 

106,773 

62,499 

159,272 

204,770 

56,487 

8,890 

"56 

1829 

123,631 

116,223 

2;i9,854 

811,931  f 

139.S72 

8,820 

1830 

138,456 

111,062 

250,118 

802,s33 

131,672 

8,044 

Total, 

$686,105 

457,207 

1,093,312 

1,381,935 

3,200 

477,653 

20,490 

66 

1&31 

141,179 

165,318 

806,497 

198,504 

88,810 

8,.315 

1832 

139,206 

196,101 

&3.5..307 

28,8,316 

5l',996 

94,525 

4,389 

'iie 

18;J3 

267,760 

807,256 

575,016 

267,740 

31,500 

84,.529 

2,9:58 

1834 

111,616 

72.5;W 

184,149 

17(1.968 

26.801 

1,975 

1835 

111,624 

72,169 

183,793 

21.5.450 

4,700 

82,313 

1,861 

1836 

86,:i49 

103,169 

1S9.51S 

195,.304 

20,900 

81,911 

1,144 

1837 

82,314 

75,:}49 

l.')7,G6;} 

16;5.4l2 

14,625 

1,088 

1833 

111,910 

131,1«9 

245.049 

1.5.'),614 

21,650 

60.3O4 

1,848 

1839 

111,752 

104,490 

216,242 

192,.S45 

54,!303 

35,671 

471 

1840 

130,661 

87,2a5 

217,946 

189,021  , 
2,037,164  : 

10,600 

26,582 

721 

Total, 

$1,294,871 

1,314,809 

2,609,180 

195,043 

485,571 

19,725 

116 

1841 

78,616 

71,297 

149.913 

186,911 

2,601 

19,241 

1,173 

145 

1842 

46,649 

22,817 

69,466 

124,994 

9.015 

10,895 

68S 

165 

1843* 

84,469 

18,497 

52,906 

1.32,167 

800 

11,M8 

1,802 

1844 

103,377 

46.899 

150,276 

223,408 

10,000 

14,187 

2,261 

'126 

1815 

41,548 

26,101 

67.649 

65,269 

2,967 

8,411 

1,049 

187 

1846 

75.136 

4.5,117 

120,25:3 

116,7*3 

4,875 

12,123 

9.i7 

214 

1847 

73,-322 

23,246 

96.568 

8(i,.5Sl 

5,189 

1,.'M5 

1848 

84,940 

1.5,438 

50,378 

18,272 

2,666 

808 

"766 

1849 

112,480 

23,739 

136,219 

56,017 

5.907 

5,203 

78 

la-JO 

67,225 

12,967 

70,192 

261,459 

16^190 

16,691 

2,290 

1,722 

Total, 

$657,762 

806,118 

963,880 

1,265,811 

47,948 

99,412 

17,021 

3,331 

1851 

223,302 

89,089 

262.391 

149,8.56 

14,194 

17,670 

27,565 

4.400 

1852 

886,136 

87,3v2 

473.51  s 

::08.:355 

7,400 

207.495 

54.586 

6.8S.S 

1853 

225,8.^0 

120,474 

346. 3M0 

.590,937 

493,598 

80,737 

8.172 

1854 

260,.'J39 

58,:«5 

80S,ss4 

2,360,422 

2,2:33,100 

85,314 

8,499 

1855 

1,210.584 

51,586 

1,262,170 

286,409 

1,000,666 

121,4')2 

90,943 

1,111 

1856 

847,265 

49,356 

896,621 

246,863 

20,000 

60,579 

84,321 

908 

*  9  moDtlis  to  June  80,  and  the  flacal  year  from  tills  time  bc^na  July  1. 


TRINCIPAL  PORT. 
San  Juan  de  Nicaragua,  a  seaport  town  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  of  tlie  s.ime 
name,  state  of  Costa  Rica,  ontlio  western  slioro  of  the  Canbbcan  soii,  lat.  10*^  55'  N., 
long.  38°  43'  "W.  The  port  is  excellent,  and  is  considered  the  best  on  this  part  of  tlio 
coast.  Till  lately  the  town  was  quite  inconsiderable,  and  consisted  of  httlo  clso 
than  a  cluster  of  huts  ;  but  latterly  it  has  no  doubt  been  improved.  This  j)lace  has 
risen  into  importance  from  its  being  at  the  western  extremity  of  a  prof>oscd  lino  of 
water  communication  between  the  Caribbean  sea  and  the  Paoilic  ocean.  Tiiis  lino 
is  to  consLst  partly  of  the  river  San  Juan,  flowing  from  the  lake  of  Nicaragua  ca-ot  to 
the  sea  at  San  Juan,  partly  of  the  lai<e,  and  partly  of  a  canal  to  bo  constructotl  from 
the  latter  to  the  Pacific  ocean.  This  project  has  been  otlen  mooted ;  but  the  dis- 
covery of  the  cxtraonlinary  mineral  riches  of  California,  and  tlic  con.scquent  emi- 
gration to  and  intercourse  with  that  country,  have  given  it  an  incomparably  greater 
interest  than  it  formerly  possessed.  The  country  appears  to  present  gre^itor  facilitica 
for  effecting  this  great  work  than  any  other  part  of  Central  Amcriai,  except  tho 
Isthmus  of  IDarien  or  Panama  The  river  San  Juan,  about  90  miles  in  length,  is 
said  to  have  been  occaaionally  navigable  throughout  its  entire  course,  for  sea-going 
vessels. 


168 


Foreign  Commercial  Statistics. 


37 


NEW  GRANADA. 

Neav  Granada,  12°  30'  N.,  and  3°  35'  S.  latitude,  and  65°  51'  and 
83°  5'  W.  longitude.  Area,  521,948  square  miles.  Length,  about 
1,000  miles,  and  breadth,  about  520  miles.  New  Granada  occupies  the 
nortli-west  portion  of  South.  America;  and  is  bounded  north  by  the 
Caribbean  sea  and  Costa  Rica,  east  by  Venezuela  and  Brazil,  south  by 
Ecuador,  and  west  by  the  Pacific  ocean.     Capital,  Santa  Fe  de  Bogota. 

Christopher  Columbus  discovered  teiTa  firma  in  1498,  aud,  during 
his  fourth  voyage,  on  the  2d  of  November,  1502,  found  Chagres  and 
the  bay  of  Limones,  called  also  Navy  bay.  Different  governments 
have  been  established  throughout  the  Grauadan  territory,  while  Spanish 
colonies  ;  a  vice-royalty  was  at  length  formed  in  1732,  of  what  are  now 
the  Republics  of  New  Granada  and  Ecuador.  In  1810,  New  Granada 
separated  herself  from  the  Spanish  monarchy,  and  maintained  a  con- 
stant war  until  1824,  when  the  Spanish  army  was  conquered  by  the 
Republican,  of  which  two  thirds  consisted  of  Colombians.  Bolivar,  the 
most  distinguished  leader  of  the  Spanish- American  revolution,  was  the 
first  proposer  of  the  union  of  Venezuela  and  New  Granada,  in  1818; 
and  when  the  Congress  of  Angostura  met,  early  in  1819,  the  fund- 
amental law  Avas  enacted  which  established  Colombia,  on  the  l7th  of 
December  of  that  year,  Venezuela  separated  herself  in  November,  1829, 
and  Ecuador  in  May,  1830  ;  and  the  central  part  of  Colombia  instituted 
itseU'the  republic  of  New  Granada  on  the  21st  of  November,  1831.  In 
1832,  the  Constitution  of  the  State  was  sanctioned,  under  the  form  of 
a  Democratic  Republican  government,  by  dividing  the  supreme  power 
into  the  Executive,  Legislative,  and  Judicial,  under  a  central  regimen, 
but  giving  to  the  provinces  a  municipal  corporation,  that  each  section 
might  legislate  in  its  local  affairs.  The  Republic  was  divided  into  prov- 
inces, these  into  cantons,  and  the  cantons  into  parochial  districts.  The 
State  recognized  no  national  religion  ;  but  has  declared  that  it  will  pay 
for  the  Catholic  worship,  and  protect  Granadans  in  its  exercise.  The 
law  of  Colombia,  which  attributed  to  itself  the  law  of  patronage  exer- 
cised by  Spain,  has  continued  in  vigor  to  the  present  time.  The  Re- 
public was  first  divided  into  eighteen  provinces ;  and  they  have  since 
been  increased  to  thirty-five.  The  Constitution  of  1832  was  reformed 
in  1843,  without  any  variation  in  the  form  of  government. 


COIIMERCE  OF  NEW   GRANADA,    1852. 


ENTFISEP. 

CLEAEED. 

Principal  Ports. 

Ships. 

Tons. 

Ships. 

Tons. 

Carthagena,  . 
St.  Martha,    . 
Panama, 

.     114 
.       59 
.     312 

.     485 

14,371 

4,157 

143,899 

109 

48 
297 

454 

13,734 

4,127 

133,836 

Total, 

162,427 

151,697 

Value. 

Entered. 

Cleared. 

Carthagena, 
St.  Martha, 
Panama, 

381,946  livr. 
.       84,734 
302,368,000  frcs. 

sterling. 

99,207  livr. 
15,993 
2,476,009  frcs. 

sterling. 

Kew  Grmiada. 


169  ' 


FOREIGN    COMMERCE  OF  THE    UNITED  STATES 
WITH  NEW   GRANADA, 

From  October  1,  1838,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Years 

ENDING 

Sept. 
30. 

EXPOKTS. 

IMPORTS 

j 

Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullion  &  Specie. 

TON'GE  CL'D. 

Domestic. 

Foreign. 

Total. 

1    Total. 

1 

Export. 

Import. 

Amer.  1    For. 

1839 
1840 

Total, 

1841 

1842 

1843* 

1844 

1845 

1846 

1847 

1843 

1849 

1850 

Total, 

1851 
1852 
1853 
1&^4 
1855 
1856 

$.35,219 
57,922 

$29.5S5 
77,329 

$64,804 
185,251 

$90,.^14 
217,382 

$704 

$42,803 
128,163 

1,262 
1.000 

1,367 

882 

$  93,141 

50,562 
57,303 

72,009 
75,621 
48,717 
51,849 
53,655 
79,165 
244,460 
970,619 

106,914 

59,873 
46,361 
89,944 
49,225 
80,260 
24,095 
19,405 
45,438 
53,324 
285,600 

200,055 

110,435 

103,724 

161,953 

124,846 

78,977 

75,944 

73,060 

124.603 

297,784 

1,256,219 

307,896 

144,117 
176,216 
115,733 
189,616 
171  921 
67.043 
156,654  [ 
213,296 
158,960 
591,992 

704 
14,153 
2',4S0 

19,66o 

52,077 

273,000 

170,470 

42,432 

41,584 
89,714 
62,605 
47,389 
82,100 
75,179 
77,500 
62,562 
430,039 

2,262 

583 

1,615 

1,245 

1,691 

1,562 

1,069 

565 

733 

25,094 

121,753 

2,249 

722 
161 

'293 
734 
1,567 
1,;354 
6,237 

$1,704,020 

2,507,701 

1,293,236 

753,391 

855,254 

892,245 

1,444,843 

703,525 

583,121 
217,558 
103,079 
82,052 
169,800 
166,549 

2,407,545 

8,040,822 
1,515,794 
856,470 
937,306 
1,062,045 
1,611,892 

1,985,548 

695,606 

750,527 

553,528 

1,478,520 

1,799,672 

2,325,019 

360,710 

65,895 
50,461 
3,462 
2.017 
273,864 
257,474 

911,104 

495,758 
456,744 
295,956 
885,022 
478,943 
232,490 

155,860 

205,890 
188,875 
205,602 
170,460 
121,563 
129,518 

11,068 

12,585 
5,158 
8,840 
1,164 
1,6.58 
1,312 

*  9  months  to  June  30,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORTS. 

Chagres,  a  seaport  town  of  Xew  Granada,  Central  America,  on  the  northern 
coast  of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Chagres  river,  in  the  Carribean 
sea.  Lat.  of  fort  San  Lorenzo  9°  18'  6"  N.,  long.  79°  59'  2"  W.  It  is  a  mere  col- 
lection of  huts,  with  a  harbor  only  for  vessels  drawing  ton  or  twelve  feet  of  water ; 
.but  it  has  frequent  traffic  with  Panama,  and  is  sometimes  resorted  to  by  shipping 
from  the  United  States,  Carthagena,  and  the  British  West  Indies. 

Pan.vma,  a  city  and  seaport  of  New  Granada,  on  the  Pacific,  38  miles  south-east 
of  Chagres,  lat.  8°  56'  N.,  long.  79°  31'  2"  W.  Population  estimated  at  7,000.  It 
stands  on  a  rocky  peninsula,  projecting  into  the  bay  of  Panama,  and  has  an  imposing 
a.spect  from  the  sea.  Its  streets  are  well  ventilated,  and  it  is  said  to  be  cleaner  than 
most  Spanish  American  cities.  It  is  encircled  by  irregular  and  not  very  strong  fort- 
ifications, constructed  at  different  periods.  The  houses  are  partly  of  wood,  straw, 
and  other  fragile  materials.  The  tides  daily  rise  and  fall  from  20  to  27  feet,  so  that 
it  is  peculiarly  well  fitted  for  the  repair  and  building  of  ships.  The  Panama  railroad 
Jias  one  of  its  termini  iiere,  and  another  at  Aspinwall,  oq  Manzanilla  island,  Navy 
bay.     Trains  take  about  four  hours  in  passing  from  sea  to  sea. 

Cartagena,  or  Oartiiagexa,  a  strongl3'-fortificd  city  and  seaport  of  New  Grana- 
da, South  America,  of  which  repubUc  it  is  the  chief  naval  arsenal,  capital  of  the 
province,  on  a  sandy  peninsula  in  the  Caribbean  sea.  Lat.  of  the  dome  10°  25'  36" 
N.,  long.  75°  3-t'  W.  Population,  10,000,  nine  tenths  of  whom  are  a  mixed  black 
race.  Its  excellent  port  is  defended  by  two  forts,  and  is  the  only  harbor  on  the 
north  coast  of  New  G  ranada  adapted  for  repairing  vessels.  Cartagena  is  tlie  prin- 
cipal d6pot  for  the  produce  of  tlio  provinces  watered  by  the  Cauca  and  Magdalena 
rivers,  and  is  connected  with  the  Magdalena  by  a  can;xl.  It  exports  sugar,  cotton, 
coff'ee,  tobacco,  hides,  specie,  bullion,  etc.  Under  the  Spaniards,  this  city  was  the 
seat  of  a  captain-general,  and  of  one  of  the  three  tribunals  of  tlio  Inquisition  in  Amer- 
ica. It  was  the  first  town  that  proclaimed  independence,  and  in  1815  endured  a 
most  vigorous  siege,  and  was  subdued  only  by  famine.  Population  of  the  province, 
103,783. 


170 


Foreign  Commercial  Statistics. 


39 


VENEZUELA, 

A  republic  of  South  America ;  its  territory  lies  chiefly  between  latitude 
2°  and  12°  N.,  and  longitude  60°  and  73°  W.,  having  E.  British  Guiana, 
S.  Brazil,  W,  New  Granada,  and  N.  the  Caribbean  Sea. 

The  E.  Cordillera  of  the  Andes  extends  through  its  N.  part  from  W. 
to  E.,  terminating  in  the  peninsula  of  Paria.  S.  of  this  is  a  wide  plain 
country,  traversed  by  the  Orinoco,  the  whole  course  of  which  river  is  in 
this  region.  Other  principal  rivers  are  the  Meta,  Apure,  Arauca,  Carony, 
tributary  to  the  Orinoco;  the  Cassiquiare,  connecting  it  with  the  Am- 
azon, and  the  Tocuyo,  Zulia,  and  Cuyuni  in  the  N.  and  E.  The  lakes 
Maracaibo  and  Valencia,  and  islands  Margarita  and  Tortuga,  belong  to 
this  republic.  All  the  finest  tropical  products  grow  luxuriantly ;  the 
principal  sources  of  wealth  are  cacao,  coffee,  tobacco,  indigo,  cotton,  sarsa- 
parilla,  dye  woods,  timber,  and  especially  cattle,  and  the  articles  of  trade 
which  they  yield.  Total  value  of  exports  86,000,000  annually,  mostly 
sent  to  the  West  India  islands,  the  United  States,  Great  Britain,  and 
Spain.  Imports  comprise  woven  fabrics,  chiefly  cottons  and  linens, 
flour  and  provisions,  hardwares,  soap,  wines,  and  specie. 


COMMERCE  IN  1851-2. 

COUNTRIES. 

VESSELS. 

TOTTNAGK. 

Entered.           Cleared. 

Entered. 

Cleared. 

Austria, 2 

474 

Belgium,     . 

3 

576 

Brazil, 

1 

203 

Sardinia,     . 

9                  10 

2,015 

1,895 

Hanse  Towns,    . 

43                  49 

14,257 

11,680 

Denmark,   . 

88                  37 

9,621 

3,350 

Spain, 

42                  87 

6,059 

11,224 

France, 

46                  58 

10,112 

10,376 

United  States,     . 

124                 153 

23,777 

31,374 

Great  Britain, 

515              1,073 

23,033 

31,829 

Ha}i,i  and  St.  Domingo, 

2 

326 

Mexico, 

4 

472 

New  Granada,    . 

1 

22 

Netherlands, 

.     195                175 

10,307 

10,788 

Other  places, 

3                  44 

44 

Total, 


1,069 


1,651 


100,004 


113,810 


COMMERCE  IN  1853-4. 


United  States, 
Hanse  Towns, 
Great  Britain, 
France. 
Denmark, 
Spain,    . 
Netherlands,  . 
Mexico, 
Sardinia, 
Other  countries, 


Total, 


j  in  piasters, 
\  in  francs, 


Imports. 

Free. 

E.vports. 

1,180,445 

313,679 

2,420,936 

783,005 

295,917 

1,197,035 

1,649,813 

712,870 

273,212 

632,712 

221,954 

1,077,592 

873,580 

201.630 

498,416 

253,673 

95,278 

1,078,272 

261,559 

76,253 

449,524 

2,082 

9 

106,006 

27,710 

11,340 

36811 

27,209 

8,013 

5,692,388 

1,936,943 

7,139,804 

22,769,452 

7,747,772 

28,559,216 

38 


Venezuela. 


171 


FOREIGN   COMJIERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WTTH 
VENEZUELA, 

FnoM  October  1,  1838,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Years 

ENDING 

Sept. 
80. 

1889 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS 

1  Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullion  &  Specie. 

1 

1  TON'GE  CL'D. 

i                                1 

Domestic. 

Foreign. 

TOTAU 

ToTAU 

EXPOBT. 

Import. 

Amer. 

For. 

$41.3.245 

$272,736 

$685,981 

$1,982,702 

1  $104,482 

$.^5,041 

9,241 

l.-WO 

1840 
Total, 

.').'>4,2G7 

229,605 

783,872 

1,355,166 

73,957 

27,521 

9,886 

920 

$967,512 

502,341 

1,469,8S3 

8,337,868 

185,192 

62,562 

18,627 

2,470 

1841 

5.32,419 

230.0fi3 

762,502 

2,012.004 

145,717 

3,168 

9,5.30 

1,284 

1842 

499.:iS0 

lf,i;.s32 

666,212 

1,.544,342 

71,222 

27,676 

9,742 

8,211 

1843* 

4S:^,077 

]i(0.4-.'5 

583,502 

1,191,280 

21,0:« 

9.5,S16 

8,0.30 

884 

1844 

442.491 

Sn741 

531.232 

1,42;3,479 

45,833 

5,058 

8,885 

1,8.39 

1845 

505,545 

1n9,5s5 

725,130 

1.268.275 

152.521 

19,448  1 

10,7:« 

1,117 

1846 

584,069 

197.478 

781,. 547 

1.509,000 

154,043 

2.959 

11,125 

1,244 

1847 

571,474 

43.739 

61.V.'13 

1.322,496  1 

7,945 

42.409 

10,800 

680 

1848 

400,230 

62,79  S 

46;J.o28 

1,225.611   1 

.38,511 

73,597 

7,631 

1,505 

1849 

431.421 

106,213 

5.S7,6;54 

•  1,413,096  ! 

1.32,882 

6.5,S70 

8,420 

1,1.57    1 

1850 
Total, 

67S,462 

840,003 

1,018,470 

'  1,920,247  ; 

1 

14,829,830 

490,4n9 

49,730 

8,509 

2,697     i 

$5,158,568 

1,525,902 

6,684,470 

1,259,196 

885,781 

98,855 

15,568 

1851 

&54,779 

189,746 

1,044,525 

'  2.380,295 

422,075 

86..584 

11,761 

2.891 

1852 

726,024 

67,:i89 

798,413 

1,121,864 

94,972 

22,.521 

11.244 

8,109 

1853 

749,S.i9 

94.668 

844,527 

2,613,780 

257,454 

11,:3.39 

12,0<)1 

1,789 

1854 

1.131,604 

69,279 

l,20(i,s^s;3 

1  3,072,649  ; 

400,s2S 

66,861 

12,26;5 

4,074 

1855 

1,152,604 

70,S45 

1.22.3,449 

8,610,809  , 

270,4(U 

9,685 

15,057 

4,369 

1856 

1,643.621 

69,153 

1,712,774  , 

1  4,202,692  1 
'                    1 

566,970 

22,832 

25,615 

1,637 

♦  9  months  to  June  80,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORT. 

La  Guayra,  the  principal  seaport  of  the  repubhc  of  Venezuela,  in  the  province  of 
Caraccas,  on  the  Caribbean  sea,  lat.  10°  3G'  19"  N.,  long.  67°  6'  45"  W.  Popula- 
tion estimated  at  8,000.  In  1810,  the  population  is  believed  to  have  amounted  to 
13,000 — the  reduction  being  a  consequence  of  the  loss  of  life  caused  by  the  tremen- 
dous earthquake  of  IS  12,  and  the  massacres  and  proscriptions  incident  to  the  revo- 
lutionary war.  The  population  of  the  city  of  Caraccas,  of  which  La  Guayra  may  bo 
considered  as  the  port,  lell  off  from  the  same  causes,  from  43,000  in  1810,  to  23,000 
in  1830 ;  but  they  are  now  both  increa.sing.  There  is  neither  quay  nor  mole  at  Li 
Guayra.  Ships  moor  liN.E.  and  W.S.W.,  with  their  heads  to  the  north,  at  from 
one  quarter  to  three  quarters  of  a  mile  from  the  laud,  in  from  9  to  IS  fathoiu.s.  Th" 
holding-ground  is  good;  and  notwitiistanding  the  openness  of  the  road,  vesfwls 
properly  found  in  an(;liors  and  cables  run  very  little  risk  of  being  driven  from  tlu-ir 
moorings.  The  principal  articles  of  export  are  coflce,  cocoa,  indigo,  hides,  sars;ipii- 
rilla,  etc.  La  Guayra  shares  the  trade  of  Venezuela  with  the  port.s  of  Cuniana, 
Puerto  Cabello,  Maracaibo,  etc.,  having  about  a  half  of  its  entire  amount 

Port  Regulations. — On  casting  anchor,  a  visit  is  paid  by  the  collector  of  custom;*, 
or  his  agent,  accompanied  by  other  officers,  who  take  from  the  master  his  regi.-ter, 
manifest,  and  muster-roll,  and  an  oflicer  is  lelt  on  board  until  the  cargo  i.s  discharged. 
The  master  nnist  swear  to  his  manifest  within  24  hours  after  his  arrival,  when  the 
permit  to  discharge  is  granted,  and  within  three  days  all  invoices  must  be  pre.-ienfed. 
The  discharge  completed,  the  same  officers  repair  on  board  to  e.Kamino  the  ves.sel, 
and  all  being  found  in  order,  the  officer  is  withdrawn.  The  clearing  of  a  vessel  out- 
ward (tliat  ha-s  entered  with  cirgo)  in  balhust  is  then  completed  by  p.iying  the  jwrt 
charges ;  proof  whereof  being  jiruduced,  tlie  pennission  to  sail  is  signed  by  the  gov- 
ernor and  harbor  master.  If  tlie  vessel  take  cargo  on  board,  then  the  same  formality 
as  to  visiting,  is  pursued,  a.s  on  the  entry  of  a  vessel. 

Credit. — Goods  imported  are  almast  invariably  sold  upon  credit;  those  exported 
are,  on  the  other  hand,  always  sold  for  ready  money.  The  terms  of  credit  vary 
from  two  to  six  mouths,  or  more.     Bankruptcy  is  very  rare. 


172 


Foreign  Commercial  Statistics. 


41 


BRAZIL. 

Brazil,  an  extensive  empire  of  South  America,  occupying  a  large 
proportion  of  the  eastern  and  central  part  of  that  country,  extending  be- 
tween latitude  4°  28'  N.,  and  32°  45'  S.,  and  longitude  34°  55'  and  65° 
20'  W.  Length,  from  N.  to  S.,  about  2,630  miles  ;  greatest  breadth, 
2,540  miles.  Its  internal  boundaiies  come  in  contact  with  all  the  dif- 
ferent States  and  territories  of  South  America,  with  the  exception  of 
Chih  and  Patagonia,  while  the  Atlantic  ocean  washes  its  shores  from  its 
north- east  to  its  southern  limits. 

Brazil  was  discovered  by  Alvarez  de  Cabral,  a  Portuguese,  who  was 
driven  upon  its  coasts  by  a  tempest  in  1500.  He  called  it  the  land  of 
the  Holy  Cross  ;  but  it  was  subsequently  called  Brazil,  on  account  of  its 
red  wood,  and  was  carefully  explored  by  Amerigo  Vespucci  about  1504. 
The  gold  mines  were  first  opened  in  1684  ;  and  the  diamond  mines 
were  discovered  in  1*730.  The  French  having  seized  on  Portugal  in 
1807,  the  royal  family  and  nobles  embarked  for  Brazil.  A  revolution 
took  place  here  in  1821.  Brazil  was  erected  into  an  empire,  when  Don 
Pedro  assumed  the  title  of  emperor,  November  18,  1825.  He  abdicated 
the  throne  of  Portugal,  May  2,  1826  ;  and  that  of  Brazil,  in  favor  of  his 
infant  son,  now  (1855)  emperor,  April  7,  1831,  and  returned  to  Por- 
tugal, where  a  civil  war  ensued. — Haydn. 

The  surface  of  Brazil  is  about  equally  divided  into  uplands  and  low- 
lands, or  valleys.  Two  parallel  mountain  ranges  traverse  the  country 
from  N.  to  S.,  forming  elevated  ridges  of  table-land,  the  greatest  height 
of  the  central  range  being  from  6,000  to  7,000  feet. 


Proportions. 

Proport 

ons. 

Countries. 

Imports. 

1853-51. 

1851-55. 

Exports. 

1853-54.     185JU55. 

Gt.  Brit,  and  poss., 

$: 

22,775,420 

53.72 

53.59 

$19,687,362 

32.43 

32.32 

France  and  poss., 

4,989,187 

11.71 

11.67 

4,080,131 

7.95 

9.02 

United  States, 

3,995,868 

9.06 

8.25 

11,903,644 

28.35 

26.28 

Portugal  and  poss., 

3,234,396 

6.83 

7.63 

2,324,889 

4.35 

5.12 

Hanseatic  towns, 

2,442,233 

6.25 

5.76 

3,387,579 

8.27 

7.37 

Rio  de  la  Plata,     . 

2,108,545 

5.03 

4.97 

2,087,433 

4.25 

4.61 

Belgium, 

885,752 

2.16 

4.97 

1,391,847 

1.78 

3.07 

Spain  and  poss.,    . 

665,468 

0.84 

1.45 

488,969 

0.84 

0.96 

Cliili,    . 

564,133 

0.49 

1.33 

789,558 

1.02 

1.63 

Sardinia, 

377,584 

0.78 

0.89 

608,978 

0.88 

1.34 

Sweden  and  Norway, 

189,774 

0.20 

0.45 

1,254,649 

2.18 

2.77 

Austria, 

130,277 

0.84 

0.31 

812,011 

3.53 

1.79 

Holland  and  poss., 

58,750 

0.07 

0.14 

109,611 

0.13 

0.24 

Other  countries,     . 

322,327 

0.94 

0.76 

687,557 

1.23 

1.47 

Denmark, 

•   .  >   • 

.... 

779,938 

2.64 

1.72 

Turkey, 

.... 

.... 

134,709 

0.15 

0.29 

Re-exportation,     . 

$' 

300,460 





Total, 

13,040,174 

$50,534,865 

NAVIGATION  IN 

1854  AND  1855. 

ABBIVALS 

CLEABED. 

Vessels.          Tons. 

Vessels. 

Tons. 

Brazilian,  . 

.     3,737       277.853 

3,887 

296,015 

Foreign,    . 

tal, 

.         .     1,1 

.     4,S 

12       440,849 

1,067 
4,954 

440,943 

To 

49       718,702 

736,958 

40 


Coast  of  Brazil  and  Dependencies. 


173 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UXITED  STATES  WITH 
COAST  OF  BRxVZIL  AXD  DEPENDENCIES, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Teaks 

ENDING 

Sept. 
30. 

EXPOKTS. 

IMPOIiTS 

Whereof  there  was 
ill  Bullion  &  Specie. 

TON'GE  CL'D. 

Domestic. 

Foreign. 

TOTAU 

Total. 

Export. 

Import. 

Amer. 

For. 

1821 

$SS5,84S 

.$496,412 

$1,381,760 

$(30.5,126. 

$156,999 

$19,i>00 

22,264 

814 

1822 

1,217,411 

246,513 

1.463,929 

1,436,567 

71,803 

28,301 

549 

1823 

1,0«2,209 

279,131 

1,341,390 

1,214,310: 

8,615 

46,215 

22,016 

.... 

1824 

l,(39i»,754 

602,150 

2,301,904 

2,074,119: 

89,219 

218,792 

83,345 

507 

1S25 

1,641,296 

752,4.53 

2.393,754 

2,156,707 

93,343 

197. 1 38 

83,933 

707 

1826 

1,597,344 

603,005 

2,200,349 

2,156,673 

113,090 

104,771 

8-4,372 

1,084 

1827 

l,4Sii,433 

377,373 

1,3(W,,S06 

2,060.971; 

1,575 

232,932 

87,709 

881 

1828 

1,5(15,779 

4s-^,9:)6 

1,9S3  715 

8,097,752: 

135,183 

181,.577 

40,114 

1829 

1,5111,260 

419,667 

1,929,927 

2,53.5,467 

78,012 

76,836 

40.978 

1830 
Total, 

1,600,999 

242,239 

1,34:3,233 

2,491,460 

1,470 

&4,695 

44,450 

"eoi 

$14,206,33-3 

4,501,939 

13,708,772 

19,379,657; 

673,106 

1,234,309 

34:3,587 

4,093 

1S31 

1,652,193 

423,902 

2,076.095 

2,375,829 

216,375 

23.149 

36,892 

208 

1332 

1,232,077 

822,717 

2,0.54,794' 

8.390,845 

381.503 

20,671 

80,439 

856 

183:J 

2.474,55,5 

797.546 

;3,272,101 

5,039,693 

156.340 

11,453 

49,7.35 

1,017 

1834 

1,536.097 

473,25-i 

2,059,351 

4,729,969 

60,034 

81,735 

87,092 

1,977 

183.5 

1.310,791 

797,365 

2,608.656! 

5,574,466 

34:3,931 

66,605 

89,269 

2,554 

1836 

1,7;:!2,741 

1,362.195 

3,094,936 

7,210,190, 

900.324 

6,940 

43,533 

8,062 

183T 

1,301,217 

441,992 

l,74;i,209 

4,991.9-<;! 

3:5.531 

40,617 

19,676 

4,107 

1833 

2,094,9.57 

562,237 

2,657,194 

;3.191,233 

20-1.7(16 

12:3,221 

80,623 

1.601 

1839 

2,133,997 

503.4-i3 

2.637,4^5 ; 

5,292,955 

134.427 

4,893 

89,4:31 

8,133 

1840 
Total, 

2,146,863 

360,711 

2,500,574  j 

4,927,296: 

102,174 

14,522 

34,189 

1,764 

$1S,164,4SS 

6,^4.5,907 

24,710,3951 

j 

47,274,464 

2,637,395 

84:3,816 

1    860,779 

19,324 

1841 

2,941,991 

575,282 

3,517.273 

6,302,653 

3.55.303 

21.3.52 

47.684 

3,101 

1842 

2,225,571 

875.931 

2.601,502 

5.94S314 

81,794 

50,345' 

88,773 

2,648 

1843* 

1.56-,5s4 

223,704 

1,7S2,23S 

:).947,i;53 

22,409 

50,349 

82,066 

1,395 

1344 

2,409,418 

4(^8,334 

2,313,252 

6.ss;3,306i 

142,695 

28.609 

46,250 

1,816 

184.5 

2,413,567 

424,333 

2,s37.9.50 

0.034.599' 

131,1.59 

7,477: 

40,716 

2,077 

1S46 

2,754.0121     839,333 

3,143,;{95 

7,441,303, 

2:;.5,o91 

2,532 

43,026 

4,632 

1H4T 

2,566,933:     876,340 

2.94:3,773 

7,096,160 

149,249 

26,595 

39,231 

8,367 

134.8 

3,092,736'     279,693 

3,372.4-^4 

7,992.643 

163.072 

17..503 

57,206 

6,036 

1&49 

2.33s,:i3ii 

264,597 

8.102.977 

8,494,363 

117,604 

9.361 

56,;535 

6.023 

1850 
Total, 

2,723,7(0 

,  473,:347 

3,197,114 

9,:32  4,429 

279,690 

2,166 

53,113 
464,405 

8,569 
84,714 

§25,534,964 

3,791,999 

29,326,963 

69,516,938 

1,623,066 

216,239 

1851 

3.123,056 

623.060 

3,7.52.916 

11,525,304 

4:30,262 

6,511 

03.629 

7,64.3 

1852 

2,7s2.I7;l 

233,363 

3,021, ((42 

12,230.2-9 

117.466 

94.317 

59,454 

6.713 

1853 

«,7;i4,190 

260,254 

8.994.444 

14,317,961 

399,029 

9,000 

69,7.35 

5.153 

1354 

4,046,357 

192,334 

4,2:i9.241 

14,110.;337  i 

64:3,114 

24,400 

60..343 

2,329 

1855 

8,973.219 

233,0.54 

4,261,273 

15,213,925 

14 1. .525 

1,461 

75.()66 

2,674 

1856 

4,858,125 

2:36,779 

5,(394,904 

19,262,657 

233,593 

74,230 

2,390 

*  9  mouths  to  June  30,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 


PRINCIPAL  PORT. 
Rio  de  J.\n:eiro,  the  capital  of  Brazil,  on  the  Atlantic,  in  lat  22°  54'  15"  S., 
long.  430  15'  50"  W.  Population  200,000.  The  harbor  of  Rio  is  one  of  the  finest 
in  the  world,  both  a.3  respects  capaciou.sness  and  security  for  all  sorts  of  vessels.  In 
coming  from  the  north-east  it  is  usual  to  make  Cape  Frio,  in  lat.  23°  1'  18"  S., 
long.  42°  3'  19'  W.,  being  about  four  leagues  nearly  ea.st  of  Rico.  Tlie  entrance  to 
the  harbor  is  marked  by  a  remarkable  hill  in  the  form  of  a  sugar-loaf,  900  feet  high, 
close  to  its  west  side;  while  on  the  east  or  opposite  side  of  the  bay,  at  the  distance 
of  about  1+  miles,  is  the  fort  of  Santa  Cruz.  Ves.sels  bound  for  Rio^  coming  from  tho 
north,  should,  after  rounding  Capo  Frio,  steer  due  west,  keeping  about  three  leagues 
from  the  coast,  until  they  come  within  live  or  six  miles  of  the  Illia  Raza,  or  Flat 
island,  lying  almost  duo  south  from  the  mouth  of  tho  harbor,  at  the  distance  of  about 
three  leagues.  A  lighthouse,  the  lantern  of  which  is  said  to  be  elevated  nearly 
300  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  was  erected  on  this  island  in  1829.  The  light  is 
a  revolving  one,  alternately  red  and  white,  finishmg  its  revolution  in  throe  minutes. 


174 


Foreign  Cortimercial  Statistics. 


43 


ARGENTINE  CONFEDERATION. 

Latitude  S.  22°  20'  and  40°  50',  and  longitude  W.  56°  20'  and  71" 
30'.  Length,  N.  and  S.,  about  1,260  miles,  and  breadth,  E.  and  W., 
about  720  miles.     Area,  926,000  square  miles. 

Tlie  Argentine  Confederation  comprises  the  provinces  known  under 
the  Spanish  regime  as  tlie  vice-royalty  of  Buenos  Ayres,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  I^araguay  and  Uruguay,  east  of  the  Plata,  which  have  become 
independent  States.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Bolivia,  on  the  E.  by 
Paraguay  and  Uruguay,  on  the  S.  E.  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  on  the  S.  liy 
Patagonia,  and  on  the  W.  by  Chile,  from  which  it  is  divided  by  the 
crest  of  the  Andes.     Capital :  Buenos  Ayres. 

The  Confederation  (bound  together,  however,  by  no  very  stringent  tics) 
consists  of  thirteen  States  and  an  extensive  unappropriated  country : 


states. 

Area 

Population.                   Capitals. 

1.  Buenos  Ayres,. 

m 

230,000         Buenos  Ayres  (100,000). 

2.  Corrientes, 

.SJ 

45,000         Corrientes  (20,000). 

3.  Entre  Rios, 

1 

36,000         Parana  (15,000). 

4.  Santa  Fe,         ... 

& 

22,000         Santa  Fe  (4,000). 

5.  Cordoba,  .... 

U2 

o 

87,000         Cordoba  (14,000). 

6.  San  Luis  de  la  Punta, 

o 
o 

28,000         San  Luis  de  la  Punta  (1,500). 

"7.  Mendoza, 

ro 

47,000         Mendoz  (12,000). 

8.  San  Juan  de  la  Frontera  . 

28,000         San  Juan  (8,000). 

9.  Rioja,       .... 

Is 

23,000         Rioja  (3,800). 

10.  Catamarca, 

13 

40,000         Catamarca  (4,000). 

11.  Santiago  del  Estero, 

54,000         Santiago  (4,000). 

12.  Tucuman, 

M 

51,000         Tucuman  (8,000). 

13.  Salta,       .... 

"m 

03,000         Salta  (9,000). 

Grand  Cliaco  . 

W 

(Indian  Territory.) 

Total, 


926,000        754,000 


The  area  and  population  of  the  country  as  given  in  the  above  table 
must  be  taken  as  a  mere  approximation. 

The  internal  commerce  of  the  Confederation  is  very  considerable,  a.s 
almost  every  State  produces  something  peculiar,  which  is  in  demand  ia 
the  neighboring  States.  It  is  also  facilitated  by  the  local  character  of 
the  surface  and  the  climate,  which  is  generally  dry.  The  roads  are  also 
tolerably  good.  The  river  navigation  is  extensive,  and  by  these  channels 
the  commercial  material  of  the  northern  States  is  brought  to  Buenos 
Ayres,  the  chief  port  whence  they  are  exported.  The  commerce  with 
Brazil  and  the  neighboring  republics  is  important.  The  exports  consist 
principally  of  hides,  skins,  horse-hair,  wood,  tallow,  ostrich  feathers,  salted 
meats,  horns,  bones,  etc.,  to  the  value  of  between  ^8,000,000  and 
$10,000,000  annually.  The  country  is  dependent  on  foreign  nations  for 
almost  every  article  of  manufactures.  These  are  supplied  chiefly  from 
England  and  the  United  States,  and  consist  of  calicoes,  cottons  and  wool- 
ens, hardware,  and  general  merchandise. 

The  La  Plata,  the  great  river  of  the  country,  embodies  most  of  the 
interior  waters  of  the  country,  and  is  the  recipient  of  the  Parana,  Par- 
aguay, and  numerous  large  rivers  draining  three  fourths  of  the  Confed- 
eration. This  river,  since  the  overthrow  of  Rosas,  has  been  opened  to 
the  commerce  of  the  world. 


42 


Argentine  Hepiihlic. 


lib 


FOREIGN   COAIMERCE  OF  THE   UNITED    STATES  WITII 

THE  ARGENTINE  REPUBLIC, 

From  October  1,  1824,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Teaes 

EKDIN-a 

Sept. 
80. 

EXPORTS. 

IMPOETS 

Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullion  &  Specie. 

TON'GE  CL'D. 

Domestic. 

i'OREIGN. 

Total. 

Total. 

Export. 

Import. 

Amer. 

Fob. 

1825 

$404,201 

$169,319 

$573,520 

$749,771 

$8,020 

$374,406 

8,.386 

1826 

222,832 

156.508 

379,340 

522,769 

31,144 

6,119 

1827 

100,780 

50,424 

151,204 

8(1,065 

25,.575 

717 

248 

1823 

94,872 

59,356 

154,228 

817,466 

60,563 

2,882 

1829 

444,716 

181,336 

626,052 

912,114 

.3,076 

7,422 

1830 
Total, 

426,220 

204,667 

629,887 

1,431,883 

;■.;; 

189,210 

9,565 

iie 

$1,692,121 

822,110 

2,514,231 

4,014,068 

8,020 

683,974 

a3,991 

864 

1831 

415,4S9 

244,290 

659,779 

923,103 

6.3.649 

8,200 

8,169 

1832 

404,6:32 

458,408 

923,040 

1,.50U,171 

73,877 

4,167 

6,937 

1833 

494,391 

205,:«7 

699,728 

1,877,117 

18.603 

6,785 

7,696 

1884 

671,166 

300,671 

971,8;37 

1,430,118 

5,490 

24,068 

6,379 

285 

1835 

S84.195 

324,728 

708,;pl8 

873,613 

99,676 

84,927 

4,628 

1886 

269,818 

115,115 

384,9.33 

1,053,503 

10.470 

4,820 

2,817 

203 

183T 

187,710 

128,293 

266,008 

989,492 

13.03;3 

4,872 

951 

1833 

1S0,S;J2 

56,283 

237,115 

1,010,9()8 

12.470 

3,l)(')6 

3,005 

169 

1839 

2;«,598 

142,470 

376,063 

52.=),n4 

.3^,S^4 

801 

929 

1840 
Total, 

280,144 

89,132 

369,276 

298,562 

3S,6S7 

$3,531,970 

2,061,727 

5,596,697 

10,046,706 

aso.SiS 

80,268  j 

44,982 

1,013 

1841 

609,007 

152,939 

661,946 

1,612,.513 

57,366 

6,564 

1842 

265,356 

145,905 

411,261 

1,S;5.5,623 

75,610 

2,120 

1843* 

16.3,083 

94,020 

262.109 

79:5.438 

57,744 

2,144 

1844 

24.5,339 

258,950 

504.2S9 

1,421,192 

157,943 

4,8:33 

1845 

342,575 

160,431 

503,006 

1,750,693 

1:30.215 

10,667 

"843 

1846 

147,307 

33,118 

185,425 

799.213 

40,822 

4,134 

1847 

128,9r>4 

52,1  ;35 

176,089 

241.209 

89,215 

2,2:37 

1.S48 

208,703 

25,225 

2.33,923 

1.026,097 

8,000 

2,.386 

5:i6 

1,456 

1849 

595,518 

172,076 

767,594 

1,709,^27 

69.8:3:3 

9,397 

6,492 

1850 
Total, 

713,:«1 

346,311 

1,064,642 

i  2,6.5:3,377 

2.37,215 

1,850 

16,107 

9,260 

$3,324,173    1,446,116 

4,770,239 

13,843,737 

874,408 

4,2:36 

63,739 

17,045 

1851 

659,852 

414,916 

1,074,768 

8,265,382 

825,681 

11.661 

5185  1 

1852 

518,007 

231,110 

799,117 

2.001,097 

2.56, -:s7 

425 

13  711 

4,3S1 

1853 

613,855 

262,611 

881,466 

2,186,641 

197, --09 

23,703 

10,749 

4,ia9  ; 

1854 

658,720 

10.8,005 

761.725 

'  2,144,071 

47.713 

8,526 

1,8:30 

1855 

810,756 

158,671 

969.427 

2,.'>4.5,037 

61.763 

18.5-14 

2,315 

1856 

1,013,112 

246,751 

1,259,863 

,  2,:322,161 

110,3:30 

24,804 

873 

*  9  months  to  Juno  80,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 


PRINCIPAL  PORT. 
Buenos  Ayres,  the  capiUvl  of  the  Argentine  Confederation  and  of  the  province  of 
Buenos  Ayres,  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  estuary  of  the  Plata,  in  lat. 
34°  39'  S.,  long.  58°  18'  W.  The  river  is  at  this  pomt  so  wide,  that  it  is  quite  im- 
possible with  the  naked  eye  to  distinguish  the  opposite  bank;  and  at  the  .'^inie  time 
so  shallow,  that  ships  drawing  15  or  16  feet  of  water  mu.«t  anchor  seven  or  eight 
miles  from  the  city.  Small  craift  generally  anchor  in  what  are  called  the  inner  roada, 
abreast  of  the  city.  As  the  depth  of  water  is  never  sufficient  to  admit  of  their  com- 
ing to  shore,  passengers  and  goods  are  landed  by  means  of  large-wheeled  carts, 
which  are  either  dra\vn  or  pushed  by  the  requisite  number  of  horsea  The  town  of 
Buenos  Ayres  is  situated  in  a  va.st  plain  extending  westward  to  the  Andes.  The 
level  uniformity  of  its  outline  Ls  only  broken  by  the  spires  of  the  various  churohca 
The  Plata  is  one  of  the  largest  rivers  in  the  world,  traversing  a  vast  exu^nt  of  country 
of  which  it  is  the  great  outlet.  Unluckily,  however,  its  estuary,  though  broad,  is 
in  most  parts  shallow,  being  also  encumbered  with  sand  banks,  and  infested  with 
Budden  gusts  of  wind  called  pamperos.  Its  n.avigation  is  consequently  attended 
with  a  good  deal  of  difficulty,  and  ships  bound  for  Buenos  Ajtcs  generally  take 
pilots  on  board. 


176  Foreign  Commercial  Statistics.  45 

CHILI. 

The  republic  of  Chili  occupies  that  long  strip  of  land  which  lies  ou 
the  south-western  side  of  South  America,  extending  from  24°  to  55°  59' 
S.  latitude ;  and  from  69°  to  72°  W.  longitude.  It  is  bounded  west  by 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  east  by  the  Andes,  by  which  it  is  separated  from 
tlie  Argentine  Confederation.  On  the  north.  Chili  is  separated  from  Bo- 
livia by  the  extensive  desert  of  Atacama ;  and  it  extends  southward  to 
the  extreme  limits  of  that  Archipelago  which  embraces  all  the  islands 
between  Chiloe  and  the  Sti'aits  of  Magellan.  Reckoning  its  length  from 
the  desert  of  Atacama  to  Cape  Horn,  it  comprehends  36  degrees  of  lati- 
tude. Its  average  breadth  is  only  150,  and  where  greatest  not  more 
than  210  geographical  miles.  The  superficial  area  of  Chili  is  computed 
at  218,925  English  square  miles,  which  is  about  3,195  miles  more  exten- 
sive than  that  of  France  and  Belgium  together.  Except  where  the  Andes 
are  intersected  by  ravines,  which  frequently  change  into  vales  or  plains 
fit  for  cultivation,  these  mountains  with  their  parallel  ranges  and  spurs, 
occupy  a  great  part  of  its  area.  South  of  the  Cuesta  de  Chacabuco 
there  are  extensive  plains,  broken  only  by  a  few  ridges  of  hills  ;  but  the 
highlands  are  almost  continuous  from  north  to  south  along  the  coast  of 
the  Pacific. 

Chili  is  rich  in  almost  every  class  of  metals  ;  but  the  silver  mines  of 
late  years  have  yielded  enormous  quantities  of  ore.  The  metals  at 
present  discovered  are  gold,  silver,  copper,  lead,  antimony,  cobalt,  zinc, 
nickel,  bismuth,  iron,  molybdenimi,  and  quicksilver;  but  the  only  ores 
which  are  worked  are  gold,  silver,  copper,  and  occasionally  quicksilver. 
The  latter  will  now  be  abandoned  in  consequence  of  the  low  price  of 
mercury,  caused  by  the  quantity  produced  in  California.  The  metals  are 
found  in  all  the  series  of  rocks  between  granite  and  trachyte,  in  veins 
which  generally  run  from  north  and  north-west  to  south  and  south-east ; 
in  some  places,  however,  their  course  is  irregular,  or  they  extend  east 
and  west.  The  auriferous  veins  run  nearly  parallel  to  the  grain  or  im- 
perfect cleavage  of  the  surrounding  granite  rocks.  Gold  is  found  most 
abundantly  in  the  beds  of  detritus,  derived  from  the  degradation  of  the 
upper  ])ortion  of  the  rocks. 

A  railroad  runs  from  Caldera  to  Copiapo,  a  distanee  of  54  miles,  which 
is  to  be  continued  on  to  Chaharcillo,  about  50  miles  from  the  city  ;  and 
a  tram-road  is  projected  to  the  rich  mineral  district  of  Tres  Puntas 
(8,400  feet  above  the  sea),  which,  when  completed,  will  enable  the  miners 
to  send  down  tlie  poor  silver  ores  which  they  now  throw  away.  The 
commerce  of  ChiU  has  vastly  increased  since  the  time  when  the  country 
lay  torpid  under  the  yoke  of  Spain.  As  soon  as  it  had  recovered  from 
the  unsettled  condition  caused  by  the  revolution,  business  of  all  kinds 
acquired  new  energy,  and  the  trade,  freed  from  its  oppressive  restrictions, 
extended  to  the  larger  ports  of  the  United  States  and  Europe.  A  few 
years  were  suflScieut  to  show  a  large  increase  in  its  export  and  import 
trade,  and  Valparaiso  soon  became  a  flourishing  port. 

The  precious  metals  are  the  most  valuable  exports  from  Chili.  While 
obtainino-  annually  from  her  mines  metal  to  the  amount  of  £1,500,000, 
she  exported  in  the  year  1851  gold  to  the  value  of  £59,950,  silver  to  the 
value  of  £709,467,  and  copper  to  the  value  of  £414,503. 


44 


Chili. 


177 


FOREIGN   COMMERCE  OF  THE    UNITED  STATES 
WITH  CHILI, 

FROii  October  1,  1824,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Years 

ENDING 

Sept. 
30. 

1S25 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS 

Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullion  &  Specie. 

Export.  1  Import. 

TON-GE  CL'D. 

! 

DosresTic.  IFceeign. 

Total. 

ToTAU 

$229,509 

!  Amer. 

Fob. 

$454,254'  $467,184 

$921,438 

$88,760 

$46,306 

7,207 

1826 

512.6501    9:^4,848 

1,447,493 

029,949 

59,100 

251.774 

'     6,798 

1827 

1,040,748     661,S,i;i 
1,519,978:1,109,424 

l,7(r.',601 

134,093 

20,781 

95,502 

;    12.664 

1828 

2,629,402 

I      7nl,S63 

830.803 

1    19.3:33 

1829 

&9il,356 

5.30,778 

1,421,134 

1      416,118 

158,850 

9.079 

1830 
Total, 

915,718 

620,396 

1,536,114 

182,.585 

1,569 

i    12,287 

$5,333,704 

4,324,483 

9,658,187 

2,424,717 

168,641 

879,804 

1    67,373 

1881 

849,493 

518,662 

1,368,155 

418,758 

21,362 

91,694 

11,145 

1SS2 

579,370 

641,749 

1,221,119 

504,623 

100,762 

87,433 

8,105 

1833 

730,140 

733,800 

1,463.940 

8:34,130 

97,5.57 

6,500 

1884 

714,407 

761,948 

1,4'(  6,855 

787.4,09 

'361 

885,581 

8,550 

"eii 

1835 

586,188 

855,696 

941.331 

917,095 

415,150 

6,089 

1836 

5^2.866 

3.5.5,051 

937,917 

1      811,497 

20-3,980 

6.837 

■'si 

1887 

1,092,:359 

895,440 

1,487,799 

1,180,156 

l",586 

560,017 

1      6,944 

183S 

1,047,572 

822,692 

1,370,264 

942,095 

262,0.33 

6.235 

1&39 

1,807,143 

4S7,410 

1,794,5.53 

1,186,641 

184,603 

8,683 

'24i 

1840 
Total, 

1,372,254 

856,575 

1,728,829 

1,616,859 

480,536 

7,414 

$8,861,792 

4,929,023 

13,790,815 

8,694,263 

124,065 

2,668,584 

77,502 

963 

1841 

846.410 

256,578 

1,102,988 

1,230,980 

346,496 

5,962 

991 

1842 

1,270,941 

863,735 

1,639,676 

a31,039 

'soo 

89,520 

7,092 

694 

1843* 

869,883 

179,530 

1,049,463 

857,556 

...» 

98,630 

5,378 

.... 

1844 

856,645 

248,576 

1,105,221 

T50,3T0 

185,817 

7.247 

1845 

1,247,360 

soo.asi 

1,518,191 

1,123,690 

.... 

66,085 

8,273 

1846 

1,5-39,136 

229,434 

1,768,570 

1,275,960 

111,929 

8,649 

l',452 

1847 

1,461,:J47 

210,263 

1,671,610 

1,716,903 

70,112 

7,135 

1,077 

1843 

1,703,625 

220,886 

1,924,511 

1,310,451 

20,593 

10,466 

86^ 

1849 

1,722,457 

294,648 

2,017,100 

1,817,723 

170,462 

25.936 

1,-851 

1850 
Total, 

1,297,133 

125,588 

1,422,721 

1,796,377 

119,067 

41,27-9 

25,883 

$12,814,987 

2,435,114 

15,250,051 

12,711,549 

800 

1,228,751 

127,466 

81,814 

1851 

1,608,877 

286.423 

1,895,305 

2,734.746 

8.000 

T74 

48,140 

41,657 

1852 

2,04.3,830 

295,297 

2,3.39,1 3;3 

2,062,160 

17,250 

82,723 

21,886 

28,402 

1853 

2,157,820 

169,117 

2,-326,437 

2,2^4,252 

80,000 

12,318 

28,488 

.33,665 

18M 

1,942,330 

250,929 

2,19-3,259 

8,332,167 

6,570 

22,805 

22,871 

22,408 

1855 

2.994,231 

4:32,026 

3,426,257 

3,513,896 

13,166 

11,708 

21,667 

10,109 

1856 

2,591,364 

276,389 

2,867,743 

2,467,319 

10,000 

22,477 

4,778 

*  9  months  to  June  30,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORT. 
Vai.p.4.r.\iso,  the  principal  seaport  of  Chili,  lat.  (fort  St.  Antonio)  33°  1'  19"  S, 
long.  71°  41'  5"  W.     Population  perhaps  28,000  or  30,000.     The  water  in  the  bay 
is  deep,  and  it  affords  secure  anchorage,  e.xcopt  during  northerly  gales,  to  the  Yi<v 
lence  of  which  it  is  exposed ;  but  as  the  holding-ground  is  good,  and  the  pull  of  \\i» 
anchor  against  a  steep  hill,  accidents  seldom  occur  to  vessels  properly  found  in, 
anchors  and  cables.     There  is  no  mole  or  jetty  ;  but  the  water  close  to  the  sbor©  is 
so  deep,  that  it  is  customary  for  the  smaller  class  of  ships  to  carry  out  an  an-, 
chor  to  the  northward,  and  to  moor  the  ship  with  the  stem  ashore  by  another  cable 
made  flist  to  the  shore.     Large  ships  lie  a  little  furtiier  off,  and  load  and  unload  by 
means  of  hghters.      The  best  shelter  is  in  that  part  called  the  Fisherman's  bay, 
lying  between  the  castle  and  fort  St.  Antonio,  where,  close  to  a  clc.ir  shingle  beach, 
there  is  nine  fathoms  of  water.     In  the  very  worst  weather,  a  landing  may  be  ef- 
fected in  this  part  of  the  bay.     The  harbors  of  Valdivia  and  Concepoion  are  much 
superior  to  that  of  Valparaiso,  the  former  being,  indeed,  not  only  the  best  in  Chili, 
but  second  to  few  in  iuiy  part  of  the  world.     But  Valparaiso  being  near  the  capital, 
Santiago,  and  being  the  central  d6p6t  for  the  resources  of  the  province,  is  most  fre-. 
quented. 


178 


Foreign  Commercial  Statistics, 


47 


PERU. 

Latitude  S.  3°  35'  to  21°  48',  and  longitude  W.  70°  40'  to  84° 
30'.  Length,  N.  and  S.,  1,200  miles,  and  breadth,  from  40  to  600  miles. 
Area,  520,000  square  miles. 

Peru  is  bounded  N.  by  Ecuador,  E.  by  Brazil,  S.  E.  and  S.  by  Bolivia, 
and  W.  by  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Its  coast  reaches  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Rio  Tumbez  to  that  of  the  Loa,  1,240  miles.     Capital :  Lima. 

All  the  mountains  of  Peru  form  part  of  the  great  chain  (cordillera)  of 
the  Andes,  From  Porco,  in  Bolivia,  it  is  separated  into  two  chains  : 
tliat  of  Ancumar,  which  runs  from  the  E.  between  the  provinces  of 
Carabaya  and  Azangaro  in  the  department  of  Puno,  and  that  which  runs 
to  the  W.  through  Tacua,  Moquegua,  and  Arequipa.  Both  reunite  after- 
wai'd  near  the  city  of  Cuzco,  and  again  separate,  the  one  running  to  the 
E.  of  the  provinces  of  Huanta  and  Tai-ma,  and  the  other  to  the  W.  of 
those  of  Castro vireyna,  Iluaucavelica,  and  Iluarochiri,  reuniting  them- 
selves again  in  Pasco.  From  Pasco  three  chains  detach  themselves — the 
eastern  between  the  Rio  Guallega  and  the  Pachitea,  the  central  one  be- 
tween the  Guallega  and  the  Upper  Maranon,  and  the  western  one  between 
the  latter  and  the  coast  of  Trujilio  and  Paita.  These  several  chains  re- 
unite in  the  province  of  Loja,  in  Ecuador.  The  direction  of  these  chains 
of  mountains  determines  the  great  valleys  of  the  interior  of  Peru. 

The  mineral  resources  of  Peru,  like  those  of  Mexico,  are  inexhaustible. 
The  very  name  of  the  country  is  associated  in  the  mind  with  ideas  of 
gold  and  silver.  Beside  the  precious  metals,  however,  the  country  pro- 
duces copper,  tin,  iron,  coal,  saltpetre,  etc.,  in  abundance — the  latter 
under  the  name  of  nitrate  of  soda  has  become  an  important  export. 
The  agricultural  staples  of  the  country  are  sugar,  rice,  tobacco,  etc.,  which 
g^ow  in  the  warmer  stuations ;  the  vine,  wheat,  etc.,  in  the  milder  ;  po- 
tatoes are  cultivated  in  all  parts.  Maize  is  cultivated,  and  is  the  common 
diet  of  the  people.  Medicinal  plants,  drugs,  and  dye-stufts  form  a  large 
part  of  the  exports,  and  some  of  the  hard  woods  abound  in  the  forest. 
The  Cinchona,  or  Peruvian  bark  is  indigenous  to  the  country :  it  grows 
at  the  elevation  of  10,000  or  12,000  feet,  and  abounds  most  in  the 
northern  provinces.  Among  the  wild  animals  of  Peru  are  the  puma, 
the  uturunca  (a  species  of  tiger),  the  acuraari  (a  black  bear),  and  great 
varieties  of  deer,  wild  beai's,  armadillos,  etc.  The  llama,  alpaca,  guanaca, 
vicuna,  etc.,  are  the  most  valuable  animals. 

COMMERCE  IN  185S. 


OOUNTKT. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

Groat  Britain,   . 

23,081,455 

44,093,775 

China, 

1,447,480 

.... 

ChUi, 

.       3,270,035 

2,487,185 

Spain 

811,835 

1,144,970 

Ecuador,  .        .        .        . 

984,140 

.... 

United  States,  . 

2,930,120 

24,491,890 

France,    .        .        .        . 

.        9,418,905 

7,208,030 

Hamburg, 

.       2,431,635 

1,074,070 

Antilles,   . 

.... 

1,321,200 

Other  countries, 

.       1,063,865 

2,580,396 

Total,  francs, 

.     46,439,470 

84,401,515 

46 


Peru. 


119 


FOREIGN    COMMERCE    OF  THE   UNITED    STATES 
WITH  PERU, 

From  October  1,  1824,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Years 

ENDING 

Sept. 
■      80. 

1825 

EXP0ET8. 

IMPORTS 

Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullions  Specie. 

ton'ge  old. 

DoMEsno. 

Foreign. 

Total. 

Total. 

$  .346,888 

Export. 

Import. 

$828,157 

AjfKR. 

Fob. 

$3.59.854 

$874,944 

$7;34.798 

2,919 

1826 

278,724 

231.175 

509,899 

79.5,194 

408,622 

8,171 

1827 

202,944 

70,077 

27S,021 

1,0."5,462 

$5,666 

665,788 

2,4M 

1828 

159,389 

100,65.5 

2.59,944 

943,199 

629,.3.50 

2,314 

1829 

91,542 

119,615 

211,157 

1,004,458 

602,079 

749 

1830 
Total, 

32,400 

39,408 

71,808 

9?2,884 

691,521 

782 

$1,124,853 

935,774 

2,060,627 

6,098,080 

6,000 

8,220,517 

12,839 

1S81 

8,560 

7,616 

16,176 

917,788 

831,711 

623 

1882 

7,126 

10,S3-1 

17,960 

720,098 

165,122 

72 

1833 

654,630 

182,872 

73 

18.34 

42,767 

16,096 

68'863 

618,412 

26.3,281 

685 

1835 

1,118,278 

669,877 

18.36 

'gis 

'gis 

155,&31 

88,208 

1837 

99,757 

11,601 

111,853 

909,418 

440,109 

1,221 

1&38 

163,868 

29,531 

203,899 

633,437 

164,.375 

1,674 

18:!9 

242,818 

87,696 

1,019 

1840 
Total, 

438,495 

146,521 

667 

$322,078 

86,596 

408,674 

6,409,200 

2,439,717 

6,934 

1841 

624,,376 

129,161 



1842 

204,768 

14,380 

1813* 

135,568 

84,441 

446 

1844 

14'o.'i3 

i7&4 

16,807 

184,42^1 

21,839 

4(H 

1845 

33,424 

83,424 

886,112 

18,221 

735 

1846 

2.52,699 

9,500 

291 

1847 

192,978 

84.5,59 

227,637 

896,228 

82,520 

1,208 

"662 

1848 

124,618 

16,731 

141,349 

817,759 

57,991 

2,732 

1,419 

1849 

93,195 

18,041 

111,236 

446,9.53 

17,408 

6,611 

2,291 

1850 
ToUl, 

25^,939 

16,789 

275,728 

170,7»i 

8,250 

10,882 

7,340 

$717,207 

88,874 

806,081 

2,969,530 

888,711 

21,769 

11,61S 

1&51 

219,760 

22.338 

272,098 

94,7.33 

»M 

18,920 

18,519 

1852 

a'W,794 

22,048 

8.5,5,842 

694,892 

976 

5,179 

11.881 

1853 

057,.".  1 6 

40,261 

697,577 

173,441 

8,666 

16,679 

63,246 

87,410 

law 

651,707 

83,44S 

685,155 

1,00,5,406 

6,000 

121.625 

8«,6S5 

1855 

756,323 

114,223 

870,646 

597.618 

85,161 

25.877 

1856 

1,159,232 

84,991 

1,244,22,3 

217,769 

7,666 

61,661 

80,10T 

•  9  months  to  June  80,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 

PRINCIPAL  PORTS. 

Caixao,  a  fortified  towTi  of  Peru,  department,  and  six  miles  west  of  Lima,  of 
•which  it  i.s  the  port,  on  tiie  Pacific,  in  lat.  12°  S.,  long.  77"  l.T  1"  W.  Population 
perhaps  20,000.  It  is  generally  well  built ;  its  caatlo,  formerly  very  strong,  haa 
lately  been  dismantled,  and  is  now  used  for  a  custom-house.  Its  roadstead,  shel- 
tered by  the  island  of  San  Lorenzo,  is  the  best  on  the  Peruvian  coaat  It  has  a 
convenient  quay,  and  communicates  with  Lima  by  a  good  carriage  roaiL  Customs 
revenue,  about  $l,000,00t).  Exports  consist  chiefly  of  bullion,  spcx^ie,  cop}X?r,  cotton, 
bark,  and  hides.  In  1811,  493  vessels,  aggregate  burden  101,084  tons,  entere<l  and 
494  vessels,  burden  99,944  tons,  cleared  out  of  tho  port.  In  1746  the  old  town  of 
Callao  was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake. 

Lima,  the  capitid  city  of  Peru,  in  a  fine  valley,  about  six  miles  from  its  port  C^al- 
lao,  on  the  Pacific^  and  connected  with  it  by  a  railroad,  lat.  12°  2'  55"  S.,  long. 
77°  5'  30"  W.  Population  70,000.  It  waa  long  tho  grand  commercial  entrepot  for 
all  tho  western  coast  of  South  America,  and  it  still  has  a  large  trade,  its  exports  con- 
sisting of  silver,  copj)er  ore,  bark,  .'soap,  vicuna  wool,  chinolnlla  skin.s,  nitro,  sugar, 
etc. ;  and  imports  of  maiiufacturod  gcxxls,  from  England,  wines,  silks,  and  brandy, 
from  Spain  and  France,  and  other  produce  chiefly  from  the  American  continent. 


180  Foreign  Commercial  Statistics.  49 

CHINA. 

The  coterminous  empires  of  Russia  and  China  occupy  between  them 
about  one  fifth  part  of  tlie  habitable  globe,  in  pretty  nearly  equal  portions ; 
but  the  population  of  the  latter  is  about  four  times  greater  than  that  of 
the  former,  even  after  including  its  recent  annexation  of  Poland.  We 
can  easily  trace  the  boundaries  and  mark  the  extreme  limits  of  these  two 
o-reat  empires,  by  parallels  of  latitude  and  meridional  lines  of  longitude  ; 
but  when  Ave  come  to  reduce  them  to  square  miles,  or  speak  of  their  con- 
tents in  acres,  the  mind  is  bewildered  by  the  magnitude  of  the  numbers 
required  to  express  them,  and  forms  but  an  indistinct  idea  of  their  super- 
ficial extent. 

No  country  in  the  world  is  better  adapted,  from  situation,  climate,  and 
products,  for  extensive  commerce,  than  China ;  yet  no  civilized  country 
has  profited  less  by  these  advantages.  The  happy  distribution  of  its 
numerous  rivers,  aided  by  artificial  canals,  aflfords  an  almost  uninterrupted 
water-communication  from  the  northern  to  the  southern,  and  from  the 
western  to  the  eastern  extremities  of  this  grand  empire;  and  thus  a 
facility  is  given  for  the  interchange  of  the  products  of  one  province  with 
those  of  another,  unknown  in  any  other  country. 

All  foreign  commerce  is  systematically  discouraged.  The  extent,  fertility, 
and  variety  of  their  soil  and  climate,  happily  situated  between  the  extremes 
of  heat  and  cold,  partaking  of  the  advantages  of  both,  without  experien- 
cing the  inconveniences  of  either,  supply  the  Chinese  with  the  productions 
of  almost  all  the  world  besides,  whether  to  minister  to  the  necessities,  the 
comforts,  or  the  luxuries  of  their  numerous  population ;  and  leave  this 
great  empire,  as  a  nation,  almost  independent  of  foreign  supplies  through 
the  medium  of  commerce.  Satisfied,  or  affecting  to  be  satisfied,  with  the 
prodigal  bounty  of  nature,  jealous  of  strangers,  and  governed  by  a  grada- 
tion of  arbitrary  despots,  the  Chinese  long  considered  it  as  a  favor  be- 
stowed on  foreigners  to  open  any  of  their  ports  for  the  interchange  of 
commodities.  The  revenue  derived  from  this  limited  intercourse  was  of 
little  or  no  importance  at  the  chief  seat  of  government. 

The  Chinese  levy  no  specific  duties  on  the  articles  imported,  nor  ad 
valorem  duties  on  the  cargoes ;  the  only  impost  is  on  the  ship  itself,  and 
is  estimated  by  a  rule  as  absurd  as  it  is  partial  and  unequal.  They 
measure  the  length  from  the  center  of  the  foremast  to  the  center  of  the 
mizzen-mast,  and  the  breadth  is  taken  close  abaft  the  mainmast.  The 
length  is  then  multiplied  by  the  breadth,  and  the  product,  divided  by 
ten,  gives  the  measurement  of  the  ship.  All  ships,  according  to  this 
measurement,  are  classed  under  first,  second,  or  third  rates ;  all  other 
vessels,  however  small,  are  classed  as  third  rates.  By  this  rule  a  ship  of 
a  hundred  tons  would  pay  from  $4,000  to  $5,000,  and  a  ship  of  a  thous- 
and not  above  double  that  sum. 

TEA  EXPORTED  FROM  CHINA  TO  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Year  ending  June, 

Pounds. 

V(!ar  ending  June, 

Pounds. 

1849,   . 

18,072,000 

1853,   . 

40.974,000 

1850,   . 

31,757,000 

1854,   . 

27,867,000 

1851,   . 

28,700,000 

1855,   . 

31,515,000 

1852,   . 

34,334,000 

1856,   . 

40,246,000 

48 


China. 


181 


FOREIGN   COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
WITH  CHINA, 

From  October  1,  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Yeabs 

ENDISO 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS 

1  Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullion  &  Specie. 

TON'GE  CL'D. 

Sept. 
30. 

Domestic.  jFoeeiqn. 

Total. 

Total. 

Export. 

Impobt. 

1 

Aher. 

Foe. 

1821 

$388,535 

$3,902,025  $4,290,560 

$3,111,951 

$•3,391,487 

.... 

6,040 

1822 

429,230 

5,506,1.38    5,935,368 

5,242,536 

5,075,012 

$600 

8,185 

1823 

288,375 

4.347,<)S0    4.<>36,0(;i 

6,511,425 

3,584,182 

22,036 

9,478 

1824 

a30,466 

4,970.705    5,301,171 

5,618,502 

4,463,852 

9,563 

1825 

160,059 

5,410,456    .5.570,515 

7,.53.3,115 

4,523,075 

8,667 

1826 

242,451 

2,324,193    2,566,644 

7,422,186 

1,651,595 

4,956 

1S27 

290,862 

3,573,54:3    .3.864.405 

3,617,183 

2,524.818 

8,9.50 

1828 

2.30,385 

1,252,417 

1.482,802 

5,339.108 

454,500 

24,890 

8,664 



1829 

260,759 

1,094,103 

1,354,862 

4,680,847 

601,.593 

6..351 

ISiO 
Total, 

156,290 

585,903 

742,193 

3,878,141 

79,984 

9,194 

8,501 

$2,777,412 

32,967,169  35,74i,5Sl 

52,954,994 

26,360,098 

56,120 

69,355 

lasi 

244,790 

1,046,045 

1,290,8.35  1 

3.0a3,205 

367,024 

5,061 

16.32 

&36,162 

924,360 

1,260,522  j 

5,.344,907 

452,119 

25"982 

7,232 

1&33 

587,774 

895,986 

1,433.759  i 

7,541..'J70 

290,466 

6,400 

9,808 

18»4 

255,756 

754,727 

1,010,48:3  i 

7,h92,327 

878,830 

8,123 

1835 

885,868 

1,532,712 

1,868,580 

5,987,187 

1,891,666 

7,104 

1836 

ail,563 

852,701 

1,194,264 

7.324,816 

41.3,661 

"56 

6,662 

1837 

318,973 

811,618 

630,591 

8,965,337 

155,000 

.... 

8,793 

18.38 

6.55.5S1 

861,021 

1,516.602 

4,764.,536 

728,661 

4,000 

7,814 

18.39 

480,464 

1,10;3,187 

1,5;33,601 

3,678,509 

992,563 

6,419 

18iO 
Total, 

469,186 

540,780 

1.009,966 

6,640,829 

477,003 

8,860 

$3,926,117 

8,823,086 

12,749,203 

61,223,223 

5,646,983 

36,382 

68,376 

.... 

1841 

715,322 

485,494 

1.200,816 

3,095,888 

426,.592 

485 

4,876 

1842 

737,509 

706,888 

1,444,397 

4,934,645 

606,714 

7,259 

'364 

1843* 

1,755,393 

663,565 

2,418.958 

4,885,566 

571,660 

18,532 

1844 

1,110,023 

646.918 

1,756,941 

4,931,255 

566,955 

15,035 

1845 

2,079,341 

196;654 

2,275,995 

7,285,914 

158,860 

27,107 

17,477 

1846 

1,178,188 

153,5.53 

1,331,741 

6,693,881 

112,574 

1-3,697 

1847 

1,708,655 

124,229 

1,832,884 

5,583,343 

33,308 

12,334 

1848 

2,063,625 

126,888 

2,190,013 

8,083.496 

72,013 

17,150 

1849 

1,460,945 

122,279 

1,583,224 

6,513,785 

9,967 

11,740 



1850 
Total, 

1,485,961 

119,256 

1,605.217 

6,693,462 

25,000 

17,8-30 

.3,106 

$14,294,962 

8,345,224 

17,640,186 

57,000,785 

2,683,643 

27,592 

180,930 

3,470 

1851 

2,155,945 

829,342 

2,485,287 

7,065,144 

147,475 

46,817 

10.198 

1852 

2,480,066 

18.3,111 

2,66.3,177 

10,598,950 

19,728 

'281 

67,264 

21,507 

1853 

8,212,574 

524,418 

3.736,992 

10.57.3,710 

489,844 

66,041 

24,808 

1854 

1,293,925 

104.163 

1.398,08.8 

10,506.-329 

155,588 

108,174 

68,658 

18,M7 

1855 

1,53-3,057 

186,372 

1,719,429 

ll,OVS,726 

674.983 

101,660 

15,768 

1856 

2,048,244 

509,993 

2,568,237 

10,454,436 

683,592 

1,666 

1 

86,488 

10,467 

*  9  months  to  June  30,  and  the  fiscal  year  from  this  time  begins  July  1. 


PRIXCIP.VL  PORTS. 

Amoy,  a  commercial  city  and  seaport  of  China,  province  of  Fo-kien,  on  an  island 
of  the  same  name,  in  a  bay  of  the  Chinese  sea,  opposite  Formosa,  and  320  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Canton,  lat.  24°  10'  N.,  long.  118°  13'  E.  Population  250,000.  Harbor 
excellent;  ships  can  lie  close  to  the  quays,  or  in  a  deep  and  sheltered  creek.  There 
is  a  considerable  trade,  especially  with  Formosa ;  manufactures  of  porcelain,  grass 
cloths,  umbrellas,  paper,  etc.,  which,  with  sugar-candy  and  Congou  tea,  compose  ita 
principal  exporta     Imports  comprise  rice,  sugar,  camphor,  and  European  produce. 

Canton,  in  China,  province  of  Quantong,  lat.  23°  7'  10"  N.  long.  113°  14'  E.  It 
is  situated  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Pekiang  river,  about  80  miles  from  the  south- 
em  sea  of  China.  Ships  a.scend  the  river  only  as  far  as  Whampoa,  15  miles  below 
Canton,  loading  by  means  of  native  boats.  The  vessels  take  pilots  at  Macao  roads ; 
but  the  entrance  to  the  river  is  safe,  and  sometimes  a  pilot  Ls  not  waited  for.  Until 
within  a  few  years,  Canton  was  the  principal  mart  for  foreign  commerce,  and  was  in 
fact  the  only  port  open  to  foreigners. 


182 


Foreign  Commercial  Statistics. 


SI 


MAURITroS,  OR  ISLE  OF  FRANCE, 

An  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  colony  of  Great  Britain.  Length,  36 
miles  ;  breadth,  20  miles.  Chief  town,  Port  Louis.  Latitude  of  Coop- 
er's Island  20°  9'  7"  S.,  longitude  57°  31'  7"  E.  Area,  700  square 
miles. 

Exports  and  Imports,  etc. — Mauritius  is  pretty  fertile,  a  considerable 
part  of  the  surface  being,  however,  occupied  by  mountains.  Its  shape  is 
circular,  being  about  160  miles  in  circumference.  The  climate  is  healthy, 
but  subject  to  hurricanes.  The  principal  product  of  the  island  is  sugar, 
which  is  now  cultivated  to  the  almost  total  neglect  of  every  thing  else ; 
but  it  also  produces  excellent  coffee,  indigo,  and  cotton.  The  blackwood 
or  ebony  of  the  Mauritius  is  very  abundant,  and  of  a  superior  quality. 
Very  little  corn  or  grain  of  any  kind  is  raised  in  the  island  ;  most  articles 
of  provision  being  imported.  Previously  to  1825,  the  sugar  and  other 
articles  brought  to  Great  Britain  from  the  Mauritius  were  charged  with 
the  same  duties  as  the  like  articles  from  India ;  but  in  the  above-men- 
tioned year  this  distinction  was  done  away,  and  it  was  enacted  (6  Geo. 
4.  c.  Ill  §  44),  that  all  goods  of  the  growth,  produce,  or  manufacture 
of  the  Mauritius,  should,  upon  importation  into  any  port  of  the  United 
Kingdom,  be  subject  to  the  same  duties  and  regulations  as  the  like  goods 
being  of  the  growth,  produce,  or  manufacture  of  the  British  colonies  in 
the  West  Indies ;  and  that  the  trade  with  the  Mauritius  should  be  placed 
as  nearly  as  possible  on  the  same  footing  as  that  of  the  West  India 
islands. 

This  was  a  great  boon  to  the  Mauritius,  and  the  exports  of  sugar  from 
it  have  since  rapidly  increased.  According  to  Milburn  (Oriental  Com- 
merce, ii,,  568),  they  amounted,  in  1812,  to  about  5,000,000  pounds. 
In  1818,  they  amounted  to  about  8,000,000  pounds;  and  in  1824,  to 
23,334,553  pounds.  Since  1826,  nine  tenths  of  the  sugar  raised  in  the 
Mauritius  has  been  shipped  for  the  United  Kingdom.  Its  wonderful  in- 
crease is  seen  in  the  following  table  : 


ACCOUNT  OF  SUGAR  EXPORTED  FROM  MAURITIUS  SINCE  1839-1340.  IN  FRENCH 

POUNDS. 


Years. 
1839—1840, 
1840—1841, 
1841—1842, 
1842—1843, 
1843—1844, 
1844—1845, 
1845—1846, 


Pounds. 
64,886,184 
77,174,253 
85,197,837 
50,660,499 
59,545,885 
78,165,106 
102,168,168 


Years. 
1846—1847, 
1847—1848, 
1848—1849, 
1849-1850, 
1850—1851, 
1851—1852. 


Pounds. 
133,410,203 
122,827,288 
106,350,598 
120,523,495 
117,086,406 
137,375,179 


The  shipments  of  sugar  from  the  island  in  1849-50,  1850-51,  and 
1851-52,  were  distributed  as  follows  : 


United  Kingdom, 
Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
Australian  Colonies, 
Other  places, 

Total, 


1849-50. 

107,355,498 

6,233,774 

6,432,266 

501,957 

120,523,495 


1850-51. 

106,539,831 

4,254,873 

5,497,469 

794,233 

117,086.406 


1851-52. 

114,859,749 

13,098,867 

9,271,133 

145,430 

137,375,179 


50 


Foreign  Commerce  of  the  United  States. 


183 


Foreign  Commerce  op  the  United  States  with  the  Countries  stated  below. 
There  being  but  occASioNAii  Commerce,  or  a  few  consecutive  years,  thb 
aggregate  only  is  given. 

BOURBON  AND  MAURITIUS. 


Ybabs 

ENDING 

Sept. 


EXPORTS. 


Domestic. 


$453,697 


Foreign. 


$157,013 


Total. 


$610,710 


IMPORTS. 


Total. 


$253,006 


Whereof  there  was 
ia  Bullion  <&  Specie. 

Export.    Impokt. 


TON'GE  CL'D. 


Amer.       Foe. 


6,743 


846 


ST.  HELENA. 


$7,854 


7,854 


$23,250 


MOCHA  AND  ADEN. 
23,250 


MOROCCO  AND  BARBARY  POWERS. 
$48,928        273,441        822,869  767,712  .... 


1,64.3 


$9,783 


GREECE. 
14,663  90,607 


176 


821 


$512 


FRENCH  AMERICAN  PORTS. 
959  1,471  4,051 


127 


117 


NEWFOUNDLAND  AND  BRITISH  FISHERIES 
$23,068  7,358  85,426  21,562  .... 


3,251 


SS5 


$464,475 


BRITISH  AFRICAN  PORTS. 
15,827        480,802  12,886  .... 


1,152 


362 


$121,643 


OTHER  BRITISH  COLONIES. 
7,656        129,304  800,830  ....       118,829 


5,125  70 


1856 


TUSCANY. 


$45,664 
425,595 


23.468  69,182 

5,538        481,178 


1,596,801 


8,963  881 


$51,495 


FRENCH  FISHERIES. 
61,495  119 


29,050        1.921 


1866 


SANDWICH  ISLANDS. 


$929,671 
793,058 


195,951   1,12.\622 
126,347    919,405 


442,899 
249,704 


129,288 
194,505 


54,062 


19,811 
17,560 


2.200 

1,817 


1856   $3-20,045 


WHALE  FISHERIES. 
22,290        842,385  58,067 


6,954        54,744  670 


184  Foreign  Commercial  Statistics.  53 

ASIA. 

This  division  of  the  globe  is  distinguished  by  its  vast  extent ;  by  the 
striking  character  of  its  interior  geography  ;  above  all,  by  the  stupendous 
revolutions  of  which  it  has  been  the  scene  ;  and,  lastly,  by  the  high  an- 
tiquity of  its  civilization,  of  which  we  can  still  faintly  trace  the  precious 
remains.  Stretching  from  the  southern  hemisphere  into  the  northern  re- 
gions of  perpetual  winter,  it  comprises  within  its  bounds  the  opposite  ex- 
tremes of  heat  and  cold ;  all  the  varieties,  consequently,  of  the  animal 
and  vegetable  tribes ;  and  that  still  more  interesting  variety  which  the 
iiTesistible  law  of  climate  impresses  on  the  human  species. 

Foreign  Commerce. — In  addition  to  her  internal  trade,  Asia  maintains 
an  extensive  intercourse  by  sea  with  Europe,  America,  Egypt,  and  the 
Mediterranean.  A  great  trade  is  also  carried  on  from  Hindostan  and 
China  to  the  Asiatic  Archipelago,  and  the  trade  of  the  Asiatic  islands 
with  each  other  is  of  great  importance.  It  appears  that  those  islands 
were  at  a  very  early  peiiod  the  seat  of  commerce  ;  and  the  learned  re- 
searches of  Europeans  have  brought  to  light,  in  some  of  them,  the  mon- 
uments of  ancient  civilization.  Sumatra  was  the  seat  of  the  Malay 
enipire,  Java  of  a  Hindoo  state,  and  the  Celebes  were  inhabited  by  the 
Bugis,  a  race  of  expert  navigators  and  merchants.  The  productions  of 
these  islands,  and  of  the  Moluccas  and  Borneo,  namely  spices,  aromatics, 
and  gold,  entered  into  the  commerce  of  the  ancient  world,  and  were  im- 
ported into  Rome  through  Egypt.  In  later  times,  about  the  ninth  cen- 
tury, the  Asiatic  Archipelago  was  visited  by  the  Arabs  and  the  Chinese, 
while  the  adventurous  Malays  frequented  the  coasts  of  Asia,  and  even 
of  Africa,  and  particularly  the  African  island  of  Madagascar.  When 
these  islands  were  visited  by  Europeans,  about  the  fifteenth  century,  Ma- 
lacca, Acheen,  and  Bantam  were  the  great  marts  of  the  Eastern  Archi- 
pelago, where  the  rich  produce  of  Sumatra,  Borneo,  and  the  Moluccas, 
conveyed  in  the  small  trading  craft  of  the  country,  was  exchanged  for 
that  of  India  and  China.  The  Portuguese  fixed  on  Goa,  on  the  Malabar 
rx)ast,  as  the  capital  of  their  eastern  settlements ;  and  they  afterward  se- 
lected Malacca  as  a  central  station  for  protecting  and  extending  their 
intercourse  with  the  neifrhborincf  nations.  The  Dutch  chose  Bantam,  and 
afterward  Batavia,  situated  midway  between  Hindostan  and  China,  as  the 
center  of  their  commercial  settlements.  The  situation  was  most  advan- 
tageous, and  the  port  was  soon  frequented  by  vessels  from  China  and 
Japan,  Tunkin,  Malacca,  Cochin-China,  and  the  island  of  Celebes.  But 
the  great  and  flourishing  trade  of  Java  was  crushed  under  the  colonial 
monopoly  of  the  Dutch,  and  under  what  Sir  Stamford  Raffles  terms 
"  the  short-sighted  tyranny  of  a  mercantile  administration."  The  con- 
quest of  Java  by  the  British  in  1812  put  an  end  to  this  thraldom,  and 
the  great  trade  of  the  Asiatic  Archipelago  began  to  center  in  Batavia, 
which  was  fast  rising  into  a  great  commercial  emporium ;  all  the  articles 
which  were  the  exclusive  produce  of  the  Eastern  islands  being  collected 
at  its  principal  ports  for  re-exportation  to  India,  China,  and  Europe. 
Since  Java  was  restored  to  the  Dutch,  the  free  port  of  Singapore,  estab- 
lished by  the  British,  is  the  center  of  a  great  trade,  and  is  frequented  by 
the  Chinese  in  their  junks,  and  by  all  the  other  navigators  of  those  seas 
with  the  produce  of  their  respective  islands. 


52 


Asia,  Europe,  Africa,  West  Indies,  etc. 


185 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WITH  OTHER 

PARTS— ASIA,  EUROPE,  AFRICA,  THE  WEST  INDIES 

GENERALLY,  AND  UNCERTAIN  PORTS, 

From  October  ],  1820,  to  July  1,  1856. 


Teaks 

ENDING 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS 

Whereof  there  was 
in  Bullion  ib  Specie. 

TOJTGE  CLT). 

Sept. 
80. 

Domestic. 

I'OHKION. 

Total. 

Total. 

Expobt. 

Import. 

Amer. 

For. 

1821 

$949,243 

$1.,'>94,2fi7 

$2,,543,510 

$29.5.151 

$1,1.H905 

$67.6.36 

49,819 

1822 

812,626 

l,811.;!s,'i 

2,1 '.'4.1  in 

375,799 

949,525 

66,567 

45,874 

1823 

692,881 

6ir),.st;o 

l.JJii-.l-U 

599,843 

8.85,245 

69,918 

84,796 

dis 

1824 

772,836 

7(l,i,4()0 

1,477,736 

502,192 

845,152 

84.369 

89,874 

1825 

891,543 

851,871 

1,74^,414 

315,512 

62.3,631 

108,043 

61,888 

'■iso 

1826 

1,010,587 

614,607 

1,625,1.^ 

441, .387 

871,684 

81.408 

45,881 

182T 

887,409 

783,935 

1,671,344 

382,918 

618,161 

90,651 

45,742 

i',i9i 

1828 

890,661 

525,006 

1,415,667 

6.50,218 

173,021 

61,229 

48,216 

745 

1829 

660,298 

818,047 

978,;M5 

807,736 

164,4.50 

72.918 

82.278 

1830 
Total, 

470,149 

840,821 

810.970 

820,109 

158,750 

112,089 

45,012 

'556 

$8,087,733 

7,660,859 

15,698,592 

4,190,865 

4,984,874 

804,668 

488,880 

8,2.'M 

lasi 

941,.327 

404,620 

1,345,947 

867,473 

174,500 

78,800 

68,776 

M8 

1832 

1,148,864 

6.53,821 

1,801,68.5 

502,615 

406,926 

25,999 

82,768 

1833 

870,512 

703,479 

1,573,991 

7.54,105 

856.640 

4:5,714 

82,093 

8.695 

1834 

1,176,045 

621,127 

1,797,172 

604,6.58 

874,085 

56,.529 

68,887 

4,166 

1835 

1,017,542 

a36,318 

1,85:1860 

760,016 

6.V),907 

96,266 

82,882 

6,756 

1836 

1,096,923 

720.805 

1,817,728 

960,741 

447,680 

109,256 

87,893 

4,868 

laST 

990,373 

426,s;!i) 

1.417,212 

1,010,362 

242,386 

63,457 

84,513 

0,742 

1838 

924,982 

204,274 

l,r29,?56 

906,986 

96,.350 

90,797 

88,4.54 

6,1.37 

1889 

1,297,168 

547,550 

1,844,727 

812,666 

442,269 

67,a31 

65,785 

5,070 

1840 
Total, 

1,896,631 

277,685 

1,674,816 

688,569 

61,997 

79,828 

2,989 

$10,859,867 

5,896,027 

16,255,894 

7,868,191 

8,196,693 

684,&16 

791,273 

89,965 

1841 

1,6015,425 

670,090 

2,27.5,515 

66.3,191 

500,577 

75,114 

94,116 

399 

1842 

1,257,489 

868,983 

1,626,422 

1,571,0;« 

314,029 

134,896 

91,373 

827 

1843* 

824,073 

80S,,V)5 

1,132,628 

845,379 

2.39,636 

97,620 

^5..3(l5 

809 

iai4 

1,449,778 

410,771 

1,860,519 

541  ,.525 

282,018 

100,0.33 

90,891 

1,429 

1845 

1,392,891 

237,S4(» 

1,680,731 

816,612 

153,861 

85,7.54 

91,778 

8,087 

1846 

1,365,.550 

281.646 

1,647,196 

1,2;«,269 

■     16:J,150 

58,041 

93,293 

1,610 

184T 

1,834,861 

207,71)3 

1,.'>42,564 

944,4.50 

;     116,920 

122,116 

78,852 

2,719 

1848 

1,662,805 

158,502 

1,720,807 

9S8.418 

87,266 

94,076 

88,515 

2,416 

1849 

1,567,997 

124,499 

1,692,496 

850,763 

20,828 

206,405 

72,925 

2,038 

1850 
Total, 

1,.380,024 

123,445 

1,453,469 

1,092,515 

61,600 

138,760 

88,264 

16,027 

$13,690,893 

2,941,981 

16,632,877 

9,497,160 

1,879,285 

1,107,816 

885,807 

80,706 

1851 

2,030,225 

20.^.586 

2,23:5,811 

1,248.906 

87,995 

77.873 

127.7.39 

41,883 

1852 

1,652,699 

56,890 

1,7(19,095 

1,31L'.9.52 

9,853 

63,495 

11.5,454 

12,485 

1858 

2,486,846 

147,868 

2,6:M,214 

l,272,-492 

89,689 

.59,948 

86.575 

14,666 

1854 

2,813,()4;i 

821,04-3 

8,134,086 

1,869.810 

122,919 

80,788 

105,679 

12,067 

1855 

846,688 

16,410 

3(>3,o98 

41,641 

181,238 

69.618 

2,444 

1856 

268,215 

81,659 

299,874 

863,239 

4,000 

8^929 

4,875 

6,289 

*  9  months  to  June  80,  and  the  fiscal  year  fk'om  this  time  begins  July  1. 


ASIA. 
Vlarly  Commerce. — Asia,  notwithstanding  the  wars  by  which  it  h.xs  been  de«oIatod, 
wa.s  from  an  early  period  the  seat  of  commerce  and  of  wcaltli.  The  ca-stcm  coun- 
tries of  Hindostan  and  China  preceded  Europe  in  civiliz;ilion  and  industry,  and, 
independent  of  that  diversity  of  n.itural  productions  which  is  the  foundiition  of 
trade,  they  had  cuUivated  many  arts  and  manufactures  which  were  unknovsii 
in  the  western  world.  Asia,  accordingly,  abounded  in  m.iny  precious  commod- 
ities which  could  not  be  produced  by  the  rude  industry  of  Kurojw.  Thus  China 
h.ad  its  silk  and  porcelain;  Hindostan  its  muslin,  cotton,  precious  stones,  and 
aromatica  of  all  sorts,  castus,  bdellium,  spikenard,  ivory,  tortoise-shell,  popper,  etc. 
These  were  in  general  demand  throughout  Europe,  wliore  they  could  not  bo  pro- 
duced ;  and  they  wore  procured  in  exchange  chiefly  for  bullion,  which  then,  as  in 
later  times,  was  the  great  article  of  export  to  India. 


ALPHABETICAL    INDEX 

TO  SUBJECTS    CONTAINED  IN  THE    HISTORICAL  AND   STATISTICAL 
SKETCH  OF  THE  FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


A. 

Acapulco,  16L 

Adelaide,  83. 

Africa,  94. 

Africa  (Miscellaneous),  185. 

Alabama,  40. 

Alabama,  Commerce  of,  41. 

Alexandria  (Virginia),  31. 

Alexandria,  33. 

Alicant,  Spain,  129. 

America,  Central,  166. 

America,  Central,  Commerce  oi,  107. 

American  Colonics,  2. 

American  Colonies,  Commerce,  Progress 
of,  54. 

American  Colonies,  Commerce  in  Seven- 
teenth Century,  55. 

American  Colonies,  Commerce  from  1700 
to  the  Revolution,  65. 

American  Tonnage,  65. 

Amoy,  181. 

Amsterdam,  109. 

Annapolis,  Maryland,  29. 

Antwerp,  67. 

Argentine  Confederation,  174. 

Argentine  Confederation,  Commerce  of, 
175. 

Asia,  184. 

Asia  (MLsccllaneous  Commerce  of;,  185. 

Australia,  82. 

Australia,  Commerce  of,  33. 

Austria,  152. 

Austria,  Commerce  of,  153. 

Azores,  Lslunds,  142. 

Azores,  Islands,  Coiumorco  of,  143. 

B. 

Baltimore,  29. 

Bangor,  9. 

Barcelona,  129. 

Batavia,  113. 

Bath,  9. 

Beaufort,  N.  C,  35. 

Beaufort,  S.  C,  37. 

Belfast,  Ireland,  71. 

Belfast,  Maine,  9. 

Belgium,  Commerce  of,  66. 

Belgium  and  U.  S.,  Comraerco  of,  67. 

Bengal,  Commerce  of,  78, 

Bergen,  123. 

Bermudas,  89. 

Bombay,  79. 


Bordeaux,  97. 

Boston,  15. 

Brazil,  172. 

Brazil,  Commerce  of^  173. 

Bremen,  117. 

Brest,  97. 

British  Colonies,  92. 

British  Colonies,  Commerce  oi,  93. 

British  Colonies,  Commerce  o<|  95. 

British  Guiana,  86. 

British  Guiana,  Commerce  ofj  87. 

British  Ea.st  Indies,  Commerce  ot,  79. 

British  "West  Indies,  Commerce  of,  89. 

Bristol,  17. 

Brunswick,  39. 

Buenos  Ayres,  174. 

Buenos  Ayres,  Commerce  ofj  175. 

Burlington,  13. 

c. 

Cadiz,  Port  of,  127. 
Cagliari,  149. 
Calcutta,  Town  of,  78. 
California,  Commerce  of,  53. 
Callao,  Port  of,  179. 
Campeachy,  Trade  oi^  85. 
Canada,  Described,  90. 
Canada,  Commerce  o(,  after  1820,  91. 
Canada,  Commerce  of,  before  1820,  93. 
Canary  Islands,  130. 
Canary  Islands,  Commerce  ofj  131. 
Cape  Breton,  92. 
Capo  Breton,  Commerce  of,  93. 
Capo  do  Verd  Islands,  145. 
Cape  do  Verd  Island.^,  Commerce  of,  1 15. 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  80. 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Commerce  of,  31. 
Cape  Town,  Port  of,  81. 
Cartagena,  169. 
Cayenne,  Port  of,  102. 
Central  Americii,  16G. 
Central  America,  Commerce  ot,  167. 
Chagre.s,  169. 
Champlain,  Lake,  12. 
Charleston,  S.  C,  Port  of,  37. 
Chorburp,  Port  of;  97. 
Chicago,  50.  | 

ChiU  Described,  17G. 
Chili,  Commerce  of,   177. 
China  Described,  180. 
China,  Commerce  of;  181. 
'  Cincinnati,  Described,  49. 


Alphabetical  Index. 


Cisplatiue  Republic,  Commerce  of)  163. 

Clyde,  164. 

Colombia,  Described,  164. 

Colombia,  Commerce  ofj  165. 

Colonies,  Foundation  of,  1. 

Colonies,  British,  92. 

Colonies,  British,  Commerce  o{|  93,  95. 

Colonies,  Danish,  Commerce  of)  107. 

Colonies,  Dutch,  115. 

Colonies,  French,  Commerce  of,  101. 

Colonies,  Spanish,  159. 

(yolonies,  Spanish,  Commerce  of)  159. 

Commerce,    American,    in    Seventeenth 

Century,  55. 
Commerce  from  1700,  to  Revolution,  55. 
Commerce,  Progress  of  American,  54. 
Commerce  of  the  States  of  the  Union,  9. 
Commerce   of  the   United  States  under 

Articles  of  Confederation,  57. 
Commerce  of  the  United  States,  64. 
Commerce  of  the  United  States  under  the 

Constitution,  and  until  1812,  57. 
Commerce  of  the  United  States  since  1812 

up  to  present  time,  62. 
Communication  with  the  Mediterranean, 

153. 
Commercial  Policy  of  the  United  States, 

30. 
Commercial  German  Union,  118. 
Commercial  Policy,  Spanish,  128. 
Connecticut,  State  of,  18. 
Connecticut,  Commerce  of)  26  years,  19. 
Constantinople,  155. 
Copenhagen,  105. 
Costa  Rica,  166. 
Costa  Rica,  Commerce  of,  167. 
Cuba,  134. 

Cuba,  Commerce  of)  135. 
Curafoa,  111. 

D. 

Danish  Colonies,  107. 

Danish  Sound  Dues,  100. 

Danish  "West  Indies,  107. 

Dantzic,  119. 

Delaware,  State  of)  26. 

Delaware  Bay,  26. 

Delaware  Breakwater,  27. 

Delaware,  Commerce  of,  26  years,  27. 

Denmark,  104. 

Denmark,  Commerce  of,  105. 

Detroit,  47. 

District  of  Columbia,  31. 

Dutch  Colonies,  115. 

Dutch  East  Indies,  112. 

Dutch  East  Indies,  Commerce  of)  113, 

Dutch  Guiana,  114. 

Dutch  Guiana,  Commerce  of)  145. 

Dutch  West  Indies,  Commerce  of.  111. 

E. 

East  Indies,  British,  Commerce  of)  79. 
East  Indies,  Dutcli,  112. 


East  Indies,  Commerce  of)  113. 
Elsinore,  Port  of,  105. 
Erie,  Lake,  48. 
Erie,  Pa.,  25. 

Establishment  of  Colonies,  1. 
Europe  (Miscellaneous  Commerce),  185. 
Exports  of  American  Colonies  from  1700 
to  1776,  6. 

F. 

Fairfield,  19. 

Fayal,  Port  of)  143. 

Fayal,  Commerce  of,  143. 

Florida,  Described.  42. 

Florida,  Commerce  of)  43. 

Foreign  Tonnage,  65. 

France,  Described,  96. 

France,  on  the  Atlantic,  Commerce  of,  97. 

France,  Commerce  of,  98. 

France,  on  the  Mediterranean,  99. 

French  Colonies,  101. 

French  Guiana,  102. 

French  Guiana,  Commerce  of,  102. 

French  West  Indies,  100. 

French  West  Indies,  101. 

G. 

Galatz,  Fori;  of,  154. 

Galway,  Port  of,  71. 

Genoa,  Port  of,  147. 

Georgetown,  D.  C,  31. 

Georgetown,  British  Guiana,  87. 

Georgia,  State  of,  38. 

Georgia,  Commerce  of,  39. 

German  Commercial  Union,  118. 

Gibraltar,  74. 

Gibraltar  and  U.  S.,  Commerce  of,  75. 

Glasgow,  73. 

Good  Hope,  Cape  of,  80. 

Gottenburg,  123. 

Great  Britain,  68. 

Great  Britain  and  the  U.  S.,  Commerce 

of,  69. 
Greece,  Described,  154. 
Greek  Colonies,  1. 
Guatemala,  Described,  166. 
Guatemala,  Commerce  of,  167. 
Guiana,  Described,  103. 
Guiana,  British,  86. 
Guiana,  British,  Commerce  of,  87. 
Guiana,  French,  102. 
Guiana,  French,  Commerce  of)  103. 
Guiana,  Dutch,  114. 
Guiana,  Dutch,  Commerce  of,  115. 
Guyamas,  Mexico,  161. 

H. 

Halifax,  Port  of)  93. 
Hamburg,  Port  of,  117. 
Hanse  Towns,  Commerce  o^  117, 
Hanseatic  League,  116. 
Havana,  135. 


Alphabetical  Index. 


189 


Hayti,  Described,  156. 

Hajrti,  Commerce  of,  157. 

Holland,  Commerce  of,  108. 

Holland  and  IT.  S.,  Commerce  of,  109. 

Honduras,  Described,  84. 

Honduras,  166. 

Honduras  and  U.  S.,  Commerce  of^  85. 

Honduras  and  U.  S.,  Commerce  of,  167, 

I. 

Illinois,  State  of,  50. 

Illinois,  Commerce  of,  51. 

Imports  of  American  Colonies  from  1700 

to  1776-7. 
Indies,  East,  BritLsh,  Commerce  of,  7D. 
Indies,  East,  Dutch,  112. 
Indies,  East,  Dutch,  Commerce  of,  113. 
Indies,  West,  French,  100. 
Indies,  West,  French,  Commerce  of.  101. 
Ireland,  Described,  70. 
Ireland  and  the  U.  S.,  Commerce  of,  71. 
Italy,  Described,  146. 
Italy,  Commerce  ofj  147. 

J, 

Jamaica,  Island  of,  88. 
Jamaica,  Commerce  olj  89. 
Java,  Described,  112. 
Jersey  City,  23. 


Key  West,  Florida,  43. 
L. 

Leghorn,  Port  of,  147. 
Liberia,  Described,  144. 
Lima,  Port  of,  179. 
Lisbon,  Port  of,  139. 
Liverpool,  Port  of,  69. 
London,  Port  ofj  69. 
Louisiana,  State  of,  44. 
Louisiana,  Commerce  of,  45. 
Lubcc,  Port  of;  117. 

M. 

Madeira  Isles,  140. 

Madeira  Isles,  Commerce  ofj  141. 

Madras,  79. 

Maine,  State  of;  8. 

Maine,  Commerce  of,  9. 

Malta,  Island  ofj  76. 

Malta  and  U.  S.,  Commerce  of;  77. 

Manilla,  Port  of,  132. 

Manilla,  Commerce  of,  133. 

Marseilles,  99. 

Marj-land,  State  of,  28. 

Maryland,  Commerce  of,  36  years,  29. 

Massachusetts,  State  of,  14. 

Massachusetts,  Commerce  of,  36  years,  15. 

Mauritius,  Island  of,  132. 

Mauritius,  Commerce  of,  183. 

Melbourne,  Commerce  of,  83,  95. 

Memel,  Port  of,  119. 


Mexico,  Commerce  of;  160. 
Mexico  and  U.  S.,  Commerce  of,  161. 
Michigan,  State  of,  46. 
Michigan,  Commerce  of;  47. 
Middletown,  Connecticut,  19. 
Mobile,  Port  of,  41. 
Moldavia,  Commerce  of,  154. 
Montevideo,  Port  of,  162. 
Montreal,  91. 

N. 

New  Brunswick,  Colony  of,  92. 

New  Brunswick,  Commerce  of;  93. 

New  Granada,  1 08. 

New  Granada,  Commerce  of,  169. 

New  Hampshire,  State  of,  10. 

New  Hampshire,  Commerce  of,  11. 

New  Haven,  Port  of,  19. 

New  Jersey,  22. 

New  Jersey,  Commerce  of,  23. 

New  London,  Port  o^  19. 

New  Orleans,  Port  of,  45. 

Newport,  Rhode  Island,  17. 

New  York,  State  of,  20. 

New  York  State,  Commerce  of;  21, 

New  York  City,  21. 

Nicaragua,  166. 

Nicaragua,  Commerce  of;  167. 

Norfolk,  Port  of,  33. 

North  Carolina.  State  of;  34. 

North  Carolina,  Commerce  of;  35. 

Norway,  124. 

Non\-ay  and  Sweden,  122. 

Norway  and  Sweden,  Commerce  of;  123. 

Nova  Scotia,  Colony  of;  92. 

Nova  Scotia.  Commerce  of;  93. 

0. 

Odessa,  Port  of;  121. 

Ohio,  State  oi;  48. 

Oliio,  Commerce  of;  36  years,  49. 

Oregon,  Commerce  of;  53. 

P. 

Palermo,  Port  of,  151. 

Panama,  Port  of,  169. 

Paramaribo,  Port  of,  115. 

Paterson,  N.  J.,  23. 

Pennsylvania,  State  of;  24, 

Pennsylvania,  Commerce  of,  25. 

Pcnsacola,  Florida,  49. 

Perth  Amboy,  Port  of,  23. 

Peru,  178. 

Peru,  Commerce  of,  179. 

Petorsburg,  Port  of,  121. 

Philadelphia,  Port  of,  25. 

Piiilippine  Islands,  133. 

Philippine  Islands,  Commerce  ofl  133. 

Port-au-Prince,  157. 

Portland,  Port  of;  9, 

Port  Louis,  95. 

Porto  Rico,  Commerce  of;  136. 


190 


Alphabetical  Index. 


Porto  Rico,  13  7. 

Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire,  11. 

Portugal,  138. 

Portugal,  Commerce  of,  139. 

Progress  of  American  Commerce,  185. 

Providence,  Rhode  Island,  17. 

Prussia^  Commerce  of,  119. 

Prussian  Commercial  Union,  118. 

Puerto  Cabello,  Port  of,  85. 


Quebec,  91. 


a 


E. 


Rhode  Island,  State  of,  16. 

Rhode  Island,  Commerce  of,  36  years,  17. 

Rio  de  Janeiro,  Port  of,  173. 

Russia^  120. 

Russia,  Commerce  of,  36  years,  121. 

s. 

Ssdnt  Helena,  95. 

Samt  John,  Port  of,  93. 

Salonica,  155. 

San  Domingo,  156. 

San  Domingo,  Commerce  of,  157. 

San  Juan  de  Nicaragua,  167. 

San  Salvador,  166. 

San  Salvador,  Commerce  of,  167. 

Sardinia,  148. 

Sardinia,  Commerce  ofj  149. 

Savannah,  Geo.,  39. 

Scotland,  72. 

Scotland  and  TJ.  S.,  Commerce  of,  73. 

Sicily,  Commerce  of,  150. 

Sicily  and  U.  S.,  Commerce  of,  151. 

Sierra  Leone,  94. 

Sierra  Leone,  Commerce  of,  95. 

Singapore,  79. 

Sound  Dues,  Danish,  106. 

South  Carolina,  State  of,  36. 

South  Carolina,  Commerce  ofj  36  years, 
37. 

Spain,  Commerce  of,  126. 

Spain  and  the  U.  S.,  Commerce  of,  127. 

Spain  on  the  Mediterranean,  129. 

Spanish  Colonies,  158. 

Spanish  Colonies,  Commerce  of,  159. 

Spanish  Colonies,  2. 

Spanish  Commercial  Policy,  128. 

Spanish   West  Indies  (Cuba  excepted), 
137. 

Steam  Communication  to  the  Mediterra- 
nean, 153. 

Steam  Tonnage  of  the  United  States,  64. 

Stettin,  Port  of,  119. 

Stockholm,  Port  of,  123. 

Stonington,  Connecticut,  19. 

Surinam,  111. 

Surinam,  Commerce  of,  114. 
Sweden  and  Norway,  122. 


Sweden  and  Norway,  Commerce  of,  123. 
Sweden,  Commerce  of,  122. 
Swedish  West  Indies,  Commerce  of)  125. 
Sydney,  83. 

T. 

Tampico,  161. 

Tea  Imports  into  U.  S.,  180.  I 

Tenerifle,  Island  of,  131.  » 

TenerifTe,  Commerce  of,  132. 

Texas,  State  of,  52. 

Texas,  Commerce  of,  53. 

Texas  (when  Spanish  Colony),  159. 

Toulon,  Port  of,  99. 

Tonnage  of  the  United  States,  65. 

Tonnage,  Steam,  of  the  United  States,  64. 

Treaties,  30. 

Trieste,  Port  of,  152. 

Trieste,  Commerce  of,  153. 

Truxillo,  Port  of,  85. 

Turkey,  154. 

Turkey,  Commerce  of,  155. 

u. 

Uncertain  Ports,  185. 

United  States,  Commercial  Policy  of,  30. 

United  States,   Commerce  of  (under  the 

Articles  of  Confederation),  57. 
United  States,  Commerce  of  (under  the 

Constitution,  and  until  1812),  57. 
United  States,  Commerce  of  (since  1812 

up  to  the  present  time),  62. 
United  States,  Commerce  of,  64. 
United  States,  Tonnage,  65. 
United  States,  Steam  Tonnage,  64. 
Uruguay,  Described,  163. 

V. 

Valetta,  Port  of,  76. 

Valparaiso,  Port  of,  177. 

Venezuela,  Commerce  of,  170. 

Venezuela  and  U.  S.,  Commerce  of)  171. 

Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  161. 

Vermont,  State  of,  12. 

Vermont,  Commerce  ofj  13. 

Virginia,  State  of,  32. 

Virginia,  Commerce  of,  36  years,  33. 

w. 

West  Indies,  British,  78. 

West  Indies,  British,  Commerce  of,  79. 

West  Indies,  French,  100. 

West  Indies,  French,  Commerce  of,  101. 

West  Indies.  Danish,  107. 

West  Indies^  Dutch,  111. 

West  Indies,  Swedish,  125. 

West  Indies  (Miscellaneous),   Commerce 

o^  185. 
Wilmington,  Delaware,  27. 
Wilmington,  N.  C,  35. 
Wisconsin,  Commerce  o^  53. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 

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